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Inoue S, Abe R, Tanaka Y, Kawaguchi M. Tracheal intubation by trainees does not alter the incidence or duration of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness: a teaching hospital-based propensity score analysis †. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115:463-9. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kawaguchi M, Sakai T, Ishizawa S, Shimoda F, Kitagawa K, Kaji T, Koizumi F. Immunohistochemical comparison between multinucleated giant cells which appear frequently in the tonsils of patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and in other granulomatous inflammatory lesions. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 47:213-21. [PMID: 1456137 DOI: 10.1159/000421747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ushiroda J, Inoue S, Kirita T, Kawaguchi M. A comparison of airway dimensions, measured by acoustic reflectometry and ultrasound before and after general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2014; 69:1355-63. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kawaguchi M, Eyama S, Takatsu A. Automated isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with on-line dilution and solid phase extraction for the measurement of cortisol in human serum sample. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:220-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Melisurgo G, Ajello S, Kawaguchi M, Latib A, Alfieri O, Pappalardo F, Maisano F. The acute haemodynamic effect of the MitraClip therapy: afterload mismatch evaluation in functional mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht310.p5383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kimura A, Ishida Y, Furuta M, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Kawaguchi M, Mukaida N, Kondo T. Pivotal involvement of IFN-gamma/Stat5 axis in compensatory cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht310.p5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kawaguchi M, Takatsu A, Ito R, Nakazawa H. Applications of stir-bar sorptive extraction to food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Iwata M, Inoue S, Kawaguchi M, Furuya H. Effects of diazepam and flumazenil on forebrain ischaemia in a rat model of benzodiazepine tolerance. Br J Anaesth 2012; 109:935-42. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aes340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ishida Y, Kimura A, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Kawaguchi M, Mukaida N, Kondo T. P167 Essential role of CX3CR1 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through regulation of bone marrow-derived fibocyte infiltration. Cytokine 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kimura A, Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Kawaguchi M, Mukaida N, Kondo T. P038 A role of IFN-gamma in pressure overload-induced compensatory cardiac hypertrophy. Cytokine 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fujita J, Kawaguchi M, Kokubu F, Ohara G, Ota K, Huang SK, Morishima Y, Ishii Y, Satoh H, Sakamoto T, Hizawa N. Interleukin-33 induces interleukin-17F in bronchial epithelial cells. Allergy 2012; 67:744-50. [PMID: 22540331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-33 is clearly expressed in the airway of patients with asthma, but its role in asthma has not yet been fully understood. IL-17F is also involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. However, the regulatory mechanisms of IL-17F expression remain to be defined. To further indentify the role of IL-33 in asthma, we investigated the expression of IL-17F by IL-33 in bronchial epithelial cells and its signaling mechanisms. METHODS Bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with IL-33. The levels of IL-17F expression were analyzed using real-time PCR and ELISA. Next, the involvement of ST2, MAP kinases, and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase1 (MSK1) was determined by Western blot analyses. Various kinase inhibitors and anti-ST2 neutralizing Abs were added to the culture to identify the key signaling events leading to the expression of IL-17F, in conjunction with the use of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting MSK1. RESULTS IL-33 significantly induced IL-17F gene and protein expression. The receptor for IL-33, ST2, was expressed in bronchial epithelial cells. Among MAP kinases, IL-33 phosphorylated ERK1/2, but not p38MAPK and JNK. It was inhibited by the pretreatment of anti-ST2 neutralizing (blocking) Abs. MEK inhibitor significantly blocked IL-17F production. Moreover, IL-33 phosphorylated MSK1, and MEK inhibitor diminished its phosphorylation. Finally, MSK1 inhibitors and transfection of the siRNAs targeting MSK1 significantly blocked the IL-17F expression. CONCLUSIONS IL-33 induces IL-17F via ST2-ERK1/2-MSK1 signaling pathway in bronchial epithelial cells. These data suggest that the IL-33/IL-17F axis is involved in allergic airway inflammation and may be a novel therapeutic target.
