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Laughlin K, Jamieson S, Pearson AC, Wang H, Vanfleet RR, Davis RC, Linford MR, Lunt BM. Thin-Film Carbon Nanofuses for Permanent Data Storage. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2432-2438. [PMID: 31457591 PMCID: PMC6641109 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have fabricated nanofuses from thin-film, arc-deposited carbon for use in permanent data storage. Thin-film carbon fuses have fewer fabrication barriers and retain the required resistivity and structural stability to act as a data-storage medium. Carbon thin films were characterized for their electrical, microstructural, and chemical bonding properties. Annealing these films in an argon environment at 400 °C reduced the resistivity from about 4 × 10-2 Ω cm as deposited to about 5 × 10-4 Ω cm, allowing a lower blowing voltage. Nanofuses with widths ranging from 200 to 60 nm were fabricated and tested. They blow with voltages between 2 and 5.5 V, and the nanofuses remain stable in both "1" and "0" states under a constantly applied read voltage of 1 V for over 90 h.
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Chatterjee S, Major GH, Lunt BM, Kaykhaii M, Linford MR. Polyallylamine as an Adhesion Promoter for SU-8 Photoresist. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:964-970. [PMID: 27748219 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Resist lithography is an important microfabrication technique in the electronics industry. In this, patterns are transferred by irradiation onto a photosensitive polymer. SU-8 has emerged as a favorite photoresist for High Aspect Ratio (HAR) lithography, showing high chemical and mechanical stability and biocompatibility. Unfortunately, its poor adhesion to substrates is a drawback, with possible solutions being the use of low-viscosity SU-8, surface modification with a low molecular weight adsorbate like hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), or a commercial adhesion promotion reagent. However, HMDS and the commercial reagent require surface dehydration and/or curing, and a modified form of SU-8 is not always desirable. Here, we demonstrate the use of a water-soluble, amine-containing polymer, polyallylamine (PAAm), which spontaneously adsorbs to silica surfaces, as a simple, easy-to-apply, and reactive adhesion promoter for SU-8. Conditions for the use of PAAm are explored, and the resulting materials are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and wetting.
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Kaykhaii M, Linford MR. Application of Microextraction Techniques Including SPME and MESI to the Thermal Degradation of Polymers: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:172-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1242062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bagley JD, Dennis Tolley H, Linford MR. Reevaluating the conventional approach for analyzing spectroscopic ellipsometry psi/delta versus time data. Additional statistical rigor may often be appropriate. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Diwan A, Singh B, Roychowdhury T, Yan D, Tedone L, Nesterenko PN, Paull B, Sevy ET, Shellie RA, Kaykhaii M, Linford MR. Porous, High Capacity Coatings for Solid Phase Microextraction by Sputtering. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1593-600. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singh B, Smith SJ, Jensen DS, Jones HF, Dadson AE, Farnsworth PB, Vanfleet R, Farrer JK, Linford MR. Multi-instrument characterization of five nanodiamond samples: a thorough example of nanomaterial characterization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1107-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Diwan A, Singh B, Hurley CJ, Linford MR. Layer-by-layer deposition of nitrilotris(methylene)triphosphonic acid and Zr(IV): an XPS, ToF-SIMS, ellipsometry, and AFM study. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Madaan N, Romriell N, Tuscano J, Schlaad H, Linford MR. Introduction of thiol moieties, including their thiol–ene reactions and air oxidation, onto polyelectrolyte multilayer substrates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 459:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Diwan A, Jensen DS, Gupta V, Johnson BI, Evans D, Telford C, Linford MR. Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Very Low Hysteresis Prepared by Aggregation of Silica Nanoparticles During In Situ Urea-Formaldehyde Polymerization. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 15:10022-10036. [PMID: 26682448 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method for the preparation of superhydrophobic materials by in situ aggregation of silica nanoparticles on a surface during a urea-formaldehyde (UF) polymerization. This is a one-step process in which a two-tier topography is obtained. The polymerization is carried out for 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min on silicon shards. Silicon surfaces are sintered to remove the polymer. SEM and AFM show both an increase in the area covered by the nanoparticles and their aggregation with increasing polymerization time. Chemical vapor deposition of a fluorinated silane in the presence of a basic catalyst gives these surfaces hydrophobicity. Deposition of this low surface energy silane is confirmed by the F 1s signal in XPS. The surfaces show advancing water contact angles in excess of 160 degrees with very low hysteresis (< 7) after 120 min and 60 min polymerization times for 7 nm and 14 nm silica, respectively. Depositions are successfully demonstrated on glass substrates after they are primed with a UF polymer layer. Superhydrophobic surfaces can also be prepared on unsintered substrates.
