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Schultz N, Franck-Karl G, Schilk J, Rose N. Viral safety in homoeopathic medicinal products. PHARMEUROPA BIO & SCIENTIFIC NOTES 2011; 2011:55-65. [PMID: 21619856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To guarantee the safety of medicinal products as regards infectious agents, numerous national guidelines and recommendations have in recent years been included in the pharmacopoeia general monographs and have influenced the content of the substance monographs. Although the stipulations of the European Pharmacopoeia set out objectives, there is still a certain scope in how the requirements are implemented. This is reflected in the very different responses in Europe to the problems of safety from infection. Different traditions in the use of homoeopathic and anthroposophic therapy and varying levels of expertise among the regulatory authorities within the European Union have resulted in varying standard of assessment. The aim of this publication is to present a standard form of assessment for medicinal products in these therapeutic systems. Demonstrated hereunder is an approach that can be adopted to ensure that the high safety standard required is met for homoeopathic and anthroposophic medicinal products.
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Griffis TJ, Lee X, Baker JM, Billmark K, Schultz N, Erickson M, Zhang X, Fassbinder J, Xiao W, Hu N. Oxygen isotope composition of evapotranspiration and its relation to C4photosynthetic discrimination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Doucette TA, Kong LY, Yang Y, Wei J, Wang J, Fuller GN, Heimberger AB, Rao G, Ajewung N, Kamnasaran D, Katz AM, Amankulor N, Squatrito M, Hambardzumyan D, Holland EC, Poschl J, Lorenz A, Von Bueren A, Li S, Peraud A, Tonn JC, Herms J, Xiang M, Rutkowski S, Kretzschmar H, Schuller U, Studebaker A, Raffel C, Aoki Y, Hashizume R, Ozawa T, Gupta N, James CD, Navis AC, Hamans BC, Claes A, Heerschap A, Wesseling P, Jeuken JW, Leenders WP, Agudelo PA, Williams S, Nowicki MO, Johnson J, Li PK, Chiocca EA, Lannutti JJ, Lawler SE, Viapiano MS, Bergeron J, Aliaga A, Bedell B, Soderquist C, Sonabend A, Lei L, Crisman C, Yun JP, Sisti J, Castelli M, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Kirsch M, Stelling A, Salzer R, Krafft C, Schackert G, Steiner G, Balvers RK, van den Hengel SK, Wakimoto H, Hoeben RC, Leenstra S, Dirven CM, Lamfers ML, Sabha NS, Agnihotri S, Wolf A, von Deimling A, Croul S, Guha A, Trojahn US, Lenferink A, Bedell B, O'Connor-McCourt M, Wakimoto H, Kanai R, Curry WT, Yip S, Barnard ZR, Mohapatra G, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD, Binder ZA, Salmasi V, Lim M, Weingart J, Brem H, Olivi A, Riggins GJ, Gallia GL, Rong Y, Zhang Z, Gang C, Tucker-Burden C, Van Meir E, Brat DJ, Balvers RK, Kloezeman JJ, Kleijn A, French PJ, Dirven CM, Leenstra S, Lamfers ML, Balvers RK, Kloezeman JJ, Spoor JK, Dirven CM, Lamfers ML, Leenstra S, Bazzoli E, Fomchenko EI, Schultz N, Brennan C, DeAngelis LM, Holland EC, Nimer SD, Squatrito M, Mohyeldin A, Hsu W, Shah SR, Adams H, Shah P, Katuri L, Kosztowski T, Loeb DM, Wolinsky JP, Gokaskan ZL, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Daphu IK, Immervoll H, Bjerkvig R, Thorsen F, Caretti V, Idema S, Zondervan I, Meijer DH, Lagerweij T, Barazas M, Vos W, Hamans B, van der Stoop P, Hulleman E, van der Valk P, Bugiani M, Wesseling P, Vandertop WP, Noske D, Kaspers GJ, Molthoff C, Wurdinger T, Chow LM, Endersby R, Zhu X, Rankin S, Qu C, Zhang J, Ellison DW, Baker SJ, Tabar V, LaFaille F, Studer L. Tumor Models (In Vivo/In Vitro). Neuro Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq116.s20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhao X, Schultz N, Taylor B, Cerami E, Baumbusch L, Haakensen V, Lingjærde O, Kristensen V, Sander C, Børresen-Dale A. 823 Pathway signatures in breast cancer progression − a genome-scale study based on integration of biology networks, DNA copy number, gene expression and mutations. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Mitsiades N, Antipin Y, Reva B, Schultz N, Danila DC, Sung CC, Anand A, Sander C, Scher HI. A gene expression signature associated with sensitivity to the multikinase inhibitor dasatinib: Implications for development of a noninvasive biomarker for personalized therapy based on circulating tumor cell analysis. