Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives of ZnO Nanostructure Materials Towards Energy Applications

In this approach, zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multipurpose substance with remarkable characteristics such as high sensitivity, a large specific area, non-toxicity, excellent compatibility, and a high isoelectric point, which make it attractive for discussion with some limitations. It is the most favorable possible option for the collection of nanostructures in terms of structure and their characteristics. The development of numerous ZnO nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors used in health diagnosis, pharmaceutical evaluation, food hygiene, and contamination of the environment monitoring is described, as well as the production of ZnO nanostructures. Nanostructured ZnO has good chemical and temperature durability as an n-type semiconducting material, making it useful in a wide range of uses, from luminous materials to supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, photocatalysis, biosensors, medicinal devices, and more. When compared to the bulk materials, the nanosized materials have both a higher rate of disintegration and a higher solubility. Furthermore, ZnO nanoparticles are regarded as top contenders for electrochemical sensors due to their strong electrochemical behaviors and electron transmission characteristics. The impact of many factors, including selectivity, sensitivity, detection limit, strength, and structures, arrangements, and their respective functioning processes, has been investigated. This study concentrated a substantial amount of its attention on the recent advancements that have been made in ZnO-based nanoparticles, composites, and modified materials for use in the application areas of energy storage and conversion devices as well as biological applications. Supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, dye-sensitized solar cells, photocatalysis, biosensors, medicinal, and biological systems have been studied. ZnO-based materials are constantly analyzed for their advantages in energy and life science applications.

Frequency of Post Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Acute Pancreatitis in an Academic Hospital of Bangladesh

Post-ERCP acute pancreatitis (PEP) is a common and serious complication with high morbidity and mortality rates. There is a paucity of data on the frequency of PEP in a resource constraint setting like Bangladesh. Hence we have conducted a prospective study to determine the frequency of PEP and the factors associated with its occurrence. This prospective, observational study was carried out in Gastroenterology Department of Dhaka Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2018 to December 2018 on the consecutive patients who underwent ERCP. PEP and its severity were diagnosed according to consensus definition. Serum lipase was done in all patients before procedure and 24 hours after procedure or if patient develops abdominal pain after the procedure which became earlier. Total 168 patients were included (mean age 46.97±14.35 years; male 72(43.0%). The most common indication of ERCP was choledocholithiasis 97(58.0%) followed by malignant biliary obstruction 45(27.0%), recurrent pyogenic cholangitis 8(5.0%), chronic pancreatitis 4(2.3%), biliary ascariasis 4(2.3%) and others 10(6.0%). Overall post ERCP complication rate was 46(27.3%) including cholangitis 29(17.3%), pancreatitis 16(9.5%), bleeding 12(7.1%), aspiration pneumonia 4(2.4%) and death 3(1.8%). Regarding the severity of PEP, 50.0%, 43.7% and 6.3% patients developed mild, moderate and severe pancreatitis respectively. Number of cannulation attempts >5 times [22(48%) vs. 17(14%); p=0.001], cannulation attempts duration more than 10 minutes [25(55%) vs. 27(22%); p=0.001], unintentional passage of guide wire into the pancreatic duct [8(17%) vs. 18(15%); p=0.001], pancreatic duct contrast injection [12(26%) vs. 2(1.6%); p=0.001] and pre-cut sphincterotomy [16(35%) vs. 6(4.9%); p=0.001] were significantly different between the patients who developed PEP compared to those who did not. In multiple logistic regressions analysis, pancreatic duct contrast injection was significantly associated with PEP [OR 25.523 with 95% CI (4.049- 100.0%)]. Around ten percent patients had developed PEP. Regarding the severity half of them were mild, 44.0% patients had moderate and 6.0% patient had severe type of pancreatitis. Difficult cannulation, unintentional passage of guide wire into the pancreas, pancreatic duct contrast injection and pre-cut sphincterotomy were associated with PEP. Among them pancreatic duct contrast injection had independent significance in the causation of PEP.

