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Gautam S, Dubey P, Singh P, Varadarajan R, Gupta MN. Simultaneous refolding and purification of recombinant proteins by macro-(affinity ligand) facilitated three-phase partitioning. Anal Biochem 2012; 430:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gautam S, Dubey P, Varadarajan R, Gupta MN. Role of smart polymers in protein purification and refolding. Bioengineered 2012; 3:286-8. [PMID: 22892577 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.21372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity precipitation is a non-chromatographic method which is useful for purification and refolding of proteins. Quite often, a stimuli-sensitive polymer can be identified which selectively binds to the desired protein. For separation, the protein can be recovered from the precipitate of the protein-smart polymer complex. In case of a refolding experiment, binding of the solubilized protein (in its denatured form) with the polymer leads to the refolding of the protein.
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Kapoor M, Majumder AB, Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Decarboxylative aldol reaction catalysed by lipases and a protease in organic co-solvent mixtures and nearly anhydrous organic solvent media. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.703181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gautam S, Dubey P, Rather GM, Gupta MN. Non-chromatographic strategies for protein refolding. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2012; 6:57-68. [PMID: 22420882 DOI: 10.2174/187220812799789172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of recombinant proteins in bacterial systems (such as E. coli) often leads to formation of inactive and insoluble ' inclusion bodies' . Protein refolding refers to folding back the proteins after solubilizing/unfolding the misfolded proteins of the inclusion bodies. Protein aggregation, a concentration dependent phenomenon, competes with refolding pathway. The refolding strategies largely aim at reducing aggregation and/or promoting correct folding. This review focuses on non-chromatographic strategies for refolding like dilution, precipitation, three phase partitioning and macro-(affinity ligand) facilitated three phase partitioning. The nanomaterials which disperse well in aqueous buffers are also discussed in the context of facilitating protein refolding. Apart from general results with these methods, the review also covers the use of non-chromatographic methods in protein refolding in the patented literature beyond 2000. The patented literature generally describes use of cocktail of additives which results in increase in refolding yield. Such additives include low concentration of chaotropic agents, redox systems, ions like SO4(2-) and Cl-, amines, carboxylic acids and surfactants. Some novel approaches like use of a "pressure window" or ionic liquids for refolding and immobilized diselenide compounds for ensuring correct -S-S- bonds pairing have also been discussed in various patents. In most of the patented literature, focus naturally has been on refolding in case of pharmaceutical proteins.
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Solanki K, Gupta MN, Halling PJ. Examining structure-activity correlations of some high activity enzyme preparations for low water media. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:147-151. [PMID: 22248800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A first study of the comparison of structures of enzymes (by FT-IR and CD) in different high activity (in low water media) preparations is reported. Using chymotrypsin and subtilisin as models, we have studied various factors that distinguish enzyme precipitated and rinsed with propanol (EPRP), crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEA), protein coated microcrystals (PCMC) and crosslinked protein coated microcrystals (CLPCMC). The suspensions in organic media were assayed for catalytic activity, and structures were probed by FT-IR and CD measurements. CD studies of enzyme suspensions were possible by using a rotating cell accessory. There was a generally good correlation between higher catalytic activity and retention of native structures. Activity and retention of native structure was always higher if aqueous enzyme solution was added to propanol rather than vice versa in the precipitation step of these preparations. The work identifies factors which may lead to better biocatalyst designs for low water media.
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Gautam S, Dubey P, Singh P, Kesavardhana S, Varadarajan R, Gupta MN. Smart polymer mediated purification and recovery of active proteins from inclusion bodies. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1235:10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Majumder AB, Gupta MN. Increasing the catalytic efficiency ofCandida rugosalipase for the synthesis oftert-alkyl butyrates in low-water media. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2011.615392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Extensive cross-linking of a precipitate of a protein by a cross-linking reagent (glutaraldehyde has been most commonly used) creates an insoluble enzyme preparation called cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). CLEAs show high stability and performance in both conventional aqueous media as well as nonaqueous media. These are also stable at fairly high temperatures. CLEAs having more than one kind of enzyme activity can be prepared and such CLEAs are called combi-CLEAs or multipurpose CLEAs. Extent of cross-linking often influences their morphology, stability, activity, and enantioselectivity.
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Gupta MN, Dong G, Mattiasson B. Purification of endo-polygalacturonase by affinity precipitation using alginate. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1470-8744.1993.tb00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gupta MN, Kaloti M, Kapoor M, Solanki K. Nanomaterials as Matrices for Enzyme Immobilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 39:98-109. [DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2010.516259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Majumder AB, Gupta MN. Stabilization of Candida rugosa lipase during transacetylation with vinyl acetate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:2877-2879. [PMID: 19854046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An optimally prepared Candida rugosa lipase aggregate cross-linked with bovine serum albumin, was found to overcome acetaldehyde deactivation during transacetylation of a series of benzyl alcohols with vinyl acetate. The formulation, under the same reaction conditions, exhibited 4-30x enhancement in the reaction rate as compared to the celite immobilized lyophilized formulation and 25-133x enhancement as compared to the free lyophilized enzyme depending upon the alcohol chosen. The racemic 1-phenylethanol, taken as one of the alcohols, underwent a more efficient enantioselective transacetylation giving 80% enantiomeric excess of the product, (R)-1-phenylethyl acetate, at 38% conversion (E = 15) within 24h while the enzyme immobilized on celite gave 83% enantiomeric excess at 18% conversion (E = 13) during the same period of time.
