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McPhedran RC, Movchan AB, Movchan NV, Brun M, Smith MJA. 'Parabolic' trapped modes and steered Dirac cones in platonic crystals. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 471:20140746. [PMID: 27547089 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the properties of flexural waves governed by the biharmonic operator, and propagating in a thin plate pinned at doubly periodic sets of points. The emphases are on the design of dispersion surfaces having the Dirac cone topology, and on the related topic of trapped modes in plates for a finite set (cluster) of pinned points. The Dirac cone topologies we exhibit have at least two cones touching at a point in the reciprocal lattice, augmented by another band passing through the point. We show that these Dirac cones can be steered along symmetry lines in the Brillouin zone by varying the aspect ratio of rectangular lattices of pins, and that, as the cones are moved, the involved band surfaces tilt. We link Dirac points with a parabolic profile in their neighbourhood, and the characteristic of this parabolic profile decides the direction of propagation of the trapped mode in finite clusters.
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Hildebrandt MR, Germain DR, Monckton EA, Brun M, Godbout R. Ddx1 knockout results in transgenerational wild-type lethality in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9829. [PMID: 25909345 PMCID: PMC4408975 DOI: 10.1038/srep09829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD box 1 (DDX1) is a member of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases which are
involved in all aspects of RNA metabolism. DDX1 has been implicated in a variety of
biological processes, including 3’-end processing of mRNA, DNA repair,
microRNA processing, tRNA maturation and mRNA transport. To study the role of DDX1
during development, we have generated mice carrying a constitutive Ddx1
knock-out allele. Ddx1+/− mice have no obvious
phenotype and express similar levels of DDX1 as wild-type mice indicating
compensation from the intact Ddx1 allele. Heterozygote matings produce no
viable Ddx1−/− progeny, with
Ddx1−/− embryos dying prior to
embryonic day (E) 3.5. Intriguingly, the number of wild-type progeny is
significantly decreased in heterozygote crosses, with two different heterozygote
populations identified based on parental genotype: (i) normal
Ddx1+/− mice which generate the expected number
of wild-type progeny and (ii) Ddx1*/− mice (with *
signifying a non-genetically altered allele) which generate a significantly reduced
number of wild-type mice. The transgenerational inheritance of wild-type lethality
observed upon crossing Ddx1*/− mice is independent
of parental sex and occurs in cis through a mechanism that is different from
other types of previously reported transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
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Carletti L, Ma P, Yu Y, Luther-Davies B, Hudson D, Monat C, Orobtchouk R, Madden S, Moss DJ, Brun M, Ortiz S, Labeye P, Nicoletti S, Grillet C. Nonlinear optical response of low loss silicon germanium waveguides in the mid-infrared. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:8261-8271. [PMID: 25968664 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.008261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the nonlinear optical response of low loss Si(0.6)Ge(0.4) / Si waveguides in the mid-infrared wavelength range from 3.25- 4.75μm using picosecond optical pulses. We observed and measured the three and four-photon absorption coefficients as well as the Kerr nonlinear refractive index. The dynamics of the spectral broadening suggests that, in addition to multiphoton absorption, the corresponding higher order nonlinear refractive phenomena also needs to be included when high optical pulse intensities are used at mid-infrared wavelengths in this material.
