26
|
Yadav M, Kaushik M, Sharma R, Chowdry P. MINIMAL INVASIVE SURGICAL APPROACH IN THEMANAGEMENT OF COMMINUTED CROWN-ROOT FRACTURE- A CASE REPORT. JOURNAL OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2017; 7:128-140. [PMID: 30479995 PMCID: PMC6237318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comminuted root fractures have a questionable prognosis and present with limited treatment options. In the following case, a comminuted crown root fracture in relation to maxillary left central incisor was managed with a minimally invasive surgical approach. The procedure involved repairing the multiple fracture lines in the root with Biodentine following the endodontic therapy and root resection. The patient was found to be asymptomatic at the end of a follow up period of ten months.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaushik M, Yadav M. MARGINAL MICROLEAKAGE PROPERTIES OF ACTIVA BIOACTIVE RESTORATIVE AND NANOHYBRID COMPOSITE RESIN USING TWO DIFFERENT ADHESIVES IN NON CARIOUS CERVICAL LESIONS - AN IN VITRO STUDY. JOURNAL OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2017; 7:1-14. [PMID: 29951462 PMCID: PMC6016748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions is a challenge, because most of the time the cervical margin is located in cementum or dentin. This characteristic makes the cervical margin more susceptible to microleakage, causing cavosurface stains, postoperative sensitivity and also favours the incidence of carious lesions. AIM To compare and evaluate the microleakage in class V lesions restored with Activa Bioactive restorative and nanohybrid composite resin using two different bonding agents. METHODOLOGY In this study, 50 class V cavities were prepared in freshly extracted teeth. The samples were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10), depending on the type of restorative material and bonding agent: Group 1 - Activa Bioactive (Pulpdent, USA) + No bonding, Group 2 - Activa Bioactive + Tetric N Bond (Ivoclar Vivadent, Colombia),Group 3 - Activa Bioactive + G Bond (GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan), Group 4 - Nanohybrid Composite (Ivoclar Vivadent, Colombia) + Tetric N Bond, Group 5 - Nanohybrid Composite + G Bond. The samples were restored with their respective material based on the group. After curing all the specimens were subjected to thermocycling and cyclic loading. Specimens were stained with 2% rhodamin b dye and evaluated for dye penetration. RESULTS Results were obtained based on Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U- test. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, none of the materials were free from microleakage. All the materials showed more microleakage at gingival margins compared to occlusal margins. Among all the groups Activa Bioactive restorative when used in combination with Tetric N Bond showed the least microleakage.
Collapse
|
28
|
Dutta B, Ruhela R, Yadav M, Singh A, Sahu K, Padmanabhan N, Chakravartty J. Liquid-liquid extraction studies of gadolinium with N -methyl- N,N,N -trioctyl ammonium-bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate – Task specific ionic liquid. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Kanagare AB, Singh KK, Kumar M, Yadav M, Ruhela R, Singh AK, Kumar A, Shinde VS. DTDGA-Impregnated XAD-16 Beads for Separation of Gold from Electronic Waste Solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
30
|
Yadav M, Behera D, Sharma U. Nontoxic corrosion inhibitors for N80 steel in hydrochloric acid. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
31
|
Nand N, Mittal R, Yadav M, Venu S, Deshmukh AR. Kallman Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2016; 64:106-107. [PMID: 27766822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Kallman syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized clinically by failure to attain puberty or failure to fully complete it along with an absent or impaired sense of smell with absence of bilateral olfactory bulbi and sulci alongwith absent olfactory tracts. Only very few cases of Kallman syndrome have been reported in females in Indian population.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jain S, Nagarjuna D, Gaind R, Chopra S, Debata PK, Dawar R, Sardana R, Yadav M. Escherichia vulneris: an unusual cause of complicated diarrhoea and sepsis in an infant. A case report and review of literature. New Microbes New Infect 2016; 13:83-6. [PMID: 27536376 PMCID: PMC4975714 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia vulneris is an opportunistic human pathogen. It has been primarily reported in adult patients and invasive infections have been observed in immune-suppressed individuals. This is the first report of E. vulneris causing complicated diarrhoea and sepsis in an infant. Two month old sick infant, born full-term, was admitted to the paediatrics department with loose motions and refusal to feed for four days. E. vulneris was isolated from blood in pure culture. The isolate was characterized for diarrhoeal virulence markers: heat labile and heat stable toxins (LT, ST) and hemolysin (hlyA) by PCR. The presence of LT enterotoxin and hemolysin provides strong evidence of the diarrhoeagenic potential of E. vulneris, further leading to the invasive infection triggering sepsis. As E. vulneris can lead to serious complications, an attempt should be made in clinical laboratories to identify and further characterize this new Escherichia species.
