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André P, Spertini O, Guia S, Rihet P, Dignat-George F, Brailly H, Sampol J, Anderson PJ, Vivier E. Modification of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 with a natural killer cell-restricted sulfated lactosamine creates an alternate ligand for L-selectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3400-5. [PMID: 10725346 PMCID: PMC16251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are components of the innate immune system that can recognize and kill virally infected cells, tumor cells, and allogeneic cells without prior sensitization. NK cells also elaborate cytokines (e.g., interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and chemokines (e.g., macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha) that promote the acquisition of antigen-specific immunity. NK cell differentiation is accompanied by the cell surface expression of a mucin-like glycoprotein bearing an NK cell-restricted keratan sulfate-related lactosamine carbohydrate, the PEN5 epitope. Here, we report that PEN5 is a post-translational modification of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). The PEN5 epitope creates on PSGL-1 a unique binding site for L-selectin, which is independent of PSGL-1 tyrosine sulfation. On the surface of NK cells, the expression of PEN5 is coordinated with the disappearance of L-selectin and the up-regulation of Killer cell Ig-like Receptors (KIR). These results indicate that NK cell differentiation is accompanied by the acquisition of a unique carbohydrate, PEN5, that can serve as part of a combination code to deliver KIR(+) NK cells to specific tissues.
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Sadallah S, Hess C, Miot S, Spertini O, Lutz H, Schifferli JA. Elastase and metalloproteinase activities regulate soluble complement receptor 1 release. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:3754-61. [PMID: 10556832 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3754::aid-immu3754>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Complement receptor 1 (CR1) is cleaved from the surface of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in the membrane-proximal region to yield a soluble fragment (sCR1) that contains the functional domains. The enzymes involved in this cleavage are produced by the PMN itself, since in vitro stimulation of purified PMN is followed by sCR1 release. Purified human neutrophil elastase (HNE) cleaved CR1 from erythrocytes and urinary vesicles originating from podocytes and enhanced tenfold the cleavage of CR1 from activated PMN. The largest fragment released from PMN by HNE was identical in size to CR1 shed spontaneously. The CR1 fragments cleaved from erythrocytes were functional. The shedding of sCR1 by activated PMN was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (80 +/- 10%), alpha1-antiprotease (50 +/- 5%) and elafin (60 +/- 5%). Furthermore the cleavage was blocked by the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline (70 +/- 6 %) as well as by a monoclonal antibody against human neutrophil collagenase MMP8 (40 +/- 10%). Maximal inhibition of sCR1 shedding was obtained by a combination of 1,10-phenanthroline with elafin (86 +/- 6%). These inhibitors had no effect on L-selectin shedding, indicating that the cleavage of CR1 was specific. In conclusion, elastase or elastase-like activity may be responsible for the shedding of functional sCR1 in vivo, and this activity is controlled by the local release of PMN metalloproteases and alpha1antiprotease.
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53
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Sadallah S, Lach E, Schwarz S, Gratwohl A, Spertini O, Schifferli JA. Soluble complement receptor 1 is increased in patients with leukemia and after administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 65:94-101. [PMID: 9886251 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.65.1.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor type 1 is expressed by erythrocytes and most leukocytes. A soluble form is shed from the leukocytes and found in plasma (sCR1). sCR1 is a powerful inhibitor of complement. We report an increased sCR1 in the plasma of leukemia patients, up to levels producing measurable complement inhibition. Half of the 180 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) had sCR1 levels above the normal range. The highest levels were observed in T-ALL (17 patients). The complement function of a T-ALL serum was improved by blocking sCR1 with a specific mAb (3D9). Measurements in 16 peripheral stein cell donors before and after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration showed an increase in sCR1 (before, 43.8+/-15.4; at day 5, 118.3+/-44.7 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). This increase paralleled the increase in total leukocyte counts and was concomitant with de novo leukocyte mRNA CR1 expression in all three individuals tested. Whether pharmacological intervention may be used to up-regulate sCR1 so as to inhibit complement in vivo should be further investigated.