Usefulness of Diagnostic Ultrasound for Detection of Common Shoulder Abnormalities Prior to MRI

Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal pain in the general population and results in significant disability, quality of life impairment and financial burden to the health care system. This cross-sectional study was carried out among purposively selected 61 adult patients with shoulder pain and or limited range of motion in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from September 2018 to August 2020 to determine the usefulness of USG in detection of common shoulder abnormalities, as an initial imaging modality using MRI as reference standard. The majority of the patients 25(40.98%) were in age group of 51-60 years with mean age of 52.98±10.85 years. In the dectection of rotator cuff pathology, the overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of USG for any complete tear were 100.0% each, for any partial tear were 79.71%, 96.57% and 91.80%, for any rotator cuff tear were 83.33%, 96.25% and 91.80%, and for any tendinosis were 90.48%, 99.37% and 96.31% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of USG were 88.23%, 92.59% & 90.16% for long head of biceps tendon sheath effusion, 100.0% each for long head of biceps tendon dislocation, 71.11%, 87.50% and 75.41% for glenohumeral joint effusion, and 58.06%, 96.67% and 77.05% for bursal effusion respectively. From this study, it is concluded that high resolution USG showed high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy compared to MRI in detecting common shoulder abnormalities, and could be considered as the first line imaging modality in the evaluation of shoulder pain.

Recent Advances of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides-Based Materials for Energy Storage Devices, in View of Monovalent to Divalent Ions

The fast growth of electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems necessitates using innovative, high-performance electrode materials. Among the various EES devices, rechargeable batteries (RBs) with potential features like high energy density and extensive lifetime are well suited to meet rapidly increasing energy demands. Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), typical two dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, are considered auspicious materials for RBs because of their layered structures and large specific surface areas (SSA) that benefit quick ion transportation. This review summarizes and highlights recent advances in TMDs with improved performance for various RBs. Through novel engineering and functionalization used for high-performance RBs, we briefly discuss the properties, characterizations, and electrochemistry phenomena of TMDs. We summarised that engineering with multiple techniques, like nanocomposites used for TMDs receives special attention. In conclusion, the recent issues and promising upcoming research openings for developing TMDs-based electrodes for RBs are discussed.

Bioresource Polymer Composite for Energy Generation and Storage: Developments and Trends

The ever-growing demand of human society for clean and reliable energy sources spurred a substantial academic interest in exploring the potential of biological resources for developing energy generation and storage systems. As a result, alternative energy sources are needed in populous developing countries to compensate for energy deficits in an environmentally sustainable manner. This review aims to evaluate and summarize the recent progress in bio-based polymer composites (PCs) for energy generation and storage. The articulated review provides an overview of energy storage systems, e. g., supercapacitors and batteries, and discusses the future possibilities of various solar cells (SCs), using both past research progress and possible future developments as a basis for discussion. These studies examine systematic and sequential advances in different generations of SCs. Developing novel PCs that are efficient, stable, and cost-effective is of utmost importance. In addition, the current state of high-performance equipment for each of the technologies is evaluated in detail. We also discuss the prospects, future trends, and opportunities regarding using bioresources for energy generation and storage, as well as the development of low-cost and efficient PCs for SCs.

Progress and Perspectives on Promising Covalent-Organic Frameworks (COFs) Materials for Energy Storage Capacity

In recent years, a new class of highly crystalline advanced permeable materials covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered a great deal of attention thanks to their remarkable properties, such as their large surface area, highly ordered pores and channels, and controllable crystalline structures. The lower physical stability and electrical conductivity, however, prevent them from being widely used in applications like photocatalytic activities and innovative energy storage and conversion devices. For this reason, many studies have focused on finding ways to improve upon these interesting materials while also minimizing their drawbacks. This review article begins with a brief introduction to the history and major milestones of COFs development before moving on to a comprehensive exploration of the various synthesis methods and recent successes and signposts of their potential applications in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) sequestration, supercapacitors (SCs), lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and hydrogen production (H2 -energy). In conclusion, the difficulties and potential of future developing with highly efficient COFs ideas for photocatalytic as well as electrochemical energy storage applications are highlighted.