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Raut V, Takaori K, Kawaguchi Y, Mizumoto M, Kawaguchi M, Koizumi M, Kodama S, Kida A, Uemoto S. Laparoscopic common hepatic artery ligation and staging followed by distal pancreatectomy with en bloc resection of celiac artery for advanced pancreatic cancer. Asian J Endosc Surg 2011; 4:199-202. [PMID: 22776310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5910.2011.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adeno-carcinomas of pancreatic body are usually asymptomatic and progress to advanced stage with involvement of major arteries. Resection of advanced cancer along with en bloc resection of a common hepatic artery and celiac trunk enables a "curative" resections and only possible treatment. However, the celiac axis resection always has a risk of compromising blood supply to liver, resulting in the hepatic insufficiency. We evaluated practicability of a two-stage procedure for the advanced pancreases body cancer, laparoscopic clamping of a common hepatic artery followed by open distal pancreatectomy with en bloc celiac arterial resection to prevent the hepatic insufficiency. MATERIALS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Seventy-five-year-old woman diagnosed with a 50-mm pancreatic body mass, invading splenic artery, common hepatic artery, splenic vein, and portal vein at the confluence. STAGE-1: At laparoscopy, after confirming absence of the peritoneal, superficial liver metastases and negative peritoneal cytology; we approached the common hepatic artery through the lesser sac and ligated. STAGE-2: Her liver function tests were normal after 2 weeks, and CT angiography showed complete blockage of the common hepatic artery with sufficient collateral circulation to the liver through inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery and gastro-duodenal artery. We performed an open distal pancreatectomy with en bloc resection of celiac artery. Histopathology examination confirmed R0 resection. DISCUSSION The celiac axis resection with distal pancreatectomy improves the chance of R0 resection and potentially, survival of the patient. Preoperative laparoscopic ligation of the common hepatic artery is a safe, effective, and in-expensive technique to prevent postoperative hepatic insufficiency and improves the safety of en bloc celiac artery resection with a distal pancreatectomy. Also these patients have high risk of peritoneal dissemination. Diagnostic laparoscopy is useful to detect occult metastasis, which are missed by per-operative CT scan.
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Kiwamoto T, Ishii Y, Morishima Y, Yoh K, Kikuchi N, Haraguchi N, Masuko H, Kawaguchi M, Nomura A, Sakamoto T, Takahashi S, Hizawa N. Blockade of cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptors suppresses airway remodelling in mice overexpressing GATA-3. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:116-28. [PMID: 20636401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We demonstrated previously that GATA-3 overexpression markedly enhanced allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway remodelling, including subepithelial fibrosis, and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, in transgenic mice. OBJECTIVE Because cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) have been shown to be involved in such structural changes, the effects of a specific cysLT1 receptor antagonist, montelukast, were evaluated in a mouse model of chronic asthma. METHODS GATA-3-overexpressing mice and wild-type Balb/c mice were sensitized and repeatedly challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) or saline. The effects of montelukast on the development of airway remodelling were compared between the two mouse genotypes. RESULTS CysLTs in the lung were increased after repeated allergen challenges, and significantly enhanced in GATA-3-overexpressing mice. The enhanced cysLT levels were accompanied by the development of eosinophilia, smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and increased stromal cell-derived factor-1 gene expression with a small increase in pro-collagen gene expression in OVA-challenged GATA-3-overexpressing mice, but not in wild-type mice. Montelukast significantly decreased lung cysLT levels and inhibited the GATA-3-overexpression-related airway remodelling, potently preventing smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, but partially suppressed the increased pro-collagen gene expression and eosinophilic inflammation. Increases in the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in bronchial lavage and TGF-β gene expression in the lungs were induced by OVA in both mouse genotypes. Montelukast treatment also significantly reduced these levels to the levels seen after saline challenges in GATA-3-overexpressing mice. CONCLUSION Montelukast efficaciously prevented airway inflammation and remodelling in a GATA-3-overexpression antigen challenge mouse model by decreasing the cysLT-driven Th2 cytokine cycle of amplification of airway pathologies.
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Ishikawa N, Kawaguchi M, Matsunoki A, Shimizu S, Watanabe G. Video-assisted neck surgery for thyroid tumor: gasless lateral approach. Asian J Endosc Surg 2011; 4:153-5. [PMID: 22776282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5910.2011.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A 27-year-old woman with a thyroid tumor underwent right hemithyroidectomy to rule out malignancies such as follicular carcinoma of thyroid. A subplatysmal skin flap was dissected after making an incision in the anterior aspect of the neck, and the thyroid gland was exposed through the avascular space between the heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. After the insertion of the original retractor, video-assisted hemithyroidectomy was performed using ultrasonic surgical devices and conventional endoscopic forceps. Pathological examination of the resected specimen revealed follicular adenoma, and the postoperative course was uneventful. A lateral gasless approach for video-assisted thyroidectomy enables visualization of an adequate operative field and appears to be a safe and effective method.