Collapse
|
33
|
Iyer N, Ruhela R, Das A, Yadav M, Singh AK, Chakravartty JK. Novel imino diacetamide grafted styrene divinyl benzene resin for separation and recovery of palladium from simulated high level liquid waste. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1199570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
34
|
Nand N, Venu S, Yadav M, Deshmukh AR, Mittal R. Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2016; 64:71. [PMID: 27734645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
35
|
Zweifler LE, Ao M, Yadav M, Kuss P, Narisawa S, Kolli TN, Wimer HF, Farquharson C, Somerman MJ, Millán JL, Foster BL. Role of PHOSPHO1 in Periodontal Development and Function. J Dent Res 2016; 95:742-51. [PMID: 27016531 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516640246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth root and periodontal apparatus, including the acellular and cellular cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone, are critical for tooth function. Cementum and bone mineralization is regulated by factors including enzymes and extracellular matrix proteins that promote or inhibit hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Orphan Phosphatase 1 (Phospho1, PHOSPHO1) is a phosphatase expressed by chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and odontoblasts that functions in skeletal and dentin mineralization by initiating deposition of hydroxyapatite inside membrane-limited matrix vesicles. The role of PHOSPHO1 in periodontal formation remains unknown and we aimed to determine its functional importance in these tissues. We hypothesized that the enzyme would regulate proper mineralization of the periodontal apparatus. Spatiotemporal expression of PHOSPHO1 was mapped during periodontal development, and Phospho1(-/-) mice were analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, radiography, and micro-computed tomography. The Phospho1 gene and PHOSPHO1 protein were expressed by active alveolar bone osteoblasts and cementoblasts during cellular cementum formation. In Phospho1(-/-) mice, acellular cementum formation and mineralization were unaffected, whereas cellular cementum deposition increased although it displayed delayed mineralization and cementoid. Phospho1(-/-) mice featured disturbances in alveolar bone mineralization, shown by accumulation of unmineralized osteoid matrix and interglobular patterns of protein deposition. Parallel to other skeletal sites, deposition of mineral-regulating protein osteopontin (OPN) was increased in alveolar bone in Phospho1(-/-) mice. In contrast to the skeleton, genetic ablation of Spp1, the gene encoding OPN, did not ameliorate dentoalveolar defects in Phospho1(-/-) mice. Despite alveolar bone mineralization defects, periodontal attachment and function appeared undisturbed in Phospho1(-/-) mice, with normal PDL architecture and no evidence of bone loss over time. This study highlights the role of PHOSPHO1 in mineralization of alveolar bone and cellular cementum, further revealing that acellular cementum formation is not substantially regulated by PHOSPHO1 and likely does not rely on matrix vesicle-mediated initiation of mineralization.
Collapse
|
36
|
Yadav M, Sarkar TK, Obot IB. Carbohydrate compounds as green corrosion inhibitors: electrochemical, XPS, DFT and molecular dynamics simulation studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24026g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corrosion inhibition effect of 5,6-bis(2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)hydrazono)hexane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (BIHT) and 5,6-bis(2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazono)hexane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (MIHT) on N80 steel in 15% HCl was measured by electrochemical method.