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Extermann M, Bacchi M, Monai N, Fopp M, Fey M, Tichelli A, Schapira M, Spertini O. Relationship between cleaved L-selectin levels and the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1998; 92:3115-22. [PMID: 9787146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma levels of the shed form of L-selectin (sL-selectin) are frequently detectable in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). sL-selectin can inhibit blast cell adhesion to vascular endothelium and may thereby influence the phenotype of AML. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between sL-selectin levels and clinical presentation or disease outcome in 100 patients with AML. Fifty-eight patients were found to have sL-selectin levels >/=3.12 microgram/mL (>/=3 SD above the mean of healthy controls: "increased"). Patients with extramedullary disease such as lymphadenopathies, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and/or muco-cutaneous infiltration had significantly increased sL-selectin levels (P < .001). sL-selectin levels were significantly heterogeneous in the French-American-British subtypes (P = .0003). Patients with "normal" sL-selectin levels had higher probability of achieving complete remission (CR) than with "increased" levels: 81% versus 64%, respectively (P = .06). When adjusting for clinically relevant covariates predictive for CR (sex, age, Auer rods), "normal" sL-selectin levels were significantly associated with CR (odds ratio, 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 8.58; P = .03). Moreover, patients with "increased" sL-selectin levels (>/=3.12 microgram/mL) had shorter event-free survival (EFS) (median 7.3 v 12 months, P = .008) and overall survival (median 1 v 2.05 years, P = .03) than patients with sL-selectin <3.12 microgram/mL. Multivariate statistical analysis (adjusted for age and presence of Auer rods) indicated that sL-selectin was an independent prognostic factor for EFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.96; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.17, P = .006) and overall survival (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.98; P = .02). Thus, plasma sL-selectin may be a useful prognostic marker in the evaluation of AML at diagnosis.
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Yilmaz A, Bieler G, Spertini O, Lejeune FJ, Rüegg C. Pulse treatment of human vascular endothelial cells with high doses of tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma results in simultaneous synergistic and reversible effects on proliferation and morphology. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:592-9. [PMID: 9679764 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980812)77:4<592::aid-ijc20>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Regional administration of high doses of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and melphalan to patients with advanced cancers of the limbs, results in rapid and specific tumor necrosis, while the normal adjacent tissues remain unaffected. The tumor vasculature is selectively destroyed by this treatment, and neovascular endothelial cells appear to be an early and specific target of TNF and IFNgamma. To further understand some of the cellular events underlying these in vivo effects, we have investigated the response of human macro- and microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, after exposure to high doses of TNF and IFNgamma (up to 40 x 10(3) U/ml each). TNF and IFNgamma synergistically inhibited endothelial-cell proliferation by up to 80% after 72 hr of treatment. Achievement of synergy required the simultaneous presence of both cytokines. A cytokine pulse as short as 30 min was sufficient to induce maximal growth inhibition measured after 48 hr. Both cytokines also induced progressive and dose-dependent elongation of the endothelial-cell morphology. The effects on endothelial-cell proliferation and morphology were reversible upon removal of the cytokines. Moreover, replating of treated cells onto a fresh substrate immediately resulted in re-acquisition of their normal shape. In contrast to the effect on cell proliferation, there was little or no effect on the rate of endothelial-cell apoptosis. The presented data extend reports on the effects of TNF and IFNgamma on human endothelial cells in vitro, and suggest that the in vivo disruption of the tumor vasculature caused by high doses of TNF and IFNgamma is not due to a direct cytotoxic effect on endothelial cells but occurs through an indirect mechanism.