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Raghava S, Gupta MN. Purification and characterization of an alcohol dehydrogenase with an unusual specificity towards glycerol from Thermus thermophilus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:2554-2557. [PMID: 19932956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purification and characterization of an NAD(+)-dependent and zinc containing alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Thermus thermophilus (TTHADH) is described. The enzyme could be purified with 25-fold purification and 68% yield using a single chromatographic step. The enzyme was found to be a tetramer (170 kDa) of identical subunits. The pH optimum of the purified enzyme was 8.8 and the temperature optimum was found to be 80 degrees C. Thermal denaturation curves were determined by monitoring the CD values at 222 nm and the T(m) was found to be 89 degrees C. The enzyme showed much higher activity towards glycerol as compared to short chain primary and secondary alcohols. This thermostable enzyme was also highly stereospecific in oxidation of glycerol and converted glycerol into d-glyceraldehyde. The enzyme which converts glycerol into a chiral molecule like d-glyceraldehyde opens up several synthetic opportunities.
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Majumder AB, Ramesh NG, Gupta MN. A lipase catalyzed condensation reaction with a tricyclic diketone: yet another example of biocatalytic promiscuity. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Roy I, Gupta MN. α-Chymotrypsin shows higher activity in water as well as organic solvents after three phase partitioning. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420400010523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Alginate is a polymer of guluronic acid and mannuronic acid residues and is an inexpensive, nontoxic polysaccharide of marine origin. Trypsin was immobilized noncovalently on alginate with 100% retention of activity. The enzyme did not leach off the polymer even in the presence of 0.01 M HCl and Triton X-100 (0.2% vv(-1)). The V(max)/K(m) values did not change significantly on immobilization. There was 22% loss of activity in first cycle of pH change and after that the conjugate could be reused upto 4 precipitation cycles without any further loss of activity. This smart bioconjugate was also found to have better operational stability in the presence of casein than free enzyme. Fluorescence studies were carried out to probe structural changes upon immobilization.
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Majumder AB, Mondal K, Singh TP, Gupta MN. Designing cross-linked lipase aggregates for optimum performance as biocatalysts. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701685601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sardar M, Sharma A, Gupta MN. Refolding of a denatured α-chymotrypsin and its smart bioconjugate by three-phase partitioning. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420601050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Alginate is a polysaccharide that is a block polymer consisting of block units of guluronic acid and mannuronic acid. It shows inherent biological affinity for a variety of enzymes such as pectinase, lipase, phospholipase D, a and ss amylases and glucoamylase. Taking advantage of its precipitation with Ca2+ and the above-mentioned property, alginate has been used for purification of these enzymes by affinity precipitation, aqueous two phase separation, macroaffinity ligand facilitated three phase partitioning, immobilized metal affinity chromatography and expanded bed affinity chromatography. Thus, this versatile marine resource has tremendous potential in bioseparation of proteins.
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Batra R, Tyagi R, Gupta MN. Influence of Immobilization on Enzyme Activity in Aqueous-Organic Cosolvent Mixtures. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429709003613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Raghava S, Mondal K, Gupta MN, Pareek P, Kuckling D. Preparation and Properties of Thermoresponsive Bioconjugates of Trypsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:323-36. [PMID: 16809133 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600683902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of enzymes and other proteins to the smart polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [poly (NIPAAm)], has been widely used as a method for the preparation of thermosensitive protein conjugates. In the present study, reversible soluble-insoluble polymer-enzyme conjugates were prepared by conjugating a copolymer of NIPAAm with 5-mol % of 6-acrylaminohexanoic acid to trypsin by the carbodiimide-NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) coupling method. Four bioconjugates with different units of enzyme coupled to the matrix were prepared. Increased enzymatic activity in terms of high effectiveness factor (in the range of 3-5) was found in the conjugates. Kinetic parameters for the immobilized and free enzyme were determined. The Vmax/Km value of the enzyme significantly increased on immobilization by the factors in the range of 12-28. The immobilized enzyme also showed stability to autolysis at 50 degrees C.
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Raghava S, Gupta MN. Tuning permeabilization of microbial cells by three-phase partitioning. Anal Biochem 2009; 385:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Raghava S, Singh PK, Ranga Rao A, Dutta V, Gupta MN. Nanoparticles of unmodified titanium dioxide facilitate protein refolding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b817306k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Singh PK, Gupta MN. Simultaneous refolding and purification of a recombinant lipase with an intein tag by affinity precipitation with chitosan. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1825-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Raghava S, Barua B, Singh PK, Das M, Madan L, Bhattacharyya S, Bajaj K, Gopal B, Varadarajan R, Gupta MN. Refolding and simultaneous purification by three-phase partitioning of recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies. Protein Sci 2008; 17:1987-97. [PMID: 18780821 DOI: 10.1110/ps.036939.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many recombinant eukaryotic proteins tend to form insoluble aggregates called inclusion bodies, especially when expressed in Escherichia coli. We report the first application of the technique of three-phase partitioning (TPP) to obtain correctly refolded active proteins from solubilized inclusion bodies. TPP was used for refolding 12 different proteins overexpressed in E. coli. In each case, the protein refolded by TPP gave either higher refolding yield than the earlier reported method or succeeded where earlier efforts have failed. TPP-refolded proteins were characterized and compared to conventionally purified proteins in terms of their spectral characteristics and/or biological activity. The methodology is scaleable and parallelizable and does not require subsequent concentration steps. This approach may serve as a useful complement to existing refolding strategies of diverse proteins from inclusion bodies.
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Shah S, Gupta MN. Simultaneous refolding, purification and immobilization of xylanase with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:363-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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