NiFe-PANI composites synthesized by electrodeposition for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac sodium from wastewater

A simple inexpensive approach was used to synthesize NiFe-PANI nanocomposites and used for photodegradation of diclofenac sodium (DCF) in water sources. Morphological, optical, structural, and catalytic properties of the nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the cubic structure of NiFe nanoparticles and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) that revealed the presence of NiFe and PANI, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the uniform distribution of NiFe nanoparticles onto the surface of PANI, Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was utilized to validate the composition of the obtained Permalloy NiFe-PANI nanocomposites, optical properties confirmed the decrease of Eg band gap from 2.62 to 2.51 eV by the addition of NiFe. The NiFe-PANI composite showed superior photocatalytic efficiency in degrading DCF, achieving 82.53% degradation in 15 min and 97.89% in 60 min. This was significantly higher than the PANI alone, which achieved 62.72 and 93.48% degradation in the same time intervals respectively. The results indicated that the photocatalytic efficiency remained consistent, with no observable decrease, even after five cycles of recycling. The NiFe-PANI catalyst served as an efficient and cost-effective photocatalyst for DCF degradation, and the study holds promise for the photocatalytic removal of other organic pollutants from water and wastewater.

Fish-tail Plasty: A Secure Technique to Enhance Cosmesis at the Lateral End of Mastectomy Scar and Prevent Dog Ear

Mastectomy is very common surgical procedure for breast cancer. The closure of transverse elliptical mastectomy incisions has been represented with numerous modifications since 1915. The technical challenge is to avoid a fold of skin dogging laterally ("dog-ear"). This might lead to off future discomfort and poor cosmetic result. However, various surgical techniques are reported to tackle this lateral dog ear, there is no standardized technique. We therefore conduct a systematic review of the surgical techniques with the aim of comparing the merits and limitations of every technique. The comparative study among 72 patients was performed in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Anower Khan Modern Medical College & Hospital and Care Medical College & Hospital, Bangladesh from July 2017 to January 2020. Patients were divided randomly into two groups: Group I underwent fishtail technique group (36 patients), Group II underwent modified suturing technique group (36 patients). The follow up periods were 1 month and 3 months post-operatively for determination of the presence of dog ear and patient's satisfaction regarding cosmetic outcome and comfortability. Incidence of dog ear in fish-tail plasty group patients was less than that for Group II yet the difference is not significant less (p value 0.001). In consideration of patient satisfaction, doctor satisfaction and patient comfortability were significantly higher in Group I than Group II (p value 0.476 and 0.001 respectively). Fish-tail plasty was significantly better in patient satisfaction, comfortability and doctor satisfaction than modified suturing techniques and it might be recommended following mastectomy in obese patients for improving cosmesis and avoiding discomfort due to redundant skin.

2D MXenes Nanosheets for Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Devices: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Since the initial MXenes were discovered in 2011, several MXene compositions constructed using combinations of various transition metals have been developed. MXenes are ideal candidates for different applications in energy conversion and storage, because of their unique and interesting characteristics, which included good electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and simplicity of large-scale synthesis. Herein, we study the current developments in two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanosheets for energy storage and conversion technologies. First, we discuss the introduction to energy storage and conversion devices. Later, we emphasized on 2D MXenes and some specific properties of MXenes. Subsequently, research advances in MXene-based electrode materials for energy storage such as supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries is summarized. We provide the relevant energy storage processes, common challenges, and potential approaches to an acceptable solution for 2D MXene-based energy storage. In addition, recent advances for MXenes used in energy conversion devices like solar cells, fuel cells and catalysis is also summarized. Finally, the future prospective of growing MXene-based energy conversion and storage are highlighted.