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Fröhlich D, Spertini O, Moser R. The Fcgamma receptor-mediated respiratory burst of rolling neutrophils to cytokine-activated, immune complex-bearing endothelial cells depends on L-selectin but not on E-selectin. Blood 1998; 91:2558-64. [PMID: 9516157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular H2O2 generation, as a measure of the respiratory burst, was determined after stimulation of neutrophils by immune complex (IC)-bearing human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Under static conditions, neutrophils basically responded to the immune deposits on resting endothelial cells. The rotating shear forces of approximately 0.7 dynes/cm2, corresponding to the physiological flow in postcapillary venules, completely abolished this basal H2O2 generation. After activation of the IC-bearing endothelial layers with interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or both, for 4 hours, rolling adhesion of the neutrophils was induced, accompanied by considerable H2O2 production. The neutrophil respiratory burst was prominently inhibited by anti-FcgammaRIII MoAb 3G8 (72.4%), and partially by MoAb 2E1 against FcgammaRII (38.5%). Both MoAbs together inhibited the Fc-mediated H2O2 generation by 93. 4%. The respiratory burst and rolling adhesion were markedly blocked by MoAb LAM1-3 against L-selectin (91.3%), whereas the nonfunctional anti-L-selectin MoAb LAM1-14 was ineffective. F(ab)2' fragments of MoAb 7A9 against E-selectin inhibited neutrophil rolling by 98.6%, but not the respiratory burst. Moreover, rolling adhesion of neutrophils and the related oxidative burst were CD11b/CD18- independent. In summary, L-selectin has a unique auxiliary function in triggering the FcgammaR-mediated respiratory burst of rolling neutrophils to IC-bearing endothelial cells, thereby substituting CD11b/CD18 under conditions of flow.
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Giuffrè L, Cordey AS, Monai N, Tardy Y, Schapira M, Spertini O. Monocyte adhesion to activated aortic endothelium: role of L-selectin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Cell Biol 1997; 136:945-56. [PMID: 9049258 PMCID: PMC2132500 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.136.4.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the role of L-selectin in monocyte adhesion to arterial endothelium, a key pathogenic event of atherosclerosis. Using a nonstatic (rotation) adhesion assay, we observed that monocyte binding to bovine aortic endothelium at 4 degrees C increased four to nine times upon endothelium activation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. mAb-blocking experiments demonstrated that L-selectin mediates a major part (64 +/- 18%) of monocyte attachment. Videomicroscopy experiments performed under flow indicated that monocytes abruptly halted on 8-h TNF-alpha-activated aortic endothelium, approximately 80% of monocyte attachment being mediated by L-selectin. Flow cytometric studies with a L-selectin/IgM heavy chain chimeric protein showed calcium-dependent L-selectin binding to cytokine-activated and, unexpectedly, unactivated aortic cells. Soluble L-selectin binding was completely inhibited by anti-L-selectin mAb or by aortic cell exposure to trypsin. Experiments with cycloheximide, chlorate, or neuraminidase showed that protein synthesis and sulfate groups, but not sialic acid residues, were essential for L-selectin counterreceptor function. Moreover, heparin lyases partially inhibited soluble L-selectin binding to cytokine-activated aortic cells, whereas a stronger inhibition was seen with unstimulated endothelial cells, suggesting that cytokine activation could induce the expression of additional ligand(s) for L-selectin, distinct from heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Under flow, endothelial cell treatment with heparinase inhibited by approximately 80% monocyte attachment to TNF-alpha-activated aortic endothelium, indicating a major role for heparan sulfate proteoglycans in monocyte-endothelial interactions. Thus, L-selectin mediates monocyte attachment to activated aortic endothelium, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans serve as arterial ligands for monocyte L-selectin.
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Reiter LS, Spertini O, Kruithof EK. Plasminogen activators play an essential role in extracellular-matrix invasion by lymphoblastic T cells. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:461-6. [PMID: 9033655 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970207)70:4<461::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of extravascular sites, in particular infiltration of the central nervous system, is a frequent complication of T-lymphoblastic leukemia and contributes to leukemia-associated morbidity. In this report, we studied the contribution of plasminogen activators to the invasive properties of 7 human T-cell lines in a model of transmigration through an extracellular matrix. The T-cell lines were found to express either urokinase (u-PA) and high levels of u-PA receptor or tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and low levels of u-PA receptor. The rate of transmigration was consistently higher for u-PA-expressing cells than for t-PA-expressing cells. PA-inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) was detected in the conditioned medium of one cell line and PAI-2 was detected in cell extracts from 6 lines. The transmigration of 6 out of 7 cell lines was inhibited by trasylol, an inhibitor of plasmin, by an excess of exogenous PAI-1 or PAI-2, and by antibodies to the particular PA type expressed by the cells. Partial inhibition of transmigration by the amino-terminal fragment of u-PA implies that the u-PA receptor contributes to transmigration. Thus, the transmigration of T-leukemia cells through a barrier of extracellular matrix requires PA-dependent proteolysis, which can be provided either by u-PA or t-PA. Specific inhibition of the PA system could provide a means to inhibit tissue invasion by T lymphoblastic cells.