Collapse
|
37
|
Yadav M, Kumar S, Tiwari N, Bahadur I, Ebenso E. Experimental and quantum chemical studies of synthesized triazine derivatives as an efficient corrosion inhibitor for N80 steel in acidic medium. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
38
|
Yadav M, Sharma D, Sarkar T. Adsorption and corrosion inhibitive properties of synthesized hydrazine compounds on N80 steel/hydrochloric acid interface: Electrochemical and DFT studies. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
39
|
Yadav M, Sinha R, Sarkar T, Bahadur I, Ebenso E. Application of new isonicotinamides as a corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in acidic medium: Electrochemical, SEM, EDX, AFM and DFT investigations. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
40
|
Yadav M, Kumar S, Sinha R, Bahadur I, Ebenso E. New pyrimidine derivatives as efficient organic inhibitors on mild steel corrosion in acidic medium: Electrochemical, SEM, EDX, AFM and DFT studies. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
41
|
Nand N, Dsouza S, Batra N, Chauhan V, Yadav M. Dupuytren's Contracture Associated with Long-Standing Diabetes Mellitus. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2015; 63:65. [PMID: 27608694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
42
|
Nand N, Aggarwal S, Yadav M, Dsouza S, Deshmukh AR. Families of Pseudohypoparathyroidism presenting as Seizure. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2015; 63:71-74. [PMID: 27608698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by variable insensitivity to parathyroid hormone. We describe two cases of 22 year male and 24 year female who have typical clinical features of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Laboratory investigation revealed evidence of pseudohypoparathyroidism and skeletal survey showed shortening of the metacarpals and metatarsals.
Collapse
|
43
|
Iyer N, Ruhela R, Vishwakarma P, Yadav M, Singh A, Chakravartty J. Sorption studies of uranium on novel imino diacetamide grafted styrene divinyl benzene polymeric resin. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2015.1064137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
44
|
Dorrance AM, Neviani P, Ferenchak GJ, Huang X, Nicolet D, Maharry KS, Ozer HG, Hoellarbauer P, Khalife J, Hill EB, Yadav M, Bolon BN, Lee RJ, Lee LJ, Croce CM, Garzon R, Caligiuri MA, Bloomfield CD, Marcucci G. Targeting leukemia stem cells in vivo with antagomiR-126 nanoparticles in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 29:2143-53. [PMID: 26055302 PMCID: PMC4633325 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are designed to target rapidly dividing blast populations with limited success in eradicating the functionally distinct leukemia stem cell (LSC) population, which is postulated to be responsible for disease resistance and relapse. We have previously reported high miR-126 expression levels to be associated with a LSC-gene expression profile. Therefore, we hypothesized that miR-126 contributes to “stemness” and is a viable target for eliminating the LSC in AML. Here we first validate the clinical relevance of miR-126 expression in AML by showing that higher expression of this microRNA (miR) is associated with worse outcome in a large cohort of older (≥60 years) cytogenetically normal AML patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. We then show that miR-126 overexpression characterizes AML LSC-enriched cell subpopulations and contributes to LSC long-term maintenance and self-renewal. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of therapeutic targeting of miR-126 in LSCs with novel targeting nanoparticles (NP) containing antagomiR-126 resulting in in vivo reduction of LSCs likely by depletion of the quiescent cell subpopulation. Our findings suggest that by targeting a single miR, i.e., miR-126, it is possible to interfere with LSC activity, thereby opening potentially novel therapeutic approaches to treat AML patients.
Collapse
|
45
|
Nagarjuna D, Mittal G, Dhanda RS, Verma PK, Gaind R, Yadav M. Faecal Escherichia coli isolates show potential to cause endogenous infection in patients admitted to the ICU in a tertiary care hospital. New Microbes New Infect 2015; 7:57-66. [PMID: 26257914 PMCID: PMC4522595 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are acquired during hospital treatment or in a hospital environment. One such infecting agent, Escherichia coli, harbours many virulence genes that enable it to become pathogenic, causing damage to the host. The mechanism of the E. coli virulence factors provenance to cause infection in host environments is not clearly elucidated. We investigated the virulence and pathogenicity of E. coli affected by the host environment. For this, blood (n = 78) and faecal (n = 83) E. coli isolates were collected from patients with and without sepsis, respectively, who had been admitted to the intensive care unit. The E. coli genomic DNA was isolated; the phylogenetic grouping was conducted by triplex PCR. The occurrence of nine virulence genes among the all the isolates was confirmed by gene-specific PCR. The prevalence of E. coli in blood isolates was more in phylogenetic groups B2 and D compared to groups A and B1. However, in faecal isolates, there was no significant difference. The prevalence of adhesin and toxin (papG, sfa, afa, cnf1, hlyA) genes was higher in blood compared to faecal E. coli isolates. However, the prevalence of aer, traT and PAI was similar as well as higher among both of these groups. These observations indicate a role of external environment (hospital setting) on host susceptibility (development of infection) in the faecal E. coli isolates, thereby making the patient prone to a sepsis condition.