Chemistry Aspects and Designing Strategies of Flexible Materials for High-Performance Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries

In recent years, flexible and wearable electronics such as smart cards, smart fabrics, bio-sensors, soft robotics, and internet-linked electronics have impacted our lives. In order to meet the requirements of more flexible and adaptable paradigm shifts, wearable products may need to be seamlessly integrated. A great deal of effort has been made in the last two decades to develop flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLIBs). The selection of suitable flexible materials is important for the development of flexible electrolytes self-supported and supported electrodes. This review is focused on the critical discussion of the factors that evaluate the flexibility of the materials and their potential path toward achieving the FLIBs. Following this analysis, we present how to evaluate the flexibility of the battery materials and FLIBs. We describe the chemistry of carbon-based materials, covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and MXene-based materials and their flexible cell design that represented excellent electrochemical performances during bending. Furthermore, the application of state-of-the-art solid polymer and solid electrolytes to accelerate the development of FLIBs is introduced. Analyzing the contributions and developments of different countries has also been highlighted in the past decade. In addition, the prospects and potential of flexible materials and their engineering are also discussed, providing the roadmap for further developments in this fast-evolving field of FLIB research.

Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Extended-Release Delivery of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs): A Comprehensive Review

There has been a significant shift in the perception of hypertension as an important contributor to the global disease burden. Approximately 6 % and 8 % of pregnancies are affected by hypertension, which can adversely affect the mother and the fetus. Furthermore, a hypertensive individual is at increased risk of developing kidney disease, arterial hardening, eye damage, and strokes. Using angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is widespread in treating hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and diabetic nephropathy. Despite this, some ARBs have limited use due to their poor oral bioavailability and water solubility. To tackle this, a variety of nanoparticle (NP)-based systems, such as polymeric NPs (i. e., dendrimers), polymeric micelles, polymer-drug conjugates, lipid NPs, nanoemulsions, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), solid lipid NPs (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), carbon-based nanocarriers, inorganic NPs, and nanocrystals, have been recently developed for efficient delivery of losartan, Valsartan (Val), Olmesartan (OLM), Telmisartan (TEL), Candesartan, Eprosartan, Irbesartan, and Azilsartan to target cells. This review article provides a literature-based comparison of the various classes of ARBs, their mechanisms of action, and an overview of the nanoformulations developed for ARB delivery and successfully applied to managing hypertension, diabetic complications, and other conditions.

Utilizing Nanostructured Materials for Hydrogen Generation, Storage, and Diverse Applications

The rapid advancement of refined nanostructures and nanotechnologies offers significant potential to boost research activities in hydrogen storage. Recent innovations in hydrogen storage have centered on nanostructured materials, highlighting their effectiveness in molecular hydrogen storage, chemical storage, and as nanoconfined hydride supports. Emphasizing the importance of exploring ultra-high-surface-area nanoporous materials and metals, we advocate for their mechanical stability, rigidity, and high hydride loading capacities to enhance hydrogen storage efficiency. Despite the evident benefits of nanostructured materials in hydrogen storage, we also address the existing challenges and future research directions in this domain. Recent progress in creating intricate nanostructures has had a notable positive impact on the field of hydrogen storage, particularly in the realm of storing molecular hydrogen, where these nanostructured materials are primarily utilized.

Effect of Milk Intake and Calcium-Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum Vitamin D Status

Vitamin D is important for health and disease. Milk is a good natural source of it, and calcium-vitamin D supplements are widely available over-the-counter and prescribed in clinical practice. But the effect of milk intake and calcium-vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D status is not known. This cross-sectional study was done to see the relationship between vitamin D status and milk intake or oral calcium-vitamin D supplementation using a structured questionnaire and carried out in a private consultation centre of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh from July 2017 to March 2018. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Out of 259 patients, 64.1% had vitamin D deficiency defined as serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL. Sixty one percent of those who had serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL did not take milk or milk products, while 53.0% of those having 25(OH)D level ≥20ng/mL did not take milk. Approximately 89.0% of those who had serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL did not take oral calcium-vitamin D, whereas 72.0% of those having 25(OH)D level ≥20ng/mL did not take oral calcium-vitamin D (p=0.001). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, there were significantly increased odds of vitamin D deficiency for females as compared to males [odds ratio (OR) 2.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-4.56] and not taking oral vitamin D as compared to taking oral vitamin D (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.74-7.28). Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent. Lack of milk intake and calcium-vitamin D supplementation are more commonly associated with serum vitamin D deficiency, and calcium-vitamin D supplementation is specially important in females.