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Spertini O. [Regulation of leukocyte migration by adhesion molecules]. SCHWEIZERISCHE MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1996; 126:1926-34. [PMID: 8992620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of leukocytes to leave the blood-stream and migrate into tissues is a critical feature of the immune system, essential in eliminating infectious pathogens and allowing leukocyte accumulation at sites of injury, infection or inflammation. Lymphocytes continuously recirculate between tissues, lymphoid organs and blood, whereas neutrophils or monocytes lack this capacity. Migration of various leukocyte subpopulations into tissues is regulated by specific combinations of adhesion receptors and chemoattractants which direct them into tissues. Selectins initiate leukocyte attachment along vascular endothelium by mediating leukocyte rolling along inflamed endothelium, whereas CD11/CD18 (alpha L, M, X/beta 2) integrins have a more important role in subsequent steps of leukocyte migration into tissues. alpha 4/beta 1 or alpha 4/beta 7 integrins play a role in mediating lymphocyte rolling and firm adhesion to vascular wall. Leukocyte migration is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, the regulation of hematopoiesis and hemostasis. This reaction is also involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, reperfusion injuries and malignant cell metastasis. Leukocyte migration inhibitors may have therapeutic potential against inflammation and associated diseases.
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Spertini O, Cordey AS, Monai N, Giuffrè L, Schapira M. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 is a ligand for L-selectin on neutrophils, monocytes, and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1996; 135:523-31. [PMID: 8896607 PMCID: PMC2121046 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.135.2.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins play a critical role in initiating leukocyte binding to vascular endothelium. In addition, in vitro experiments have shown that neutrophils use L-selectin to roll on adherent neutrophils, suggesting that they express a nonvascular L-selectin ligand. Using a L-selectin/IgM heavy chain (mu) chimeric protein as an immunocytological probe, we show here that L-selectin can bind to neutrophils, monocytes, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, and HL-60 and KG-1 myeloid cells. The interaction between L-selectin and leukocytes was protease sensitive and calcium dependent, and abolished by cell treatment with neuraminidase, chlorate, or O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase. These results revealed common features between leukocyte L-selectin ligand and the mucin-like P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), which mediates neutrophil rolling on P- and E-selectin. The possibility that PSGL-1 could be a ligand for L-selectin was further supported by the ability of P-selectin/mu chimera to inhibit L-selectin/mu binding to leukocytes and by the complete inhibition of both selectin interactions with myeloid cells treated with mocarhagin, a cobra venom metalloproteinase that cleaves the amino terminus of PSGL-1 at Tyr-51. Finally, the abrogation of L- and P-selectin binding to myeloid cells treated with a polyclonal antibody, raised against a peptide corresponding to the amino acid residues 42-56 of PSGL-1, indicated that L- and P-selectin interact with a domain located at the amino-terminal end of PSGL-1. The ability of the anti-PSGL-1 mAb PL-1 to inhibit L- and P-selectin binding to KG-1 cells further supported that possibility. Thus, apart from being involved in neutrophil rolling on P- and E-selectin, PSGL-1 also plays a critical role in mediating neutrophil attachment to adherent neutrophils. Interaction between L-selectin and PSGL-1 may be of major importance for increasing leukocyte recruitment at inflammatory sites.