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Costabel U, Richeldi L, du Bois RM, Raghu G, Azuma A, Brown KK, Cottin V, Flaherty KR, Inoue Y, Kim DS, Kolb M, Noble PW, Selman M, Taniguchi H, Brun M, Girard M, Schlenker-Herceg R, Disse B, Collard HR. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Results of two 52-week, Phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (INPULSIS™). Pneumologie 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1544829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Amelot F, Picot E, Meusy A, Rousseau C, Brun M, Guillot B. La syphilis à Montpellier au CDAG-CIDDIST et dans le service de dermatologie du CHRU de 2002 à 2011. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.09.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kempf M, Varon E, Lepoutre A, Gravet A, Baraduc R, Brun M, Chardon H, Cremniter J, Croizé J, Dalmay F, Demachy MC, Fosse T, Grelaud C, Hadou T, Hamdad F, Koeck JL, Luce S, Mermond S, Patry I, Péchinot A, Raymond J, Ros A, Segonds C, Soullié B, Tandé D, Vergnaud M, Vernet-Garnier V, Wallet F, Gutmann L, Ploy MC, Lanotte P. Decline in antibiotic resistance and changes in the serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children with acute otitis media; a 2001-2011 survey by the French Pneumococcal Network. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:35-42. [PMID: 25636925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of acute otitis media (AOM). The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in antibiotic resistance and circulating serotypes of pneumococci isolated from middle ear fluid of French children with AOM during the period 2001-2011, before and after the introduction of the PCV-7 (2003) and PCV-13 (2010) vaccines. Between 2001 and 2011 the French pneumococcal surveillance network analysed the antibiotic susceptibility of 6683 S. pneumoniae isolated from children with AOM, of which 1569 were serotyped. We observed a significant overall increase in antibiotic susceptibility. Respective resistance (I+R) rates in 2001 and 2011 were 76.9% and 57.3% for penicillin, 43.0% and 29.8% for amoxicillin, and 28.6% and 13.0% for cefotaxime. We also found a marked reduction in vaccine serotypes after PCV-7 implementation, from 63.0% in 2001 to 13.2% in 2011, while the incidence of the additional six serotypes included in PCV-13 increased during the same period, with a particularly high proportion of 19A isolates. The proportion of some non-PCV-13 serotypes also increased between 2001 and 2011, especially 15A and 23A. Before PCV-7 implementation, most (70.8%) penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci belonged to PCV-7 serotypes, whereas in 2011, 56.8% of penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci belonged to serotype 19A. Between 2001 and 2011, antibiotic resistance among pneumococci responsible for AOM in France fell markedly, and PCV-7 serotypes were replaced by non-PCV-7 serotypes, especially 19A. We are continuing to assess the impact of PCV-13, introduced in France in 2010, on pneumococcal serotype circulation and antibiotic resistance.
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Carta G, Brun M, Movchan AB. Dynamic response and localization in strongly damaged waveguides. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the formation of band-gaps and localization phenomena in an elastic strip nearly disintegrated by an array of transverse cracks. We analyse the eigenfrequencies of finite, strongly damaged, elongated solids with reference to the propagation bands of an infinite strip with a periodic damage. Subsequently, we determine analytically the band-gaps of the infinite strip by using a lower-dimensional model, represented by a periodically damaged beam in which the small ligaments between cracks are modelled as ‘elastic junctions’. The effective rotational and translational stiffnesses of the elastic junctions are obtained from an
ad hoc
asymptotic analysis. We show that, for a finite frequency range, the dispersion curves for the reduced beam model agree with the dispersion data determined numerically for the two-dimensional elastic strip. Exponential localization, boundary layers and standing waves in strongly damaged systems are discussed in detail.
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Masson E, Lacroix R, Sautereau N, Eldin C, Ebbo M, Brun M, Arnaud L, Thuret I, Schleinitz N, Harle JR, Dignat George F, Bernit E. Un biomarqueur de la vasculopathie de l’adulte drépanocytaire ? Rev Med Interne 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brown KK, Richeldi L, Costabel U, Flaherty KR, Kim DS, Noble PW, Raghu G, Selman M, Brun M, Klüglich M, Staines H, du Bois RM. Behandlung der Idiopathischen Lungenfibrose (IPF) mit dem Tyrosinkinaseinhibitor Nintedanib: Patientenberichtete Endpunkte in der TOMORROW-Studie. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1368044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Colquitt DJ, Jones IS, Movchan NV, Movchan AB, Brun M, McPhedran RC. Making waves round a structured cloak: lattices, negative refraction and fringes. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 469:20130218. [PMID: 24062625 PMCID: PMC3780812 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the framework of transformation optics, this paper presents a detailed analysis of a non-singular square cloak for acoustic, out-of-plane shear elastic and electromagnetic waves. Analysis of wave propagation through the cloak is presented and accompanied by numerical illustrations. The efficacy of the regularized cloak is demonstrated and an objective numerical measure of the quality of the cloaking effect is provided. It is demonstrated that the cloaking effect persists over a wide range of frequencies. As a demonstration of the effectiveness of the regularized cloak, a Young's double slit experiment is presented. The stability of the interference pattern is examined when a cloaked and uncloaked obstacle are successively placed in front of one of the apertures. This novel link with a well-known quantum mechanical experiment provides an additional method through which the quality of cloaks may be examined. In the second half of the paper, it is shown that an approximate cloak may be constructed using a discrete lattice structure. The efficiency of the approximate lattice cloak is analysed and a series of illustrative simulations presented. It is demonstrated that effective cloaking may be obtained by using a relatively simple lattice structure, particularly, in the low-frequency regime.