Role of Rehabilitation Exercise on Myofascial Pain Syndrome Causing Upper Back Pain

Upper back pain is as painful or troublesome as the pain in the lower back or the neck. Myofascial pain syndrome which is most common cause of upper back pain is characterized by localized musculoskeletal pain and tenderness in association with trigger points. The aim of the study was to correlate the improvement of myofascial pain syndrome patients with proper and timely physical therapy. This quasi experimental study was conducted in the department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh, from 1st January 2008 to 31st August 2008 to see the role of rehabilitation exercise on myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain. Sixty (60) patients of myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain were randomly assigned for treatment; out of which 23(38.33%) were male and 37(61.66%) were female. The male and female ratio was 1:1.6. The patients selected for the trial were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. In group A (n=28) the patients were treated with thermotherapy- Microwave diathermy, non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and activities of daily living instructions and in Group B (n=32) with same interventions in addition to rehabilitation exercises. Treatment duration was 6 weeks. The difference of treatment improvement was statistically significant (p<0.05) from 1st week up to 6th week. After complete course of treatment 67.86% patients in Group A and 78.13% patients in group B reported improvement. So rehabilitation exercises can be a valuable adjunct to other modalities of treatment of myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain.

Utility of Median-to-Ulnar Sensory Comparative Nerve Conduction Study to Increase Diagnostic Accuracy in Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Electro-physiological diagnosis of mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) based on traditional median motor and sensory studies are often inconclusive. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the utility of Median-to-Ulnar Sensory Conduction studies in diagnosis of mild CTS. Data from Nerve conduction study (NCS) of 82 cases with symptoms suggestive of CTS from September 2017 to October 2020 attending electrophysiology department of Mount Adora Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh was selected for study. About 54(66.0%) out of 82 symptomatic patients were diagnosed as CTS by the conventional method, and 28(34.0%) patients required further investigation as their test report were found to be inconclusive. combining methods showed 70(85.37%) were found to be positive and 12(14.63%) were negative in comparison study. Thus, it can be concluded that those patients found to be negative in conventional methods; comparison method is an option for diagnostic confirmation.

Early Inflammatory Response of Dental Pulp in Response to Biodentin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as Pulp-capping Agents

This study was carried out to observe immediate inflammatory response of Human Dental Pulp capped with Biodentin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). This prospective clinical study was carried out in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics together with the Department of Orthodontia, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. A total number of eighty (80) permanent premolars teeth planned to be extracted for orthodontic alignment of occlusion were used as study sample. Those teeth were divided into two groups; Group A and Group B, having 40 teeth in each (n=40). An occlusal exposure of approximately 1.5mm in diameter was made. Then in -group A, exposed pulp were capped with 2-mm-thick layer of sterile Biodentin (Septodont) and in-group B with ProRoot White MTA (Dentsply). After pulp capping with the experimental material in respective group, cavities in all teeth were restored with glass ionomer cement. After 24 hours the teeth were extracted, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, then decalcified by 10.0% nitric acid and embedded in paraffin. Now 2 to 3-micron-thick serial sections were made in the linguo-buccal plane and finally stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Now pulpal inflammation in respect of type, intensity and extension, were determined by using a predetermined evaluation criterion under an optical microscope at 40× magnifications. Statistical differences among the experimental groups were analyzed by Descriptive analysis (Cross Tabulation) (p<0.05). Histologically both the tested materials produced immediate pulpal tissue reaction. 'Biodentin' found to be most immediate pulpal tissue reactive (reactive in 100% cases), Whereas, MTA produced immediate tissue reaction only in 50.0% cases. Immediate pulpal inflammatory reaction in response to tested material found to be statistically significant different between 'Biodentin' and 'MTA' (p=0.001). According to present study Biodentin is found to be more immediate pulpal tissue reactive than MTA when used as a pulp capping material.