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sondergaard BC, Schultz N, Madsen SH, Bay-Jensen AC, Kassem M, Karsdal MA. MAPKs are essential upstream signaling pathways in proteolytic cartilage degradation--divergence in pathways leading to aggrecanase and MMP-mediated articular cartilage degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:279-88. [PMID: 19932675 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases are essential players in cartilage degradation. However, the signaling pathways that results in MMP and/or aggrecanase synthesis and activation are not well understood. We investigated the molecular events leading to MMP- and aggrecanase-mediated cartilage degradation. METHODS Cartilage degradation was induced in bovine articular cartilage explants by oncostatin M (OSM) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) P38, P44/42 and Src family. Toxicity was followed by the AlamarBlue colorimetric assay. MMP-activity was assessed using a fluorescent substrate assay and MMP-9 and -2 activities by gelatinase zymography. MMP-mediated collagen type II degradation and MMP as well as aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan degradation was investigated with specific ELISA and hydroxyproline release by standard methods. The findings were verified by immunohistochemistry and histology. RESULTS Stimulation of cartilage degradation by OSM+TNF resulted in 100-fold induction of CTX-II release (P<0.01). This was dose-dependently inhibited by MAPK P38 inhibitors and by the MAPK P44/42 inhibitors. MMP-activity and expression was significantly decreased, as evaluated by cleavage of fluorescence MMP-substrate and zymography. Immunohistochemistry confirmed these findings. Interestingly, only the P44/42 inhibitors abrogated aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan degradation. CONCLUSION We found that inhibition of MAPK P38, P44/42 and Src family abrogated proteolytic cartilage degradation by blocking MMP synthesis and activity. However, only MAPK P44/42 was essential for aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan degradation. These data suggest that various aspects of cartilage degradation can be targeted independently by inhibiting specific upstream signaling pathway.
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Kramer W, Schneider J, Schultz N. US oocyte donors: a retrospective study of medical and psychosocial issues. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:3144-9. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Marková E, Schultz N, Belyaev IY. Kinetics and dose-response of residual 53BP1/γ-H2AX foci: Co-localization, relationship with DSB repair and clonogenic survival. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 83:319-29. [PMID: 17457757 DOI: 10.1080/09553000601170469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies revealed that some foci produced by phosphorylated histone 2A family member X (gamma-H2AX) and tumor suppressor p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) that co-localize with radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) remain in cells at relatively long times after irradiation and indicated a possible correlation between cellular radiosensitivity and residual foci. In this study, we investigated dose-responses and kinetics for radiation-induced 53BP1/gamma-H2AX foci formation in relation to their co-localization, DSB repair and cell survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell survival, DSB and foci were analyzed by clonogenic assay, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and confocal laser microscopy, respectively, in normal human fibroblasts (VH-10) and in a cancer cell line (HeLa). Computer analysis was used to determine both the number and the area of foci. RESULTS We show that even at doses down to 1 cGy a statistically significant induction of 53BP1 foci is observed. While the number of foci was found to constantly decrease with post-irradiation time, the per-cell normalized area of foci does not change within a time window of approximately 4 h post-irradiation. Co-localization of gamma-H2AX and 53BP1 foci is shown to depend on dose and post-irradiation time. No clear correlations were established between radiosensitivity and foci formation because the dose response for 53BP1/gamma-H2AX foci may depend on time after irradiation and duration of the cell cycle. We show that the kinetics of foci disappearance within 24 h post-irradiation do not coincide with those of DSB repair. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the post-irradiation time used for estimation of radiosensitivity at therapeutically relevant low doses (e.g., <3 Gy) in proliferating cells by scoring residual foci should be limited by the duration of the cell cycle, and that direct comparison of the kinetics of DSB repair and disappearance of DSB-co-localizing foci is not possible. Therefore, results obtained from the counting of foci should be interpreted with caution in terms of DSB repair.