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Brun M, Glubrecht DD, Baksh S, Godbout R. Calcineurin regulates nuclear factor I dephosphorylation and activity in malignant glioma cell lines. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24104-15. [PMID: 23839947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas (MG), including grades III and IV astrocytomas, are the most common adult brain tumors. These tumors are highly aggressive with a median survival of less than 2 years. Nuclear factor I (NFI) is a family of transcription factors that regulates the expression of glial genes in the developing brain. We have previously shown that regulation of the brain fatty acid-binding protein (B-FABP; FABP7) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) genes in MG cells is dependent on the phosphorylation state of NFI, with hypophosphorylation of NFI correlating with GFAP and B-FABP expression. Importantly, NFI phosphorylation is dependent on phosphatase activity that is enriched in GFAP/B-FABP+ve cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that NFI occupies the GFAP and B-FABP promoters in NFI-hypophosphorylated GFAP/B-FABP+ve MG cells. NFI occupancy, NFI-dependent transcriptional activity, and NFI phosphorylation are all modulated by the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin. Importantly, a cleaved form of calcineurin, associated with increased phosphatase activity, is specifically expressed in NFI-hypophosphorylated GFAP/B-FABP+ve MG cells. Calcineurin in GFAP/B-FABP+ve MG cells localizes to the nucleus. In contrast, calcineurin is primarily found in the cytoplasm of GFAP/B-FABP-ve cells, suggesting a dual mechanism for calcineurin activation in MG. Finally, our results demonstrate that calcineurin expression is up-regulated in areas of high infiltration/migration in grade IV astrocytoma tumor tissue. Our data suggest a critical role for calcineurin in NFI transcriptional regulation and in the determination of MG infiltrative properties.
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Brun M, Camillieri E, Genot S, Thuny F, Harle JR, Mazodier K, Kaplanski G. Myocardite aiguë grave au cours d’une poussée de maladie de Still traitée avec succès par antagoniste du récepteur de l’interleukine-1. Rev Med Interne 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Brun M, Mazodier K, Farnault L, Harle JR, Chetaille B, Costello R, Kaplanski G. Premier cas de syndrome d’activation macrophagique secondaire à une hépatite virale E (VHE) chez un patient atteint d’un lymphome splénique. Rev Med Interne 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Brun M, Widemann A, Bachelier R, Robert S, Poullin P, Dignat-George F, Kaplanski G. Rôle de la blessure calcique et des immunoglobulines G circulantes dans la mort cellulaire et la microvésiculation endothéliale au cours du purpura thrombotique thrombocytopénique auto-immun de l’adulte. Rev Med Interne 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.03.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Jean E, Brun M, Harti K, Loeve C, Albanese J, Sanderson F, Harle JR, Poullin P, Kaplanski G. Exceptionnelle présentation hépatique d’un purpura thrombocytopénique thrombotique auto-immun, à propos d’un cas. Rev Med Interne 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Brun M, Freslon M, Champdavoine AL, Gayet LÉ. Évaluation fonctionnelle après lambeau homodactyle en îlot antérograde pour perte de substance pulpaire des doigts longs. À propos de 15 cas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.main.2012.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Brun M, Jones IS, Movchan AB. Vortex-type elastic structured media and dynamic shielding. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents an approach to modelling a novel elastic metamaterial structure that possesses non-trivial dispersion features. A system of spinners has been embedded into a two-dimensional periodic lattice system. The analysis of the motion of the spinners is used to derive an expression for a ‘chiral term’ in the equations describing the dynamics of the lattice. Dispersion of elastic waves is shown to possess innovative filtering and polarization properties induced by the vortex-type nature of the structured media. The related effective behaviour in a continuous medium is implemented to build a shielding cloak around an obstacle. Analytical work is accompanied by numerical illustrations.