Different RT-PCR Protocol used in SARS-Cov2 PCR Laboratory of Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh

The novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) was first detected on Wuhan, China. After that it spread worldwide and has caused many deaths till now. This virus is also known as novel corona virus because of being newly discovered. Scientifically it is named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has positive-single stranded RNA and several proteins such as spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and the other helper proteins. On the basis of phylogenic evidence, it is the new member of beta corona viruses and this group of viruses causes respiratory illness in human. This virus is detected in laboratory by using RT-PCR, by which different target gene such as E gene, S gene, N gene and RdRP (ORF1a-ORF1b) etc. are detected. This study was carried out at Mymensingh Medical College from April 2020 to December 2020. Around 65000 samples (nasopharyngeal swab) were tested during this period by three PCR protocols. By Sansure PCR kit N and ORF1a target genes were detected, Basphore's target genes were E and ORF and by Neoplex PCR kit N and RdRp genes were detected. Most of samples were tested by Sansure kit (62500), 2000 samples were screened by Bosphore kit and 500 samples by Neoplex. Among them, 6876(11.0%) samples were positive by Sansure, 120(6.0%) by Bosphore and 66(13.2%) by Neoplex. Among the positive samples, N gene 6188(90.0%) was mostly found by Sansure kit, whereas ORF was 120(100.0%) mostly found by Bosphore.

Exploration of the structural, vibrational, electronic, mechanical and thermal properties of Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8: a DFT study

The structural, dynamical, electro-optical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of the newly synthesized intermetallic compounds Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8 have been studied under ambient and elevated pressure through density functional theory (DFT). The obtained lattice parameters of the compounds are consistent with the experimental values. The metallic character of these compounds is established by the band structure and density of states (DOS). The electronic charge density distribution and bond analysis imply that Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8 have mainly both ionic and covalent bonding. The non-negative phonon dispersion frequency of the compounds reaffirms their dynamical stability. Both compounds are tough as well as have high melting points, and hence, can be applied in harsh conditions. Mechanical properties are significantly improved under pressure. Thermal barrier coating (TBC) is a possible field of application for both compounds. The different thermal properties such as the Debye temperature (ΘD), Grüneisen parameter (γ), melting temperature (Tm), minimum thermal conductivity (Kmin) and lattice thermal conductivity (κph) of these compounds have been studied to figure out the suitable application areas in thermally demanding situations. The pressure and temperature dependent bulk modulus (B) and other thermodynamic properties have also been analyzed, which suggested that the present compounds are strong candidates for device applications at high temperature and pressure. Owing to their high optical absorptivity and reflectivity in the UV region, they are also candidates for UV-based applications. Furthermore, they also have applicability in the fields of electronics, aviation, energy storage, and supercapacitor devices for their superior electronic, thermal and mechanical properties.

Orange Dye and Silicone Glue Composite Gel-Based Optimized Impedimetric and Capacitive Surface-Type Proximity Sensors

Optimized surface-type impedimetric and capacitive proximity sensors have been fabricated on paper substrates by using rubbing-in technology. The orange dye (OD) and silicone glue (SG) composite-gel films were deposited on the zig-zag gap between two aluminum electrodes fixed on a paper (dielectric) substrate. The effect of proximity of various objects (receivers) on the impedance and the capacitance of the sensors was investigated. These objects were semi-cylindrical aluminum (metallic) foil, a cylindrical plastic tube filled with water, a kopeck-shaped plastic tube filled with carbon nanotubes and a human finger. The mechanism of sensing was based on the change in impedance and/or the capacitance of the sensors with variation of proximity between the surfaces of the sensor and the object. On decreasing proximity, the impedance of the sensors increased while the capacitance decreased. The impedimetric proximity sensitivities of CNT, water, metal-based receivers and the finger were up to 60 × 103 Ω/mm, 35 × 103 Ω/mm, 44 × 103 Ω/mm and 6.2 × 103 Ω/mm, respectively, while their capacitive sensitivities were -19.0 × 10-2 pF/mm, -16.0 × 10-2 pF/mm, -16.4 × 10-2 pF/mm and -1.8 × 10-2 pF/mm. If needed for practical application, the sensors can be built in to the Wheatstone bridge, which can also increase the sensitivity of the measurement. Moreover, the sensor's materials are low cost, while the fabrication technique is easy and ecologically friendly. The sensor can also be used for demonstrative purposes in school and college laboratories.