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Hung CH, Zukowski J, Jensen DS, Miles AJ, Sulak C, Dadson AE, Linford MR. Separation of cannabinoids on three different mixed-mode columns containing carbon/nanodiamond/amine-polymer superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2968-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hung CH, Singh B, Landowski MG, Ibrahim M, Miles AJ, Jensen DS, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Smith SJ, Linford MR. Multi-instrument characterization of poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres for use in liquid chromatography: as received, air oxidized, carbonized, and acid treated. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Udumula V, Tyler JH, Davis DA, Wang H, Linford MR, Minson PS, Michaelis DJ. Dual Optimization Approach to Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysis: Impact of M1/M2 Ratio and Supporting Polymer Structure on Reactivity. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kanyal SS, Singh B, Cushman CV, Jankowski DT, Linford MR. Hydroxylation of the silica in microfabricated thin layer chromatography plates as probed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Madaan N, Diwan A, Linford MR. Fluorine plasma treatment of bare and nitrilotris(methylene)triphosphonic acid (NP) protected aluminum: an XPS and ToF-SIMS study. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hung CH, Wiest LA, Singh B, Diwan A, Valentim MJC, Christensen JM, Davis RC, Miles AJ, Jensen DS, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Linford MR. Improved efficiency of reversed-phase carbon/nanodiamond/polymer core-shell particles for HPLC using carbonized poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres as the core materials. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3821-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gupta V, Tuscano JA, Romriell NR, Davis RC, Linford MR. Data and device protection: A ToF-SIMS, wetting, and XPS study of an Apple iPod nano. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Wang H, Lunt BM, Gates RJ, Asplund MC, Shutthanandan V, Davis RC, Linford MR. Carbon/ternary alloy/carbon optical stack on mylar as an optical data storage medium to potentially replace magnetic tape. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8407-8413. [PMID: 23964822 DOI: 10.1021/am401693u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel write-once-read-many (WORM) optical stack on Mylar tape is proposed as a replacement for magnetic tape for archival data storage. This optical tape contains a cosputtered bismuth-tellurium-selenium (BTS) alloy as the write layer sandwiched between thin, protective films of reactively sputtered carbon. The composition and thickness of the BTS layer were confirmed by Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The C/BTS/C stack on Mylar was written to/marked by 532 nm laser pulses. Under the same conditions, control Mylar films without the optical stack were unaffected. Marks, which showed craters/movement of the write material, were characterized by optical microscopy and AFM. The threshold laser powers for making marks on C/BTS/C stacks with different thicknesses were explored. Higher quality marks were made with a 60× objective compared to a 40× objective in our marking apparatus. The laser writing process was simulated with COMSOL.
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Pearson AC, Linford MR, Harb JN, Davis RC. Dual patterning of a poly(acrylic acid) layer by electron-beam and block copolymer lithographies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:7433-7438. [PMID: 23342948 DOI: 10.1021/la304486x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show the controllable patterning of palladium nanoparticles in both one and two dimensions using electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching of a thin film of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). After the initial patterning of the PAA, a monolayer of polystyrene-b-poly-2-vinylpyridine micelles is spun cast onto the surface. A short reactive ion etch is then used to transfer the micelle pattern into the patterned poly(acrylic acid). Finally, PdCl2 is loaded from solution into the patterned poly(acrylic acid) features, and a reactive-ion etching process is used to remove the remaining polymer and form Pd nanoparticles. This method yields location-controlled patches of nanoparticles, including single- and double-file lines and nanoparticle pairs. A locational accuracy of 9 nm or less in one direction was achieved by optimizing the size of the PAA features.
