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Heishman AD, Daub BD, Miller RM, Freitas EDS, Frantz BA, Bemben MG. Countermovement Jump Reliability Performed With and Without an Arm Swing in NCAA Division 1 Intercollegiate Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:546-558. [PMID: 30138237 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heishman, AD, Daub, BD, Miller, RM, Freitas, EDS, Frantz, BA, and Bemben, MG. Countermovement jump reliability performed with and without an arm swing in NCAA Division 1 intercollegiate basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 546-558, 2020-The countermovement jump (CMJ) is routinely used in athlete performance to quantify adaptions to training, as well as monitor neuromuscular readiness and fatigue. However, controversy remains in whether to incorporate an arm swing during the CMJ (CMJ AS) or keep the hands placed on the hips (CMJ NAS). Incorporating the arms provides a higher degree of sport-specificity that may yield improved reliability, especially in skilled jumpers. By contrast, the hands-on-hips approach isolates lower extremity force production and eliminates potential arm-swing variation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of CMJ typical (CMJ-TYP), CMJ concentric alternative (CMJ-Conc-ALT), and CMJ eccentric alternative (CMJ-Ecc-ALT) variables obtained during the CMJ AS and CMJ NAS. Twenty-two (men = 14, women = 8) NCAA Division 1 collegiate basketball players performed 3 CMJ AS and 3 CMJ NAS on a force plate, in a randomized order. To assess the test-retest reliability, participants returned 1 week later to perform 3 additional CMJ AS and 3 CMJ NAS. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to assess intersession and intrasession reliability for the various CMJ variables. A majority of CMJ-TYP and several CMJ-Conc-ALT and CMJ-Ecc-ALT variables exhibited adequate intersession and intrasession reliability (ICC > 0.700 and CV <10%) during both the CMJ AS and the CMJ NAS. Countermovement jump AS may provide more pertinent information about long-term changes in sport-specific performance, whereas the CMJ NAS may be more beneficial for detecting acute changes in neuromuscular fatigue and athlete readiness.
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Carr JC, Bemben MG, Black CD, Ye X, Defreitas JM. Bilateral deficit in strength but not rapid force during maximal handgrip contractions. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:836-843. [PMID: 32706295 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the bilateral index in force and electromyographic (EMG) responses for the dominant and non-dominant hands during maximal handgrip contractions in males and females. Thirty-two right-handed participants (16 females) performed maximal unilateral and bilateral handgrip contractions on two separate visits. Bilateral indices were computed for maximal force, rate of force development (RFD100), EMG amplitude, and the rate of EMG rise (RER). There was a bilateral deficit for maximal force in the dominant (-4.98 ± 7.39%, p < 0.001; d = 0.674) but not the non-dominant hand (-1.57 ± 9.10%, p = 0.334; d = 0.173). No deficits were observed for rapid force. The non-dominant flexor carpi radialis showed a bilateral facilitation in EMG amplitude (+12.32 ± 19.29%, p < 0.001; d = 0.638), yet a bilateral deficit for RER (-22.10 ± 27.80%, p < 0.001; d = 0.795). No sex differences were observed for any of the bilateral indices. These data suggest that maximal but not rapid force is susceptible to a bilateral deficit during contractions of the hands. The EMG responses did not parallel the force data. We show sex does not influence the magnitude or direction of the bilateral index in this muscle group.