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Stucki A, Cordey AS, Monai N, de Flaugergues JC, Schapira M, Spertini O. Cleaved L-selectin concentrations in meningeal leukaemia. Lancet 1995; 345:286-9. [PMID: 7530792 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of the central nervous system has important therapeutic implications in acute leukaemia. Because the identification of blast cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is often difficult, there is a need for sensitive markers of leukaemic infiltration. Since the shed form of L-selectin (sL-selectin) is frequently increased in acute leukaemia (sL-selectin+ leukaemia), we examined whether assay of sL-selectin in CSF could improve our ability to detect such meningeal involvement. CSF sL-selectin was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in 15 patients with sL-selectin+ meningeal leukaemia (median 60 ng/mL, range 34-150) than in 20 patients with acute leukaemia without meningeal involvement (12 ng/mL, 1-39) or 88 control patients (14 ng/mL, 0-37). Serial measurements of sL-selectin in patients with sL-selectin+ leukaemic meningitis showed increased CSF concentrations of the cleaved receptor in 4 patients with therapy-resistant meningeal leukaemia and sustained normal concentrations in 9 patients in remission. Our results suggest that CSF sL-selectin may be a useful marker in the detection of meningeal involvement by blast cells in patients with sL-selectin+ leukaemia.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/blood
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/cerebrospinal fluid
- Humans
- L-Selectin
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/blood
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/cerebrospinal fluid
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/cerebrospinal fluid
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemic Infiltration/blood
- Leukemic Infiltration/cerebrospinal fluid
- Leukemic Infiltration/diagnosis
- Meninges/pathology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/blood
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/cerebrospinal fluid
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/analysis
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Spertini O, Callegari P, Cordey AS, Hauert J, Joggi J, von Fliedner V, Schapira M. High levels of the shed form of L-selectin are present in patients with acute leukemia and inhibit blast cell adhesion to activated endothelium. Blood 1994; 84:1249-56. [PMID: 7519478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
L-selectin is expressed by most leukocytes and mediates the initial step of adhesion to vascular endothelium. A feature of this adhesion receptor is to be shed from the cell surface. We report here the presence of high levels of the shed form of L-selectin (sL-selectin) in plasma from patients with acute leukemia. We also show that sL-selectin purified from acute leukemia plasma exhibits functional activity. The mean (+/- 1 SD) plasma level of sL-selectin among 100 healthy individuals was 2.1 +/- 0.7 micrograms/mL. This value was increased (> 2 SD above the mean) in 63% of 58 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 59% of 93 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia ([AML] P < .001). Repeated measurements in 24 patients showed normal-range levels in 16 of 16 patients in complete remission and high levels in eight of eight patients with therapy-resistant acute leukemia or leukemia relapse. Furthermore, elevated sL-selectin levels were detected in cerebrospinal fluid of three patients with ALL suffering from a relapse limited to the central nervous system. Epitope mapping with monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that L-selectin shedding from leukemic blasts was accompanied by conformational changes of its epidermal growth factor-like domain. A functional role for sL-selectin purified from leukemic plasma was supported by its ability to completely inhibit L-selectin-dependent adhesion of blast cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-activated endothelium in vitro. These results suggest that sL-selectin may have an important role in the regulation of leukemic cell adhesion to endothelium. In addition, monitoring of the sL-selectin level may be useful for evaluating leukemia activity, in particular for the detection of leukemia relapse.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Blast Crisis/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- L-Selectin
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/blood
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Reference Values
- Umbilical Veins
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Spertini O, Schleiffenbaum B, White-Owen C, Ruiz P, Tedder TF. ELISA for quantitation of L-selectin shed from leukocytes in vivo. J Immunol Methods 1992; 156:115-23. [PMID: 1385536 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90017-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
L-selectin is a cell surface receptor on granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes that is responsible for the initial attachment of leukocytes to endothelium. The extracellular domain of L-selectin is proteolytically shed from leukocytes following cellular activation in vitro. The shed form of L-selectin (SL-selectin) is functionally active and at high concentrations can inhibit leukocyte attachment to endothelium. Therefore, an ELISA was developed to quantitate the levels of SL-selectin in biological fluids, biopsy specimens and during recombinant protein production. This simple, quantitative sandwich ELISA uses two monoclonal antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of SL-selectin. The assay has a detection range of 5-1300 ng/ml, is precise and sensitive. The ability of this assay to detect SL-selectin in serum, plasma, and culture supernatant fluid was demonstrated and it was used to quantitate circulating SL-selectin in normal and patient sera. Patients with sepsis and HIV infection showed markedly elevated SL-selectin levels in serum. Thus, the ELISA should prove useful both for laboratory purposes as well as in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with inflammatory diseases.