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Mitsiades N, Schultz N, Taylor BS, Hieronymus H, Satagopan J, Scardino PT, Reuter VE, Sander C, Sawyers C, Scher HI. Increased expression of androgen receptor (AR) and enzymes involved in androgen synthesis in metastatic prostate cancer: Targets for novel personalized therapies. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5002 Background: Androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains active in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. This is indicated by continuous expression of androgen-responsive genes and is due to mechanisms that include: increased AR expression; AR mutations allowing promiscuous activation by alternative ligands; and increased intratumoral androgen levels, resulting from in situ steroidogenesis. Methods: Gene expression profiles of 30 normal prostate tissue samples, 131 primary prostate carcinomas (PCas) and 16 metastatic PCas, generated using Affymetrix Exon arrays, were interrogated for levels of 40 mRNAs encoding AR, SHBG, 28 enzymes involved in androgen synthesis and 10 enzymes involved in androgen inactivation. For individual tumors, a transcript was considered to be overexpressed or underexpressed when its levels were >2 SDs higher or lower, respectively, than its average levels in normal tissue. Results: Metastatic PCas expressed higher average transcript levels for AR and several steroidogenic enzymes, including SRD5A1 and SRD5A3, than primary PCas and normal prostate tissue. Expression of SRD5A2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 mRNAs was decreased both in primary and metastatic tumors compared to normal prostate tissue. In analysis involving AR and 28 steroidogenic transcripts in individual tumors, all (16/16) metastatic PCas overexpressed at least one transcript (range: 2–14, median: 5 transcripts) compared to normal tissue, while 100/131 (76%) primary PCas overexpressed at least one transcript (range: 2–16, median: 2). Conclusions: Metastatic PCas overexpress AR and several steroidogenic enzymes, while they express lower levels of the androgen-inactivating enzymes CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. These data highlight the role of AR and the androgen synthetic pathway as a therapeutic target in CRPC. Novel antiandrogens (MDV3100) and CYP17 inhibitors (abiraterone) are already in clinical trials in CRPC. Overexpression of AR or steroidogenic enzymes may serve as a biomarker (e.g. by detection via RT-PCR in circulating tumor cells) to predict for sensitivity to these agents and guide patient selection for participation in clinical trials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Schultz N. Bats track diving mantises with parallel navigation. J Exp Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Renglin Lindh A, Schultz N, Saleh-Gohari N, Helleday T. RAD51C (RAD51L2) is involved in maintaining centrosome number in mitosis. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 116:38-45. [PMID: 17268176 DOI: 10.1159/000097416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAD51C (RAD51L2) protein is one out of five RAD51 paralogs and forms a complex that includes either XRCC2 or XRCC3. Both of these complexes may have important functions in homologous recombination (HR). Here, we confirm that the frequency of DNA double-strand break (DSB)-induced HR is reduced in the RAD51C deficient cell line CL-V4B, in agreement with a role for RAD51C in HR. We report that mitotic RAD51C deficient CL-V4B cells also have an increased number of centrosomes in mitosis resulting in aberrant mitotic spindles. These data suggest that the RAD51C protein is important in maintaining correct centrosome numbers and that the complexes including RAD51C and XRCC2 or XRCC3 may be of importance in maintaining correct centrosome numbers in mitosis. Increased centrosome numbers following a RAD51C defect indicates that this protein might be important in preventing aneuploidy, suggesting that it could be a potential tumour suppressor in mammals.