Collapse
|
46
|
Nand N, Dsouza S, Batra N, Chauhan V, Yadav M. Intravenous Pantoprazole-Induced Near Fatality. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2015; 63:96. [PMID: 26710417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
47
|
Nagarjuna D, Dhanda RS, Gaind R, Yadav M. tcpC as a prospective new virulence marker in blood Escherichia coli isolates from sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit. New Microbes New Infect 2015; 7:28-30. [PMID: 26137310 PMCID: PMC4484543 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of the tcpC in the blood Escherichia coli isolates collected from the sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit was investigated for the first time. The blood and faecal samples were collected from sepsis and nonsepsis patients, respectively. The prevalence of the tcpC and phylogroups was confirmed by gene-specific PCR. The occurrence of the tcpC in the blood E. coli isolates from sepsis patients was significantly higher than the faecal isolates. The higher prevalence of blood E. coli isolates among the pathogenic groups (B2, D) compared to the commensal groups (A, B1) suggests tcpC as a prospective new virulence marker for sepsis.
Collapse
|
48
|
Yadav S, Sisodia N, Jha V, Yadav M. Dental exarticulation. Niger J Clin Pract 2015; 18:426-8. [PMID: 25772931 DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.151804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Tooth exarticulation or avulsion refers to the complete displacement of the tooth out of its socket. It is a complex injury, requiring immediate intervention for optimal results. Literature indicates that prolonged dry time and improper handling may be associated with increased risk of failure. Immediate replantation of the tooth allows for immediate restoration of esthetics and phonetics. This case report presents the management of an avulsed mature tooth in a young boy, with a two-year follow-up, which had been preserved in milk after around 15-20 minutes of injury and transplanted after two hours at a dental hospital. Timely modified endodontic therapy prevented subsequent inflammatory root resorption.
Collapse
|
49
|
Yadav M, Sinha RR, Kumar S, Sarkar TK. Corrosion inhibition effect of spiropyrimidinethiones on mild steel in 15% HCl solution: insight from electrochemical and quantum studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14406j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of synthesized spiropyrimidinethiones on the corrosion of mild steel in 15% HCl solution was investigated by using weight loss and electrochemical methods.
Collapse
|
50
|
Malla N, Goyal K, Dhanda RS, Yadav M. Immunity in urogenital protozoa. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:400-8. [PMID: 25201404 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in urogenital infections. Innate immunity is provided by the epithelial cells and mucus lining along with acidic pH, which forms a strong physical barrier against the pathogens in female reproductive tract. Cells of innate immune system, antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, chemokines and adaptive immunity in the reproductive tract are evolved during infection, and a pro-inflammatory response is generated to fight against the invading pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis, a primary urogenital protozoa, the etiological agent of human trichomoniasis, a curable sexually transmitted infection. The involvement of the urogenital tract by other protozoal infections such as P. falciparum, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Entamoeba histolytica and Acanthamoeba infection is rarely reported. Trichomonas induce pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses in infected subjects. Multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms including parasite adherence, cysteine proteases, lipophosphoglycan, free radical, cytokine generation and Toll-like receptors appear to interplay with the induction of local and systemic immune responses that ultimately determine the outcome of the infection. However, the involvement of urogenital pathogen-specific immune mechanisms and effect of normal local resident flora on the outcome (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic) of infection are poorly understood. Moreover, immune interactions in trichomoniasis subjects co-infected with bacterial and viral pathogens need to be elucidated.
Collapse
|