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Brady HR, Spertini O, Jimenez W, Brenner BM, Marsden PA, Tedder TF. Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes bind to cytokine-activated kidney glomerular endothelial cells through L-selectin (LAM-1) in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.149.7.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of L-selectin (LAM-1) as a regulator of leukocyte adhesion to kidney microvascular glomerular endothelial cells was assessed in vitro by using L-selectin-directed mAb and an L-selectin cDNA-transfected cell line. The initial attachment of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes to TNF-activated bovine glomerular endothelial cells was significantly inhibited by the anti-LAM1-3 mAb. Under static conditions, anti-LAM1-3 mAb inhibited neutrophil adhesion by 15 +/- 5%, whereas the anti-LAM1-10 mAb, directed against a functionally silent epitope of L-selectin, was without effect. The binding of a CD18 mAb inhibited adhesion by 47 +/- 6%. In contrast, when the assays were carried out under nonstatic conditions or at 4 degrees C, the anti-LAM1-3 mAb generated significantly greater inhibition (approximately 60%). CD18-dependent adhesion was minimal (approximately 10%) under these conditions. TNF-activated glomerular endothelial cells also supported adhesion of a mouse pre-B cell line transfected with L-selectin cDNA, but not wild-type cells. This process was also inhibited by the anti-LAM1-3 mAb. Leukocyte adhesion to unstimulated endothelial cells was independent of L-selectin, but, after TNF stimulation, L-selectin-mediated adhesion was observed at 4 h, with maximal induction persisting for 24 to 48 h. Leukocyte adhesion was not observed if glomerular endothelial cells were exposed to TNF in the presence of RNA or protein synthesis inhibitors. Leukocyte attachment to TNF-activated glomerular endothelial cells was also partially inhibited by treatment of the cells with mannose-6-phosphate or phosphomannan monoester, a soluble complex carbohydrate, or by prior treatment of glomerular endothelial cells with neuraminidase, suggesting that the glomerular endothelial cell ligand shares functional characteristics with those expressed by lymph node and large vessel endothelial cells. These data suggest that TNF activation induced the biosynthesis and surface expression of a ligand(s) for L-selectin on glomerular endothelial cells, which supports neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte attachment under nonstatic conditions.
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Schleiffenbaum B, Spertini O, Tedder TF. Soluble L-selectin is present in human plasma at high levels and retains functional activity. J Cell Biol 1992; 119:229-38. [PMID: 1382078 PMCID: PMC2289629 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.119.1.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
L-selectin expressed by granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes is responsible for initial leukocyte attachment to inflamed endothelium and high endothelial venules of peripheral lymph nodes. After leukocyte activation in vitro, L-selectin is rapidly shed from the cell surface. In this study, shed L-selectin (sL-selectin) from both lymphocytes and neutrophils was demonstrated to be present in high levels in human plasma by Western blot analysis and using a quantitative ELISA. In serum from normal human blood donors, a mean sL-selectin level of 1.6 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml (n = 63) was found by ELISA. In addition, semipurified sL-selectin from plasma inhibited L-selectin-specific attachment of lymphocytes to cytokine-activated endothelium in a dose-dependent manner. L-selectin-dependent leukocyte attachment was completely inhibited at sL-selectin concentrations of 8-15 micrograms/ml, while physiological concentrations of sL-selectin caused a small but consistent inhibition of lymphocyte attachment. sL-selectin in plasma also inhibited anti-L-selectin mAb (2-5 micrograms/ml) binding to the surface of leukocytes. Interestingly, one epitope present within the EGF-like domain of L-selectin was lost in sL-selectin, suggesting a conformational change in the structure of the receptor after shedding. The presence of serum sL-selectin with functional activity indicates a potential role for sL-selectin in the regulation of leukocyte attachment to endothelium.