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Brun M, Frénéa-Robin M, Chateaux JF, Haddour N, Deman AL, Ferrigno R. A new microfluidic device for electric lysis and separation of cells. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2012:6281-6284. [PMID: 23367365 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the potential use of a new microfluidic device embedding thick electrodes for cell lysis and cell separation applications. The system consists of a microfluidic channel featuring conductive walls made of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix mixed with carbon nanoparticles. Cell lysis was performed electrically by applying square pulses across the channel width, which was monitored by fluorimetry. Lysed and unlysed cells showed different dielectrophoretic behavior under appropriate experimental conditions, which suggests that the developed device is suitable to perform both cell lysis and subsequent sorting of viable and dead cells.
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Benalcázar M, Padín J, Brun M, Pastore J, Ballarin V, Peirone L, Pereyra G. Measuring Leaf Area in Soy Plants by HSI Color Model Filtering and Mathematical Morphology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/332/1/012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Brun M, Desilles S, Dellyes A, Lafforgue P, Berda-Haddad Y, Mazodier K, Harle JR, Kaplanski G. La pneumocystose pulmonaire : une cause rare de syndrome d’activation macrophagique au cours des maladies auto-immunes. Rev Med Interne 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2011.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Brun M, Moucadel M, Cristea A, Mazodier K, Genot S, Costello R, Harle JR, Kaplanski G. Sarcoïdose pulmonaire pseudo-tumorale : à propos de deux cas. Rev Med Interne 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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47
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Brun M, Chandesris MO, Mazodier K, Chiche L, Ebbo M, Legall S, Veit V, Bernit E, Durand JM, Harle JR, Nicolino-Brunet C, Kaplanski G. Déficit spécifique de l’expression érythrocytaire de la molécule régulatrice du complément CD59 au cours des anémies hémolytiques par agglutinines froides. Rev Med Interne 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2011.10.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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48
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Brun M, Giaccu GF, Movchan AB, Movchan NV. Asymptotics of eigenfrequencies in the dynamic response of elongated multi-structures. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2011.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper addresses a mathematical model describing the dynamic response of an elongated bridge supported by elastic pillars. The elastic system is considered as a multi-structure involving subdomains of different limit dimensions connected via junction regions. Analytical formulae have been derived to estimate eigenfrequencies in the low frequency range. The analytical findings for Bloch–Floquet waves in an infinite periodic structure are compared with the finite element numerical computations for an actual bridge structure of finite length. The asymptotic estimates obtained here have also been used as a design tool in problems of asymptotic optimization.
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Le Perchec J, de Lamaestre RE, Brun M, Rochat N, Gravrand O, Badano G, Hazart J, Nicoletti S. High rejection bandpass optical filters based on sub-wavelength metal patch arrays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:15720-15731. [PMID: 21934934 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.015720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the study of a resonant bandpass filter made of a very thin subwavelength metal patch array coupled to a high index dielectric waveguide. The spectral properties of those filters can easily be tuned by playing on the lateral dimensions of the grating. They exhibit high and narrow transmission peaks together with very good rejection of light out of the pass-band and low angular dependance. An experimental demonstration using standard large scale silicon microelectronics processes is presented in the mid infrared spectral range. This concept of filters can easily be scaled throughout the optical spectrum, and can be integrated within focal plane arrays of various imaging technologies, down to visible wavelengths.
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Grévin B, Fakir M, Hayton J, Brun M, Demadrille R, Faure-Vincent J. Qplus AFM driven nanostencil. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:063706. [PMID: 21721701 DOI: 10.1063/1.3600898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development of a novel setup, in which large stencils with suspended silicon nitride membranes are combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) regulation by using tuning forks. This system offers the possibility to perform separate AFM and nanostencil operations, as well as combined modes when using stencil chips with integrated tips. The flexibility and performances are demonstrated through a series of examples, including wide AFM scans in closed loop mode, probe positioning repeatability of a few tens of nanometer, simultaneous evaporation of large (several hundred of micron square) and nanoscopic metals and fullerene patterns in static, multistep, and dynamic modes. This approach paves the way for further developments, as it fully combines the advantages of conventional stenciling with the ones of an AFM driven shadow mask.
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