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Hossain A, Islam N, Schultz N, Pratt D, Madanes A. Evidence of a Relationship Between the Age of the Infertile Patient and the Prevalence of Antisperm Antibody (ASA). Fertil Steril 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schultz N, Onfelt A. Spindle positioning in fibroblasts supports an astral microtubule length dependent force generation at the basal membrane. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2001; 50:69-88. [PMID: 11746673 DOI: 10.1002/cm.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts that maintain an elongated shape in metaphase occur at a low frequency and often show the spindle asymmetrically positioned. We show here that this aberrant position is corrected in anaphase by an external force, pulling the spindle into place. The force was applied on astral microtubules because spindle motility was hampered when astral microtubules were poorly developed spontaneously, or destroyed by colcemid. Colcemid also abolished the observed downward positioning of centrosomes in anaphase. One pole of the spindle was usually dominant during correction, but occasionally both poles could become subject to pulling making the spindle move perpendicular to the long axis of the cell, which induced reshaping of the cell. The pulling force acted unevenly with short intervals of resting between the pulling. Spindle elongation also varied in rate but showed a different periodicity than translocation of the spindle, and therefore appeared independently regulated. The length of the spindle increased with the length of the cell, and the rate of spindle elongation and pole movement increased with distance moved, indicating that the forces mediated by astral microtubules increase with their length. Arp1/dynactin, not colocalising with tubulin, was more often continuous with microtubules in anaphase B than in metaphase, and was primarily located at the bottom of the cell. Further, shifts in the geometric gravity centre of the cell occurred in the same direction as migration of the spindle. To explain these results, we suggest that astral microtubles transiently anchored at the bottom of the cell are of particular importance for spindle translocation in fibroblasts.
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Schultz N, Onfelt A. Sensitivity of cytokinesis to hydrophobic interactions. Chemical induction of bi-and multinucleated cells. Chem Biol Interact 2000; 126:97-123. [PMID: 10862812 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have tested whether cytokinesis is as sensitive to hydrophobic interactions as karyokinesis, and evaluated the usefulness of the frequency of binucleated cells as end-point. Treating cultured cells for 2 or 24 h, with different lipophilic alcohols and chlorinated hydrocarbons made this possible. Colcemid and cytochalasin B were applied as positive controls for inhibition of karyokinesis and cytokinesis, respectively. Several-fold increases of binucleated cells could be seen with cytochalasin B after 2 h of treatment, while there was no increase with colcemid, which instead blocked cells in prometaphase/metaphase. The solvent acted primarily through hydrophobic interactions. For each solvent, the blocking of cells in prometaphase/metaphase and a minor increase in binucleated cells, were seen at approximately the same concentration; the binucleated cells probably emanated from cells in anaphase/telophase at the start of treatment. We conclude that the spindle function and cleavage show similar sensitivity to hydrophobic interactions. After prolonged treatment, allowing escape from the metaphase block, the solvents induced binucleated and multinucleated cells. By forming the quotient between multinucleated (MULTI) and binucleated (BIN) cells one could distinguish between effects primarily on the spindle or cytokinesis, respectively. All solvents, and a combination of colcemid and cytochalasin B, showed quotients intermediate between those observed with colcemid (high MULTI/BIN) and cytochalasin B (low MULTI/BIN), respectively. Both protocols revealed the same relationship between lowest active concentration and lipophilicity for the solvents, implying that concentration, not dose were of prime importance. The specific inhibitors acted at low concentrations in relation to lipophilicity, clearly demonstrating their chemical mechanisms. This approach can be used for rapid screening of potential aneugens, distinguishing between routes, and when lipophilicity is known, also reveal the principal mechanism of action, i.e. physico-chemical or chemical.