Easy synthesis of PPy/TiO2/ZnO composites with superior photocatalytic performance, efficient supercapacitors and nitrite sensor

The synthesis of Polypyrrole (PPy)/TiO2/ZnO composites involved a chemical oxidative polymerization process, wherein the addition of TiO2/ZnO was varied from 1 to 10 wt%. The composites' photocatalytic capabilities, supercapacitor performance, and potential use as a nitrite sensor were thoroughly assessed, alongside investigations into their photoluminescence (PL) and morphological characteristics. The strong interaction between TiO2/ZnO and PPy was confirmed using FTIR, UV-Vis, and PL spectroscopy techniques. The composites demonstrated aggregated and spherical-shaped morphological features investigated by FESEM. Such morphological structures of the composites were distinct from the TiO2/ZnO (rod-like) and similar to PPy structure (spherical). However, such composites showed dominating spherical-shaped morphology ensuring a diameter in the range of 50-200 nm. The PPy/TiO2/ZnO composites exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in methylene blue (MB) removal, achieving a range of 88-93% compared to PPy alone, which only achieved 77.2% MB removal. The Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) data exhibited a promising hybrid supercapacitor performance of the composites with a high capacitance value, good energy density, as well as an excellent power density. The fabricated supercapacitor was capable of lightened up a single red 5 mm LED for a few minutes, indicating the commendable energy storage capacity. A newly developed PPy/TiO2/ZnO composite is potentially used to develop as a sensor probe for the detection of nitrite chemicals using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) technique in three electrodes system in room conditions. It is found an excellent sensor results in terms of sensitivity as well as detection limit and satisfactory results when validated with the real samples. These results offer novel insights into the fabrication of PPy/TiO2/ZnO photocatalysts for addressing organic waste treatment, while also presenting promising prospects for potential applications in supercapacitors and sensors.

Easy fabrication of l-glutamic acid/ZnS composites for efficient photo-catalytic and supercapacitor performance

l-Glutamic acid/ZnS (L-GA/ZnS) composites were prepared by varying the amount of ZnS addition ranging from 1-5 wt% by means of an easy solvent casting approach. The morphological investigation, antimicrobial activity, photocatalytic enactment, and electrochemical properties of the composites were evaluated. The formation of L-GA/ZnS composites was confirmed by FTIR, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Besides, FTIR, UV-Visible, and PL data revealed the possible incorporation of ZnS into L-GA. The L-GA/ZnS composites demonstrated similar plate-like structure of L-GA with agglomerated ZnS morphology on the plate surface with diameter in the range of 50-500 nm, confirmed by FESEM/EDS measurements. The prepared composites showed excellent photocatalytic depiction towards methylene blue (MB) degradation in comparison to L-GA and ZnS. A set of supercapacitor devices were fabricated using L-GA/ZnS composites. The performance of the supercapacitor was assessed by GCD and exhibited good energy storage capacity. The prepared composites showed promising prospects for hybrid supercapacitor application. These outcomes may offer new insight into the fabrication of L-GA/ZnS composites as photocatalysts for organic contaminants treatment.

Bacteriological Profile of Hospital Acquired Infection and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in a Tertiary Care Hospital