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Miller RM, Galletti BAR, Koziol KJ, Freitas EDS, Heishman AD, Black CD, Larson DJ, Bemben DA, Bemben MG. Perceptual responses: Clinical versus practical blood flow restriction resistance exercise. Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113137. [PMID: 32798570 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current investigation was to compare the acute perceptual responses during low-load resistance exercise (RE) with clinical blood flow restriction (cBFR-RE) and practical blood flow restriction (pBFR-RE), and during conventional low- (LL-RE) and high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE), to determine if these responses differed between young males and females. Twenty-nine participants (14 males: 23.6±2.7years, 25.3±3.1kg/m2 and 15 females: 20.3±1.6years, 23.4±1.9kg/m2) completed the following exercise conditions in a randomized design: 1) cBFR-RE, 2) pBFR-RE, 3) HL-RE, and 4) LL-RE. Low-load conditions consisted of 30-15-15-15 repetitions of two-leg press (LP) and knee extension (KE) exercises with 30% one-repetition maximum (1-RM), and HL-RE consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% 1-RM, all with 60s rest intervals. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and discomfort were assessed before exercise and immediately following each set. RPE was significantly higher in HL-RE compared to all low-load conditions for both exercises after each set (all p<0.05). cBFR-RE resulted in significantly greater RPE than pBFR-RE and LL-RE for both exercises for sets 1-4 for LP and sets 2-3 for KE (all p<0.05). Levels of discomfort were similar between cBFR-RE and HL-RE, which tended to be significantly higher than pBFR-RE and LL-RE (p<0.05). Men reported significantly greater RPE than women following sets 2-4 during KE with cBFR-RE and sets 2 and 3 during KE for HL-RE (all p<0.05). Males also reported significantly greater discomfort than women following sets 2-4 for KE LL-RE (p<0.05). Altogether, these data suggest that pBFR-RE may provide a more favorable BFR condition based on perceptual responses and that perceptual responses may differ between sexes across varying resistance exercise conditions.
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Miller RM, Heishman AD, Freitas ED, Buchanan SR, Kaur J, Brown BS, Peak KM, Norman JN, Joniak KE, Kellawan JM, Pereira HM, Bemben DA, Bemben MG. Critical Ages For Changes In Isometric Force Production In Women Aged 20 To 89 Years. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000680288.18980.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brown BS, Heishman AD, Miller RM, Freitas ED, Peak KM, Bemben MG. Interlimb Asymmetries With High And Low External Training Loads In Male Collegiate Basketball Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000685156.24780.7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Freitas EDS, Miller RM, Heishman AD, Kaur J, Peak KM, Combs C, Bemben DA, Larson R, Pereira HM, Bemben MG. The Perceptual Responses Of Multiple Sclerosis Patients To Traditional Versus Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000681200.43988.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hight RE, Peterson JA, Lohman C, Bemben MG, Larson RD, Black CD. No Sex Differences In Conditioned Pain Modulation Or Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia Following Lower Body Isometric Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000681152.35253.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Venturini AM, Peterson JA, Lohman C, Bemben MG, Larson RD, Black CD. Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia Differ At Sites Local And Remote To The Exercising Muscle Group. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000681172.47288.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Karabulut M, Parra R, Bemben MG, Karabulut U. Arterial Elasticity Response To Short-term Endurance Resistance And Blood Flow Restriction Training In Older Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000680176.07108.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cantrell GS, Lantis DJ, Bemben MG, Black CD, Larson DJ, Pardo G, Fjeldstad-Pardo C, Larson RD. Relationship between soleus H-reflex asymmetry and postural control in multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:542-548. [PMID: 32525405 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1771779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Impaired postural control is a common symptom in people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis frequently presents with asymmetric motor involvement. One measurement yet to be evaluated for asymmetry in people with multiple sclerosis is the soleus Hoffmann reflex. Purpose: To measure the soleus Hoffmann reflex between limbs and correlate reflex asymmetry with postural control.Material and methods: 16 participants completed four sessions of Hoffmann reflex testing and one session of balance testing.Results: Multiple sclerosis participants had significantly greater reflex asymmetry (p = 0.01). The multiple sclerosis group had a significantly lower overall sensory organization testing composite score (p < 0.05), indicating sensory interpretation conflict that resulted in greater postural instability. Multiple sclerosis participants produced a significantly shorter endpoint and maximum excursion (p < 0.01) during limits of stability testing. Hoffmann reflex asymmetry was negatively related to forward endpoint excursion (p < 0.05), maximum excursion (p [Formula: see text] 0.01).Conclusions: Multiple sclerosis participants had greater soleus Hoffmann reflex asymmetry, which appears to significantly influence forward postural control.Implications for rehabilitationSoleus Hoffmann reflex asymmetry appears to influence postural stability.The soleus Hoffmann reflex is capable of adapting to different modes of exercise; therefore, to reduce H-reflex asymmetry it is recommended to individualize physical rehabilitative programming.Assessing the soleus Hoffmann reflex in people with multiple sclerosis during health screenings could be of use to clinical and rehabilitative practitioners.