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Müller-Pillasch F, Zimmerhackl F, Lacher U, Schultz N, Hameister H, Varga G, Friess H, Büchler M, Adler G, Gress TM. Cloning of novel transcripts of the human guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor Mss4: in situ chromosomal mapping and expression in pancreatic cancer. Genomics 1997; 46:389-96. [PMID: 9441742 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous large-scale analysis of gene expression in pancreatic cancer using gridded arrays of cDNA libraries and differential hybridizations, a gene that was a homolog to human mss4 was identified. Mss4 is a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor for the Sec4/ Ypt1/Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicular transport. By fluorescence in situ hybridization the human mss4 gene was assigned to chromosome 1q32-q41. Northern blot analysis revealed that three mss4 mRNA species are transcribed in human tissues of 780, 1200, and 2800 bp in length, respectively. Cloning and sequencing of the human mss4 transcripts from a pancreatic cancer cDNA library revealed that these mRNA species differ in the length of the 3-untranslated region and are probably due to the alternate use of polyadenylation sites. All mRNA species were detected at moderate to high levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines and were overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissue compared to both normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis tissue. However, the 1200-bp transcript was the Mss4 mRNA species with the highest level of expression in more than 50% of tumor cells and tissues. High levels of expression were found as well in other human tumor tissues. Mss4 as guanine-exchange factor required in the regulation of intracellular transport may be of importance for the function and growth of human tumor cells. However, the precise role of mss4 in human tumor cells is unknown and remains to be elucidated.
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Parry JM, Parry EM, Bourner R, Doherty A, Ellard S, O'Donovan J, Hoebee B, de Stoppelaar JM, Mohn GR, Onfelt A, Renglin A, Schultz N, Söderpalm-Berndes C, Jensen KG, Kirsch-Volders M, Elhajouji A, Van Hummelen P, Degrassi F, Antoccia A, Cimini D, Izzo M, Tanzarella C, Adler ID, Kliesch U, Hess P. The detection and evaluation of aneugenic chemicals. Mutat Res 1996; 353:11-46. [PMID: 8692188 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although aneuploidy makes a significant contribution to both somatic and inherited disease the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals may induce numerical chromosome aberrations are only poorly defined. The European Union Project was aimed to further our understanding of those chemical interactions with the components of the mitotic and meiotic cell division cycle which may lead to aneuploidy and to characterise the parameters such as cellular metabolism which may influence the activity of aneugenic chemicals. C-mitosis can be induced by the highly lipophilic polychlorinated biphenyl and the completion of mitosis and cleavage can be modified by agents which deplete cellular levels of reduced glutathione. Modifications of the fidelity of chromosome segregation were produced by inhibiting the functioning of topoisomerase II during chromatid separation. In contrast, the modification of centromere integrity resulted in chromosome breakage as opposed to disturbance of segregation. Modifiers of tubulin assembly and centriolar functioning in somatic cells such as acrylamide, vinblastine and diazepam reproduced their activity in rodent bone marrow and male germ cells. The analysis of chromosome malsegregation in Aspergillus nidulans by a structurally related series of halogenated hydrocarbons was used to develop a QSAR model which had high predictive value for the results of fungal tests for previously untested related chemicals. Metabolic studies of potential aneugens in genetically engineered human lymphoblastoid cells demonstrated the detoxification of the aneugenic activity of chloral hydrate and the activation of 2,3-dichlorobutane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene by Phase I biotransforming enzymes. Cell transformation studies in Syrian hamster dermal cultures using a panel of 22 reference and or potential aneugens indicated that 15 of the 22 produced positive results following single exposures. Five of the aneugens which were negative following single exposures produced positive results where cultures were continuously exposed for up to 6 weeks to low concentrations following a single non-transforming exposure to the mutagen dimethyl sulphate. The transformation studies indicate that a significant proportion of chemical aneugens are potential complete carcinogens and/or co-carcinogens. To optimise the enumeration of chromosomes following exposure to potential chemical aneugens whole chromosome paints and centromere specific probes suitable for use in fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) were developed for the rat, mouse and Chinese hamster and selected human probes evaluated for their suitability for routine use. Molecular chromosome probes were used to develop protocols for enumerating chromosomes in metaphase cells and centromeres and micronuclei in interphase cells. The analysis of segregation of specific centromeres in binucleate cells following cytochalasin B treatment was shown to be a potentially valuable system for characterising non-disjunction following chemical exposure. Whole chromosome paints and centromere specific probes were used to demonstrate the presence of dose-response thresholds following treatment with a reference panel of spindle inhibiting chemicals. These data indicate that the FISH technology is suitable for evaluating the relative hazards of low-dose exposures to aneugenic chemicals.