A hospital-acquired infection (HAI) is acquired in a hospital or other health care facilities. This is an extra burden in every unit of hospital as it increases the morbidity, mortality, cost of treatment and also duration of the hospital stays for the patients. This study aimed to find out the causative bacterial agents of HAI from different clinical samples and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the Department of Microbiology and Virology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, in collaboration with in-patient departments of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. A total of 123 patients of different ages, sex were enrolled in this study. Samples were collected from postoperative wounds, post catheterized urinary tract infections, diabetic wounds and intravenous cannula from Surgery ward, Medicine ward and Obstetrics & Gynecology ward. Standard laboratory procedures were applied to isolate and identify the bacteria. The identified organisms were then tested for anti biogram. Among 123 patients 46 (37.4%) were affected by hospital acquired infections. Higher prevalence (n=28, 60.87%) of HAI was found in Surgery ward and the lower prevalence (n=9, 19.56%) was found in Medicine ward and Obstetrics & Gynecology ward. The most common type of infection was surgical wound infection (20, 43.48%). Out of all the HAIs irrespective of source and site, highest number were done by Staphylococcus aureus (15, 30.61%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (08, 16.33%), Escherichia coli (07, 14.29%), Serratia spp. (05, 6.12%), Aeromonas spp. (05, 6.12%), Acinetobacter spp. (02, 4.08%), Proteus spp. (02, 4.08%), Citrobacter spp. (02, 4.08%), Klebsiella spp. (02, 4.08%), CoNS (02, 4.08%), Enterobacter spp. (01, 2.04%) and Morganella morganii (01, 2.04%). The antimicrobial susceptibility data suggested that Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to doxycycline, vancomycin and linezolid; while Gram negative bacteria were more susceptible to imipenem, levofloxacin and meropenem.

Biliary Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Case Report

A 10 years old boy who was initially diagnosed as choledochal cyst underwent laparotomy. There was presence of necrotic and soft tissue growth within common bile duct (CBD). After extensive toileting of bile duct, a T-tube was placed. His histopathology followed by immunohistochemistry revealed Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma. Later the patient received VAC regime chemotherapy. On follow-up imaging, there was no tumour mass in CBD. So, T-tube removed and now the patient is doing well.

Comparison of Serum Phosphorus Level among Women with Preeclampsia and Normal Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a physiological state. During pregnancy increased physiological changes may lead to many biochemical and anatomical alterations. The biochemical changes that seen in blood of the pregnant mother are exaggerated in various complications of pregnancy like preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a dangerous complication that may leads to maternal and neonatal mortality. Globally it affects 3.0-5.0% of pregnant women. The study was done to analyze the changes in serum phosphorus level in pre-eclamsia compared with normal pregnancy. The study was cross sectional and was performed from July 2016 to June 2017 in the department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Total 100 subjects were included in this study. Among them 50 preeclamptic patients were taken as case and another 50 normal pregnant women were taken as control. Statistical difference was calculated by Student's unpaired 't' test. Biochemical values were expressed as mean±SD. The mean±SD of serum phosphorus levels in case and control group were 2.81±0.79 and 3.40±0.87mg/dl respectively. The difference in mean±SD of serum phosphorus were highly significant (p<0.001) when compared between case and control.

Outcomes of Varus Derotation Femoral Osteotomy By Angle Blade Plate in Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease for Patient Above Eight Years of Age in The Lateral Pillar B or B/C Group

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) that starts after 8 years (late onset) usually follow more aggressive course and the long-term outcome is also poor. Treatment method of LCPD that will produce best results is controversial particularly if the patients are with late-onset presentation. This prospective study was conducted from January 2015 to January 2019 at Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Health N Hope Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. We evaluated the radiographic outcomes for patients who had varus derotation femoral osteotomy (VDRO). We followed up 16 patients who had femoral varus osteotomy. All patients were above 8 years of age at clinical onset. The involvement of femoral epiphysis was in either in B or B/C in lateral pillar classification. All patients had MRI done to confirm radiological diagnosis and classification. The mean age was 9.5 years (range, 8 to 12 years). Final outcome was evaluated by using the Stulberg classification which was radiological. Important exclusion criteria were patient with bilateral involvement and requirement of femoral varus >30 degree. We had 81.25% of our patient with satisfactory outcomes. Among them there were Stulberg grade I, 0 cases; Stulberg grade II, 13 cases (81.25%); Stulberg III, 3 cases (18.75%), Stulberg IV and V both 0 case each. The surgical outcomes for varus derotation femoral osteotomy in late onset LCPD patients over 8 years old were showing the good results than other modalities of non surgical and surgical methods.