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Miller RM, Heishman AD, Freitas ED, Bemben MG. Evaluating the Effects of Underloaded and Overloaded Warm-ups on Subsequent Swing Velocity. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1071-1077. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Freitas EDS, Miller RM, Heishman AD, Ferreira-Júnior JB, Araújo JP, Bemben MG. Acute Physiological Responses to Resistance Exercise With Continuous Versus Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2020; 11:132. [PMID: 32256374 PMCID: PMC7090220 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of this investigation was to examine the physiological responses of blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance exercise (RE) performed with continuous or intermittent BFR and to compare these results to those from conventional high- and low-load RE without BFR. Fourteen men randomly completed the following experimental trials: (1) low-load RE with continuous BFR (cBFR), (2) low-load RE with intermittent BFR (iBFR), (3) low-load RE without BFR (LI), and (4) conventional high-load RE without BFR (HI). For the cBFR, iBFR, and LI exercise trials, participants performed four sets of 30-15-15-15 repetitions of the bilateral leg press (LP) and knee extension (KE) exercises, at an intensity of 20% of their one-repetition maximum (1-RM), at a 1.5-s contraction speed, and with a 1-min rest period between sets. The only difference between the cBFR and iBFR protocols was that the pressure of the cuffs was released during the rest intervals between sets for the iBFR trial. For the HI trial, participants completed four sets of 10 repetitions of the same exercises, at 70% of 1-RM, with a 1-min rest period between sets, and at the same contraction speed. Muscle activity was assessed during each set using superficial electromyography, as well as changes in blood lactate concentration [La-] from baseline at 5 min post exercise and in muscle swelling and plasma volume (%ΔPV) at 5 and 15 min post exercise. There were no significant differences in muscle activity (p < 0.05) across the cBFR, iBFR, and LI protocols at any time point, whereas they were all significantly lower than HI. There were also no significant (p < 0.05) differences across the three low-load RE conditions for [La-],%ΔPV, or muscle swelling. HI elicited significantly (p < 0.05) greater responses than cBFR, iBFR, and LI for all the physiological markers measured. In conclusion, RE combined with cBFR or iBFR induce the same acute physiological responses. However, the largest physiological responses are observed with HI, probably because of the significantly greater exercise volumes. Therefore, releasing the pressure of the restrictive cuffs during the rest periods between sets will not hinder the acute physiological responses from BFR RE.
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Baker BS, Chen Z, Larson RD, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Sex differences in bone density, geometry, and bone strength of competitive soccer players. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2020; 20:62-76. [PMID: 32131370 PMCID: PMC7104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine sex differences in bone characteristics in competitive soccer players. METHODS 43 soccer players (male, n=23; female, n=20), and 43 matched controls (males, n=23; females, n=20), completed the study. Areal BMD (aBMD) of the total body, lumbar spine, and dual femur and tibiae volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone geometry, and bone strength variables (pQCT) were measured. Bone-specific physical activity and training history were assessed. RESULTS Male soccer players had significantly greater (p≤0.05) total body and hip aBMD, hip strength indices and 4% and 38% tibia variables than females. Regression analyses determined that BFLBM, not sex, was the strongest predictor of bone variables. Female soccer players exhibited significantly greater percent differences from controls for tibiae variables than males (p≤0.05). Soccer players had greater aBMD and hip strength indices than controls (p≤0.040). Soccer-specific asymmetries were found for 38% total area (2.1%) and pSSI (3.8%), favoring the non-dominant leg (both p≤0.017). CONCLUSION Bone characteristics adjusted for body size were greater in male versus female soccer players. However, body composition variables were more important predictors of bone characteristics than sex. There were no sex differences in the magnitude of limb asymmetries, suggesting skeletal responsiveness to mechanical loading was similar in males and females.