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Kawaguchi M, Ohnishi H, Sakamoto T, Shimizu K, Karasawa J, Furuya H. Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring of ocular motor nerves under conditions of partial neuromuscular blockade during skull base surgery. Skull Base Surg 2011; 6:9-15. [PMID: 17170948 PMCID: PMC1656506 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1058908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility and usefulness of intraoperative electromyographic monitoring of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), and abducens nerve (CN IV) were evaluated under conditions of partial neuromuscular blockade in 21 patients undergoing skill base surgery. Intracranial electrical stimulation of each nerve was performed, and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were reconded from the inferior or superior rectus muscle, the superior oblique muscle, and the lateral rectus muscle for monitoring of CN III, IV, and VI, respectively. Partial neuromuscular blockade was achieved by controlled infusion of vecuronium titrated to eliminate about 90% of the twitch response of the abductor pollicis brevis to electrical stimulation of the median nerve. A total of 30 cranial nerves were stimulated intraoperatively. Of these, 29 were successfully monitored (19 CN III, 6 CN IV, 4 CN VI). A relationship was found between intraoperative findings of cranial nerve monitoring, such as disappearance of response and increase in latency and stimulus threshold during manipulation of a lesion, and the presence of postoperative nerve deficits. We conclude that intraoperative electromyographic monitoring of ocular motor nerves is feasible during partial neuromuscular blockade, and that partial neuromuscular blockade does not affect the relationship between findings of intraoperative monitoring and postoperative nerve function.
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Inoue S, Kawaguchi M, Furuya H. Successful spinal administration is related to the angle formed between the skin and a spinal needle. A geometric model. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39:770-771. [PMID: 21823403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Kawaguchi M, Mino H, Durand DM. Stochastic Resonance Can Enhance Information Transmission in Neural Networks. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2011; 58:1950-8. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2011.2126571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Inoue S, Abe R, Kawaguchi M, Kobayashi H, Furuya H. Beta blocker infusion decreases the magnitude of core hypothermia after anesthesia induction. Minerva Anestesiol 2010; 76:1002-1009. [PMID: 20838372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-1-receptor blockade reduces heart rate, cardiac output, and arterial pressure while increasing peripheral vascular resistance. It is possible that beta blockers not only inhibit the core-to-peripheral re-distribution of body heat and cutaneous heat loss due to vasodilation after anesthesia induction but also reduce the convective transfer of heat from the core to peripheral tissues by decreasing cardiac output. The authors investigated whether the co-administration of esmolol or landiolol, ultra-short-acting beta blockers, attenuates the magnitude of initial re-distribution hypothermia after anesthesia induction and tracheal intubation. METHODS Immediately prior to the induction of anesthesia, patients were randomly assigned to receive 0.2 mg kg-1 of landiolol (landiolol group; N=30), 1 mg kg-1 of esmolol (esmolol group; N=30), or 0.1 mL kg-1 of saline (control group; N=30). Heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and tympanic, forearm, and digit temperatures were recorded. Forearm minus fingertip skin-surface temperature gradients (temperature gradient) were calculated. RESULTS Tympanic membrane temperatures 15 to 60 min after the induction of anesthesia were significantly higher in the esmolol group than in the control group although the temperature gradient was similar among the three groups. Both esmolol and landiolol inhibited the increase in HR and MAP after the induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation. The cardiac index in the esmolol group was significantly lower than in the control group. The degree of hemodynamic attenuation after induction by esmolol was larger than that of landiolol. CONCLUSION The co-administration of esmolol, but not landiolol, attenuated the magnitude of initial re-distribution hypothermia after anesthesia induction and tracheal intubation. Esmolol likely prevented initial hypothermia because it attenuated the convective transfer of heat from the core to peripheral tissues by decreasing cardiac output.