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Schultz N, Oratz R, Chen D, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Abeles G, Bystryn JC. Effect of DETOX as an adjuvant for melanoma vaccine. Vaccine 1995; 13:503-8. [PMID: 7639018 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The identification of effective adjuvants is critical for tumor vaccine development. Towards this end, we examined whether the immunogenicity of a melanoma vaccine could be potentiated by DETOX, an adjuvant consisting of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and purified mycobacterial cell-wall skeleton (CWS). Nineteen patients with resected stage III melanoma were immunized with a polyvalent melanoma antigen vaccine (40 micrograms) admixed with DETOX, q3 wks x 4. Seven patients received vaccine + low-dose DETOX (10 micrograms MPL + 100 micrograms CWS) and 12 received vaccine + high-dose DETOX (20 micrograms MPL + 200 micrograms CWS). A non-randomized control group of 35 patients was treated similarly with 40 micrograms vaccine + alum. One week after the fourth vaccine immunization, melanoma antibodies were increased over baseline in 7/7 (100%) patients treated with vaccine + low-dose DETOX, 8/12 (67%) patients treated with vaccine + high-dose DETOX, and in 4/19 (21%) of vaccine + alum patients. For the entire DETOX group, the antibody response rate was 15/19 (79%) compared 4/19 (21%) in the alum group (p < 0.001). In contrast, a strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response (> or = 15 mm increase in DTH response over baseline) was induced in 50% of the entire DETOX group versus in 47% of the alum group. Median disease-free (DF) survival for the entire DETOX group was 17.8 months compared with 32.1 months in the alum group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, DETOX markedly potentiated antibody but had little effect on DTH responses to melanoma vaccine immunization. It did not appear to improve disease-free survival in comparison to alum in this non-randomized study.
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Schultz N, Onfelt A. Video time-lapse study of mitosis in binucleate V79 cells: chromosome segregation and cleavage. Mutagenesis 1994; 9:117-23. [PMID: 8201944 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/9.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Binucleate V79 Chinese hamster cells were video time-lapse recorded during mitosis. The general pattern found was: formation of one integrated metaphase plate, most often in a tetra- or tripolar spindle, prolonged prometaphase/metaphase, and normal duration of anaphase and contraction of cleavage furrows. Cleavage, however, often showed partial regression. Reversal of cleavage usually occurred late and then was not clearly separable from fusion of daughter cells. Reversal/fusion was more common the more furrows were initiated in late anaphase. This suggests that a final part of cleavage, or establishment of daughter cell integrity, is hampered by the preceding complex chromosome/spindle arrangements in the binucleate cells. Lagging of chromosomes in anaphase and formation of micronuclei were found to be frequent events. The nuclei formed from cells with a tetra- or tripolar spindle were often uneven in size, suggesting that the cells have difficulties in distributing the chromosomes in an organized way between many poles. A comparison with previous studies of binucleate mitoses in other cell lines shows major similarities in the mitotic performance. It is suggested that induction of binucleate cells should be included as a relevant end point when screening novel compounds for toxicity and aneuploidy.