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Heishman AD, Daub BD, Miller RM, Freitas EDS, Bemben MG. Monitoring External Training Loads and Neuromuscular Performance for Division I Basketball Players over the Preseason. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:204-212. [PMID: 32132844 PMCID: PMC7039036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limited research has paralleled concomitant changes in external training load (eTL) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Therefore, this investigation characterized eTL and CMJ performance changes across preseason training in Division 1 male collegiate basketball athletes, while examining the influence of position (Guard vs. Forward/Center) and scholarship status (Scholarship = S vs. Walk-on = WO). During 22 practices, eTL was monitored in 14 male athletes, with weekly CMJs performed to quantify neuromuscular performance (Jump Height [JH], Flight Time:Contraction Time [FT:CT], Reactive Strength Index Modified [RSIMod ]). PlayerLoad per minute was significantly higher during W1 and W2 (5.4 ± 1.3au and 5.3 ± 1.2au, respectively; p < 0.05) compared to subsequent weeks, but no additional differences in eTL parameters across time were observed. Scholarship athletes displayed greater PlayerLoad (S = 777.1 ± 35.6, WO = 530.1 ± 56.20; Inertial Movement Analysis (IMA) IMA_High (S = 70.9 ± 15.2, WO = 41.3 ± 15.2); IMA_Medium (S = 159.9 ± 30.7, WO = 92.7 ± 30.6); and IMA_Low (S = 700.6 ± 105.1, WO = 405 ± 105.0;) (p < 0.05), with no observed differences in eTL by position. Moderate decreases in FT:CT and RSIMod paralleled increased eTL. Significant increases in practice intensity (W1 and W2) did not impact CMJ performance, suggesting athletes could cope with the prescribed training loads. However, moderate perturbations in FT:CT and RSIMod paralleled the weeks with intensified training. Cumulatively, scholarship status appears to influence eTL while player position does not.
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Miller RM, Freitas ED, Heishman AD, Koziol KJ, Galletti BA, Kaur J, Bemben MG. Test-Retest Reliability Between Free Weight and Machine-Based Movement Velocities. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:440-444. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lacerda LT, Marra-Lopes RO, Diniz RC, Lima FV, Rodrigues SA, Martins-Costa HC, Bemben MG, Chagas MH. Is Performing Repetitions to Failure Less Important Than Volume for Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength? J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:1237-1248. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Miller RM, Heishman AD, Freitas ED, Bemben MG. Barbell velocity: a practical and precise method for predicting bench press strength in sedentary women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:338-344. [PMID: 31684703 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bench press one-repetition maximum (BP1RM) prediction models offer a timely approach to predict BP1RM while avoiding the limitations with traditional BP1RM testing. Interestingly, no models have determined the ability for a traditional weight, the 20.5 kg barbell, to predict BP1RM strength. Few models have exclusively examined females and sedentary individuals, leaving the accuracy of these models unknown for these populations. Therefore, this investigation sought to examine the ability for 20.5 kg barbell velocity to predict BP1RM in sedentary females. METHODS Nineteen sedentary females (21.79±1.43 years, 166.08±7.76 cm, 63.98±7.54 kg, 31.57±4.72 BP1RM) completed BP1RM testing and completed two additional visits to determine 20.5 kg barbell velocity from a single repetition separated by 7-10 days. Nineteen additional females (21.39±1.09 years, 164.31±7.37 cm, 67.34±9.32 kg, 32.75±5.09 BP1RM) served as a cross-validating group completing identical testing procedures. RESULTS Regression analyses revealed that 20.5 kg barbell velocity accounted for 95% of the variance in BP1RM strength while presenting marginal standard error (1.34 kg) and mean absolute error (0.97 kg), with similar values observed in the cross-validating group (SEE: 2.13 kg, MAE: 1.56 kg). Predicted BP1RM values were not significantly different from actual BP1RM (P=0.43) nor were measures in barbell velocity between trials 1 and 2 (P=0.57), while displaying high reliability (ICC: 0.81). Measure bias between BP1RM methods was 0.449±1.651kg and the agreement between methods varied between -2.78 kg less and 0.3686 kg greater for 95% of the participants. CONCLUSIONS The present data provides an accurate prediction model regarding BP1RM for sedentary females. These findings can reduce the limitations associated with traditional BP1RM testing while providing a practical and accurate BP1RM approximation with marginal error.