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Jensen DS, Kanyal SS, Madaan N, Hancock JM, Dadson AE, Vail MA, Vanfleet R, Shutthanandan V, Zhu Z, Engelhard MH, Linford MR. Multi-instrument characterization of the surfaces and materials in microfabricated, carbon nanotube-templated thin layer chromatography plates. An analogy to ‘The Blind Men and the Elephant’. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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45
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Pearson AC, Jamieson S, Linford MR, Lunt BM, Davis RC. Oxidation of graphene 'bow tie' nanofuses for permanent, write-once-read-many data storage devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:135202. [PMID: 23478811 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/13/135202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated nanoscale fuses from CVD graphene sheets with a 'bow tie' geometry for write-once-read-many data storage applications. The fuses are programmed using thermal oxidation driven by Joule heating. Fuses that were 250 nm wide with 2.5 μm between contact pads were programmed with average voltages and powers of 4.9 V and 2.1 mW, respectively. The required voltages and powers decrease with decreasing fuse sizes. Graphene shows extreme chemical and electronic stability; fuses require temperatures of about 400 °C for oxidation, indicating that they are excellent candidates for permanent data storage. To further demonstrate this stability, fuses were subjected to applied biases in excess of typical read voltages; stable currents were observed when a voltage of 10 V was applied to the devices in the off state and 1 V in the on state for 90 h each.
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46
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Gupta V, Madaan N, Jensen DS, Kunzler SC, Linford MR. Hydrogen plasma treatment of silicon dioxide for improved silane deposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3604-3609. [PMID: 23438055 DOI: 10.1021/la304491x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for plasma cleaning silicon surfaces in a commercial tool that removes adventitious organic contamination and enhances silane deposition. As shown by wetting, ellipsometry, and XPS, hydrogen, oxygen, and argon plasmas effectively clean Si/SiO2 surfaces. However, only hydrogen plasmas appear to enhance subsequent low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of silanes. Chemical differences between the surfaces were confirmed via (i) deposition of two different silanes: octyldimethylmethoxysilane and butyldimethylmethoxysilane, as evidenced by spectroscopic ellipsometry and wetting, and (ii) a principal components analysis (PCA) of TOF-SIMS data taken from the different plasma-treated surfaces. AFM shows no increase in surface roughness after H2 or O2 plasma treatment of Si/SiO2. The effects of surface treatment with H2/O2 plasmas in different gas ratios, which should allow greater control of surface chemistry, and the duration of the H2 plasma (complete surface treatment appeared to take place quickly) are also presented. We believe that this work is significant because of the importance of silanes as surface functionalization reagents, and in particular because of the increasing importance of gas phase silane deposition.
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Jensen DS, Kanyal SS, Gupta V, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Engelhard M, Vanfleet R, Davis RC, Linford MR. Stable, microfabricated thin layer chromatography plates without volume distortion on patterned, carbon and Al2O3-primed carbon nanotube forests. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Nelson KA, Linford MR, Wheeler DR, Harb JN. Use of a plating additive to enable continuous metallization of nanoscale electrochemically patterned chemical templates. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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49
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Wiest LA, Jensen DS, Hung CH, Olsen RE, Davis RC, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Nesterenko PN, Linford MR. Pellicular Particles with Spherical Carbon Cores and Porous Nanodiamond/Polymer Shells for Reversed-Phase HPLC. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5488-501. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Quast AD, Zhang F, Linford MR, Patterson JE. Back-surface gold mirrors for vibrationally resonant sum-frequency (VR-SFG) spectroscopy using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as an adhesion promoter. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 65:634-641. [PMID: 21639985 DOI: 10.1366/11-06289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Back-surface mirrors are needed as reference materials for vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR-SFG) probing of liquid-solid interfaces. Conventional noble metal mirrors are not suitable for back-surface applications due to the presence of a metal adhesion layer (chromium or titanium) between the window substrate and the reflective metal surface. Using vapor deposited 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as a bi-functional adhesion promoter, gold mirrors were fabricated on fused silica substrates. These mirrors exhibit excellent gold adhesion as determined by the Scotch(®) tape test. They also produce minimal spectroscopic interference in the C-H stretching region (2800-3000 cm(-1)), as characterized by VR-SFG. These mirrors are thus robust and can be used as back-surface mirrors for a variety of applications, including reference mirrors for VR-SFG.
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