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Tinkelman DG, Rupp G, Kaufman H, Pugely J, Schultz N. Double-masked, paired-comparison clinical study of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution compared with placebo eyedrops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Surv Ophthalmol 1993; 38 Suppl:133-40. [PMID: 8236004 DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(93)90037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In a multicenter, double-masked, clinical study, we compared the ocular safety and efficacy of ketorolac 0.5% ophthalmic solution with placebo in alleviating the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. The study was conducted in 93 patients who received one drop of the appropriate treatments in each eye, four times a day, for seven days. Of these subjects, 74 were evaluated for efficacy. The principal clinical sign of allergic conjunctivitis, conjunctival inflammation, and six allergic symptoms (itching, swollen eyes, burning or stinging, discharge or tearing, foreign body sensation, and photophobia) were evaluated by the investigators at midweek (day 3 or 4) and at the end of the study (day 7 or 8). Ketorolac was superior to placebo in reducing conjunctival inflammation (p = 0.003) and itching (p = 0.020), the principal clinical symptom, at the final examination. In addition, ketorolac was favored over placebo in reducing the other five symptoms evaluated. On the day of final examination, overall therapeutic response evaluated by the investigators rated ketorolac as superior to placebo (p = 0.007). A significant placebo effect was noted in this study, as has been previously reported in clinical studies of allergic conjunctivitis patients. Results of this study demonstrate that 0.5% ketorolac ophthalmic solution used topically four times daily, for seven days, was effective in alleviating the principal sign and the symptoms associated with allergic conjunctivitis.
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Schultz N, Norrgren L, Grawé J, Johannisson A, Medhage Ö. Micronuclei frequency in circulating erythrocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) subjected to radiation, an image analysis and flow cytometric study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90196-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schultz C, Schultz N. Support for carers of the ageing: training for leaders of carer groups. THE AUSTRALIAN NURSES' JOURNAL. ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NURSING FEDERATION 1992; 21:11-2. [PMID: 1497537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Spencer L, Schultz N. School health on the move. GEORGIA NURSING 1991; 51:5. [PMID: 1743461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chu T, Chu S, Ferekides C, Britt J, Wu C, Chen G, Schultz N. Thin films of II–VI compounds and alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(91)90044-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stewart RL, Schultz N. Coping with risk in the community: is there a need to streetproof the community health care worker? PRIDE INSTITUTE JOURNAL OF LONG TERM HOME HEALTH CARE 1991; 9:26-30. [PMID: 10109908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Olive DL, Schultz N, Riehl RM, Groff TR, Schenken RS. Effects of tamoxifen on corpus luteum function and luteal phase length in cynomolgus monkeys. Fertil Steril 1990; 54:333-8. [PMID: 2379633 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)53713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous data in nonhuman primates have demonstrated that tamoxifen prolongs the luteal phase without altering reproductive hormone levels. A small study in humans found no effect on menstrual cycle length, but an increase in luteal ovarian steroid levels. In view of these conflicting results, we studied the effect of tamoxifen on corpus luteum (CL) function in monkeys (n = 20). Blood was obtained daily beginning cycle day 8, and sera assayed for estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. Four days after the midcycle E2 peak, laparoscopy confirmed CL formation, and the animals were administered (1) lactose (n = 7), (2) tamoxifen, 0.5 mg.kg-1.d-1 (n = 6), or (3) tamoxifen, 3.0 mg.kg-1.d-1 (n = 7) for 12 consecutive days. Serum collection continued until cycle day 50 or menses, whichever came first. Results indicate a biphasic response among tamoxifen-treated animals, with 7 of 13 developing prolonged luteal phases. There was, however, no significant difference in luteal phase length among the three groups, although when the two groups given tamoxifen were combined, the difference in luteal phase length versus controls approached significance. No differences were found among peak P levels, mean luteal phase P levels, or mean luteal phase gonadotropin levels. No variables were found to correlate significantly with luteal phase length. These results suggest that luteal phase administration of the antiestrogen tamoxifen does not alter pituitary gonadotropin secretion or CL function. However, tamoxifen does prolong luteal phase length in a subset of monkeys, perhaps via a direct effect on the endometrium.
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