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Freitas EDS, Miller RM, Heishman AD, Aniceto RR, Silva JGC, Bemben MG. Perceptual responses to continuous versus intermittent blood flow restriction exercise: A randomized controlled trial. Physiol Behav 2019; 212:112717. [PMID: 31629764 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the perceptual responses to resistance exercise (RE) with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR). Fourteen males randomly completed the following exercise conditions: low-load RE with continuous BFR (cBFR), low-load RE with intermittent BFR (iBFR), low-load RE without BFR (LI), and traditional high-load RE (HI). Participants completed 4 sets of 30-15-15-15 repetitions of bilateral leg press and knee extension exercises during the low-load conditions, at 20% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM), a 1.5‑sec metronome-controlled pace, with a 1-min rest interval between sets; HI consisted of 4 sets of 10 repetitions of the same exercises, at 70% 1-RM, with the same pace and rest interval. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and discomfort were assessed using psychometric scales before exercise and after each set. RPE displayed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the BFR conditions for either exercise. Additionally, both BFR conditions elicited significantly (p < 0.05) greater RPE than LI and significantly (p <0.05) lower RPE than HI during both exercises. Rating of discomfort displayed no significant differences between BFR conditions during the first two sets of leg press; however, cBFR evoked greater discomfort compared to iBFR during the last two sets. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences observed between conditions during the knee extension exercise. Rating of discomfort was similar between the BFR and HI conditions and each were significantly greater than LI during both exercises. Therefore, cBFR and iBFR seem to produce similar perceptual responses, which are greater than LI and lower than HI, but similar in regards to discomfort.
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Silva JCG, Pereira Neto EA, Pfeiffer PAS, Neto GR, Rodrigues AS, Bemben MG, Patterson SD, Batista GR, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Acute and Chronic Responses of Aerobic Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1239. [PMID: 31636569 PMCID: PMC6787286 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study systematically reviewed the available scientific evidence pertaining to the acute and chronic changes promoted by aerobic exercise (AE) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on neuromuscular, metabolic and hemodynamic variables. PubMed, Web of ScienceTM and Scopus databases were searched for the period from January 2000 to June 2019 and the analysis involved a critical content review. A total of 313 articles were identified, of which 271 were excluded and 35 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Twelve studies evaluated the acute effects and eight studies evaluated the chronic metabolic effects of AE + BFR. For the neuromuscular variables, three studies analyzed the acute effects of AE + BFR and nine studies analyzed the chronic effects. Only 15 studies were identified that evaluated the hemodynamic acute effects of AE + BFR. The analysis provided evidence that AE combined with BFR promotes positive acute and chronic changes in neuromuscular and metabolic variables, a greater elevation in hemodynamic variables than exercise alone, and a higher energy demand during and after exercise. Since these alterations were all well-tolerated, this method can be considered to be safe and feasible for populations of athletes, healthy young, obese, and elderly individuals.