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Kawaguchi M, Fujita J, Kokubu F, Ohara G, Huang SK, Matsukura S, Ishii Y, Adachi M, Satoh H, Hizawa N. Induction of insulin-like growth factor-I by interleukin-17F in bronchial epithelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:1036-43. [PMID: 20642578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of IL-17F has been noted in the airway of asthmatic patients, but its role in asthma has not been fully elucidated. Insulin-like growth FACTOR-I (IGF-I) is known to be involved in airway remodelling and inflammation, while its regulatory mechanisms remain to be defined. OBJECTIVE To further clarify the biological function of IL-17F, we investigated whether IL-17F is able to regulate the expression of IGF-I in bronchial epithelial cells. METHODS Bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with IL-17F in the presence or absence of T-helper type 2 cytokines. Various kinase inhibitors were added to the culture to identify the key signalling events leading to the expression of IGF-I, in conjunction with the use of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK) 1, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK), and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB). RESULTS IL-17F significantly induced IGF-I gene and protein expression, and co-stimulation with IL-4 and IL-13 augmented its production. MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors and the Raf1 kinase inhibitor significantly inhibited IGF-I production, and the combination of PD98059 and Raf1 kinase inhibitor showed further inhibition. Overexpression of Raf1 and Ras dominant-negative mutants inhibited its expression. MSK1 inhibitors significantly blocked IL17F-induced IGF-I expression. Moreover, transfection of the siRNAs targeting MSK1, p90RSK, and CREB blocked its expression. CONCLUSIONS In bronchial epithelial cells, IL-17F is able to induce the expression of IGF-I via the Raf1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-MSK1/p90RSK-CREB pathway in vitro.
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Inoue S, Shinohara K, Kawaguchi M, Furuya H. Rapid awaking after administration of neostigmine in an elderly neurosurgical patient with prolonged recovery from general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105:700-1. [PMID: 20952433 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yasumasu S, Kawaguchi M, Ouchi S, Sano K, Murata K, Sugiyama H, Akama T, Iuchi I. Mechanism of egg envelope digestion by hatching enzymes, HCE and LCE in medaka, Oryzias latipes. J Biochem 2010; 148:439-48. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Takayasu T, Ishida Y, Kimura A, Nosaka M, Kawaguchi M, Kondo T. Postmortem Distribution of Ametryn in the Blood and Organ Tissues of an Herbicide-Poisoning Victim. J Anal Toxicol 2010; 34:287-91. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/34.5.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yamadori T, Ishii Y, Honma S, Kawaguchi M, Kurishima K, Morishima Y, Sakamoto T, Hizawa N. Interaction between Nrf2 and EGFR signaling in the proliferation of NSCLC cells. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Miyazawa K, Kawaguchi M, Tabuchi M, Goto S. Accurate pre-surgical determination for self-drilling miniscrew implant placement using surgical guides and cone-beam computed tomography. Eur J Orthod 2010; 32:735-40. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Matsukura S, Odaka M, Kurokawa M, Kuga H, Homma T, Takeuchi H, Notomi K, Kokubu F, Kawaguchi M, Schleimer RP, Johnson MW, Adachi M. Transforming growth factor-β stimulates the expression of eotaxin/CC chemokine ligand 11 and its promoter activity through binding site for nuclear factor-κβ in airway smooth muscle cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:763-71. [PMID: 20214667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines ligands of CCR3 including eotaxin/CC chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11) may contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma. These chemokines and a growth factor (TGF-beta) may be involved in the process of airway remodelling. OBJECTIVE We analysed the effects of TGF-beta on the expression of CCR3 ligands in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells and investigated the mechanisms. METHODS HASM cells were cultured and treated with TGF-beta and Th2 cytokines IL-4 or IL-13. Expression of mRNA was analysed by real-time PCR. Secretion of CCL11 into the culture medium was analysed by ELISA. Transcriptional regulation of CCL11 was analysed by luciferase assay using CCL11 promoter-luciferase reporter plasmids. RESULTS IL-4 or IL-13 significantly up-regulated the expression of mRNAs for CCL11 and CCL26. TGF-beta alone did not increase the expression of chemokine mRNAs, but enhanced the induction of only CCL11 by IL-4 or IL-13 among CCR3 ligands. Activity of the CCL11 promoter was stimulated by IL-4, and this activity was enhanced by TGF-beta. Activation by IL-4 or IL-4 plus TGF-beta was lost by mutation of the binding site for signal transducers and activators of transcription-6 (STAT6) in the promoter. Cooperative activation by IL-4 and TGF-beta was inhibited by mutation of the binding site for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the promoter. Pretreatment with an inhibitor of NF-kappaB and glucocorticoid fluticasone propionate significantly inhibited the expression of CCL11 mRNA induced by IL-4 plus TGF-beta, indicating the importance of NF-kappaB in the cooperative activation of CCL11 transcription by TGF-beta and IL-4. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Th2 cytokines and TGF-beta may contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma by stimulating expression of CCL11. The transcription factors STAT6 and NF-kappaB may play pivotal roles in this process.
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