A novel hydraulic fracturing gel realization for unconventional reservoirs

Abstract

Coal bed methane reservoirs possess low to ultra-low permeability. In order to improve the production from CBM wells, stimulation techniques were deployed.

Background

This article reviews the most cost-effective, time-saving, and eco-friendly fracturing fluid which is a mix of water, guar gum, and sodium acetate. This article also provides a detailed study of hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs.

Results

Unlike using diesel, biodiesel we have prepared a cost-effective frac-fluid which is not having any smoke point which depicts it as eco-friendly fluid. In this method there is no requirement of anti-settling agents, suspending agents, emulsifiers. Gel breakers are more efficient to break the linear gel.

Conclusion

The breakers inorganic compound ammonium persulfate and hemicellulose liquid. A reaction takes place on linear gel as it breaks slowly at down hole static temperature at 50 °C and 65 °C. So, experimental studies also prove this method is applicable for unconventional reservoir operations.

A Novel Co₃O₄-BiPO₄ Nanoarchitectonics Material Preparation for the Electrocatalytic Detection of Epinephrine

A novel sensing material of cobalt oxide-bismuth phosphate (Co₃O₄-BiPO₄) was prepared by the hydrothermal method. Thus prepared sensing material was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sensor was used for the determination of epinephrine by using modified Co₃O₄-BiPO₄ on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods showed a wide linear response to a concentration range, from 1.71 to 55.00 μM, and the epinephrine detection limit for this sensing system was found to be 1.334 μM. The Co₃O₄-BiPO₄ electrode has very high selectivity towards the detection of epinephrine supported by an interference test. The epinephrine sensor seems very advantageous for future clinical health and medical sectors.

Novel and Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Pimavanserin (5-HT2A Receptor)

Eco-friendly synthesis of pimavanserin was developed from the key starting material 4-isobutoxy benzylamine in three different routes using water as solvent. These reactions provide an advantage of easy workup, good yields of products and uses water as the solvent. No column purification was required for the isolation of the product.

Cardanol based benzoxazine blends and bio-silica reinforced composites: thermal and dielectric properties

In the present work, a novel cardanol based benzoxazine was synthesised by reacting three different amines (aniline (CrAb), N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine (CrDb) and caprolactam modified N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine (CrCb)) with cardanol in the presence of formaldehyde under appropriate experimental conditions.

Promotion effect of Pd on TiO2 for visible light photocatalytic degradation of gaseous formaldehyde

TiO2 and Pd doped TiO2 (Pd/TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by sol gel method. Pd/TiO2 material was characterized by XRD, TEM, TPR, XPS and BET. From XRD data, the crystalline type of TiO2 is known to as Anatase type. TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 were in the order of 9-10 nm and 10-13 nm respectively. The photocatalytic activities of the TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 nanomaterials were evaluated and compared for the photodegradation of formaldehyde (HCHO). HCHO degradation on Pd/TiO2 catalyst, at 60 min, the degradation rate of gaseous HCHO is 95%. Using Pd/TiO2, the rate was faster than TiO2 or doped with other metals (Au/TiO2; Ag/TiO2; Pt/TiO2).

Optical studies of pulsed laser deposited nanostructured Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin film by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Pulsed laser deposition method was employed to grow nanostructured Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin film on Si(100) substrate. The structural and morphological properties of the thin film were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. Optical properties of PZT thin film were studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and a four layer model was applied. Spectra of ellipsometric parameters such as psi and delta were measured as a function of energy at room temperature. The refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), absorption coefficient (alpha) and the dielectric constants (epsilon(r) and epsilon(i)) of the thin film were obtained as a function of wavelength (200 to 900 nm range). The energy gap (E(g)) of the PZT thin film was estimated to be 3.65 eV. The thickness of the thin films was determined by the ellipsometric data (524 nm) and grain size is found to be in the range of 50-100 nm.

Drug Embedded PVP Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Killing of Breast Cancer Cells

Magnetic drug targeting is a drug delivery system that can be used in loco-regional cancer treatment. Coated magnetic particles, called carriers, are very useful for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs. Magnetic carriers were synthesized by co-precipitation of iron oxide followed by coating with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, TEM, TGA, FTIR and UV-Vis Spectroscopy. Magnetite (Fe3O4) remained as the core of the carrier. The amount of PVP bound to the iron oxide nanoparticles was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the attachment of PVP to the iron oxide nanoparticles confirmed by FTIR analysis. The loading efficiency of Epirubicin hydrochloride onto the PVP coated and uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles was measured at intervals such as 1 hr and 24 hrs by UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The binding of Epirubicin hydrochloride to the PVP coated and uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles were confirmed by FTIR analysis. The present findings showed that Epirubicin hydrochloride loaded PVP coated iron oxide nanoparticles are promising for magnetically targeted drug delivery. The drug displayed increased cell cytotoxicity at lower concentrations when conjugated with the nanoparticles than being administered conventionally as individual drugs.

Pulsed laser deposition and ferroelectric characterization of nanostructured perovskite lead zirconate titanate (52/48) thin films

Perovskite lead zirconate titanate nanostructured (PZT) thin films with Zr/Ti ratio of 52/48 were deposited on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si(100) substrate using pulsed laser deposition method. A metal/ ferroelectric/metal (MFM) structure was used for ferroelectric property measurements, formed by depositing gold electrode on top of the film. A Nd:YAG UV laser having a wavelength of 355 nm and an energy fluence of -2.7 J/cm2 was used to deposit the film. The film was deposited on platinum (Pt) coated silicon substrate at the substrate temperature of 600 degrees C and the base vacuum of 10(-6) mbar. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed well-crystallized films with a fine microstructure and an average grain size of - 50 nm. The ferroelectric properties of the film were studied and the results were discussed. The voltage dependent Polarization versus Electric field hysteresis measurements of PZT (52/48) pellet showed a well-defined hysteresis loop with a fairly high remnant polarization (P(r)) and low coercive field (E(c)).