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Ferreira-Júnior JB, Benine RPC, Chaves SFN, Borba DA, Martins-Costa HC, Freitas EDS, Bemben MG, Vieira CA, Bottaro M. Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching Performed Before Resistance Training on Muscle Adaptations in Untrained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:3050-3055. [PMID: 31567839 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ferreira-Júnior, JB, Benine, RPC, Chaves, SFN, Borba, DA, Martins-Costa, HC, Freitas, EDS, Bemben, MG, Vieira, CA, and Bottaro, M. Effects of static and dynamic stretching performed before resistance training on muscle adaptations in untrained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-This study evaluated the effects of dynamic and static stretching (SS) performed before resistance training on biceps femoris hypertrophy and knee flexor strength gains in untrained young men. Forty-five untrained young men (age, 21.2 ± 0.5 years; mass, 72.2 ± 5.6 kg; height, 178 ± 1 cm) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: (a) 80 seconds of SS (n = 14); (b) 80 seconds of dynamic stretching (DS, n = 13); or (c) control group (CON, n = 18) in which subjects performed no stretching before exercise. Both SS and DS were performed before resistance exercise. Resistance training consisted of 4 sets of 8-12 repetition maximum of seated leg curl exercise 2 days per week for 8 weeks, with a period of at least 48 hours between sessions. Unilateral biceps femoris muscle thickness (MT) and maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the knee flexors were measured 1 week before training and 1 week after the last training session. There were significant increases in MIS (SS = 13.9 ± 10.3 kgf; DS = 10.2 ± 13.1 kgf; CON = 12.7 ± 7.6 kgf; p < 0.05) and MT (SS = 6.0 ± 3.5 mm; DS = 6.7 ± 4.1 mm; CON = 5.7 ± 3.0 mm; p < 0.05) with no significant differences across groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, all groups demonstrated moderate effect sizes for MIS (1.27-1.4), and DS was the only group that had a large effect size for MT increases (DS = 2.18; SS = 1.35; CON = 0.92). In conclusion, 80 seconds of SS and DS did not induce any additional muscular adaptations to resistance training in untrained young men.
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Bemben MG, Mitcheltree KM, Larson RD, Ross D, Cavazos C, Friedlander B, Bemben DA. Can Blood Flow Restricted Exercise Improve Ham:Quad Ratios Better Than Traditional Training? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2019; 12:1080-1093. [PMID: 31523351 PMCID: PMC6719812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Muscular deficiencies between the quadriceps and hamstrings are prevalent among women and often lead to knee injury and ACL tears. The purpose of this study was to examine whether short term resistance training with or without blood flow restriction (BFR) could improve hamstring:quadricep ratios (H:Q) and reduce the chance for injury. Women (n = 14; 18-25 yrs) were randomly assigned to either a traditional resistance training (RT: n = 8) or BFR resistance training in combination with traditional RT (RT+BFR: n = 6) group. Subjects trained 3 days/week for 6 weeks. The RT group completed 3 sets of 10 reps at 70% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM) with 1-minute rest between sets. The RT+BFR group completed the first 5 exercises similar to the RT group but performed the two-leg hamstring curl under blood flow restriction at 50% of occlusive pressure and 30% 1RM, completing 4 sets (30, 15, 15, 15) with 30 seconds rest between sets. Training effects were assessed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. There were significant (p < 0.05) main effects for time, with all muscle groups increasing strength but no significant main effects or interaction for the H:Q ratios at four testing speeds (60°/s, 180°/s, 240°/s, and 300°/s). This study found that hamstring strength with low load (30% 1RM) BFR training was improved to a similar extent as the hamstrings trained with the traditional high load (75% 1RM) program even though less external weight was used during training. H:Q ratios showed small non-significant increases post-training for both groups.
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Hight RE, Patel DS, Peterson JA, Lohman C, Campbell JA, Bemben MG, Black CD. Time Course of Change in Critical Torque following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000563201.19473.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Freitas EDS, Miller RM, Heishman AD, Kaur J, Brown BS, Silva JCG, Aniceto RR, Ferreira-Junior JB, Bemben MG. The Perceptual Responses to Continuous vs Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561680.76495.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kaur J, Miller RM, Freitas ED, Heishman A, Bemben DA, Bemben MG. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Bone Health, Bone Free Lean Mass, and Fat Mass in Young Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562546.14686.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Curiel A, Haskins K, Bemben MG, Larson RD, Black CD. The Effects of a Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Central and Peripheral Fatigue Following High and Low Intensity Fatiguing Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561635.40163.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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