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Brady HR, Spertini O, Jimenez W, Brenner BM, Marsden PA, Tedder TF. Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes bind to cytokine-activated kidney glomerular endothelial cells through L-selectin (LAM-1) in vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1992; 149:2437-44. [PMID: 1382103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of L-selectin (LAM-1) as a regulator of leukocyte adhesion to kidney microvascular glomerular endothelial cells was assessed in vitro by using L-selectin-directed mAb and an L-selectin cDNA-transfected cell line. The initial attachment of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes to TNF-activated bovine glomerular endothelial cells was significantly inhibited by the anti-LAM1-3 mAb. Under static conditions, anti-LAM1-3 mAb inhibited neutrophil adhesion by 15 +/- 5%, whereas the anti-LAM1-10 mAb, directed against a functionally silent epitope of L-selectin, was without effect. The binding of a CD18 mAb inhibited adhesion by 47 +/- 6%. In contrast, when the assays were carried out under nonstatic conditions or at 4 degrees C, the anti-LAM1-3 mAb generated significantly greater inhibition (approximately 60%). CD18-dependent adhesion was minimal (approximately 10%) under these conditions. TNF-activated glomerular endothelial cells also supported adhesion of a mouse pre-B cell line transfected with L-selectin cDNA, but not wild-type cells. This process was also inhibited by the anti-LAM1-3 mAb. Leukocyte adhesion to unstimulated endothelial cells was independent of L-selectin, but, after TNF stimulation, L-selectin-mediated adhesion was observed at 4 h, with maximal induction persisting for 24 to 48 h. Leukocyte adhesion was not observed if glomerular endothelial cells were exposed to TNF in the presence of RNA or protein synthesis inhibitors. Leukocyte attachment to TNF-activated glomerular endothelial cells was also partially inhibited by treatment of the cells with mannose-6-phosphate or phosphomannan monoester, a soluble complex carbohydrate, or by prior treatment of glomerular endothelial cells with neuraminidase, suggesting that the glomerular endothelial cell ligand shares functional characteristics with those expressed by lymph node and large vessel endothelial cells. These data suggest that TNF activation induced the biosynthesis and surface expression of a ligand(s) for L-selectin on glomerular endothelial cells, which supports neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte attachment under nonstatic conditions.
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Spertini O, Luscinskas FW, Gimbrone MA, Tedder TF. Monocyte attachment to activated human vascular endothelium in vitro is mediated by leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (L-selectin) under nonstatic conditions. J Exp Med 1992; 175:1789-92. [PMID: 1375271 PMCID: PMC2119244 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.6.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptors that mediate monocyte adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial monolayers were assessed using a nonstatic (rotating) cell-attachment assay. In this system, leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1) (L-selectin) mediated a major portion (87 +/- 15% at 37 degrees C) of monocyte attachment to activated endothelium. mAb blocking of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (41% inhibition), CD18 (36%), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (25%) function had lesser effects on attachment. These results suggest that LAM-1 may serve an important role in monocyte attachment to endothelium at sites of inflammation.
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Mackay CR, Marston WL, Dudler L, Spertini O, Tedder TF, Hein WR. Tissue-specific migration pathways by phenotypically distinct subpopulations of memory T cells. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:887-95. [PMID: 1372559 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of T cells recirculate in a tissue-selective manner. Recent studies which showed that the skin-tropic subset of T cells was of memory/activated type, led us to examine whether the preferential homing of T cells to the gut also involved memory T cells, and if so whether these memory T cells were phenotypically distinct from other memory T cells. Lymphocytes migrating through the gut and the skin of sheep was collected by cannulating the lymphatic ducts draining these tissues. Both naive and memory T cells were found to recirculate through the gut, although only memory T cells migrated through the skin. However, when T cells from the gut were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and assessed for their migration back to the gut, it was the memory population which showed a tropism for the gut. Gut-tropic memory T cells migrated poorly through the skin, indicating that these cells were distinct from skin-tropic memory T cells. This was confirmed by phenotypic analysis. Gut memory T cells expressed very low levels of the alpha 6 and beta 1 integrins, in contrast to skin memory T cells which expressed high levels. There was no evidence for heterogeneity within the naive T cell population, which migrated preferentially to lymph nodes. This migration pattern could be explained in part by the high expression of the L-selectin (lymph node homing receptor, LAM-1) on naive T cells, in contrast to memory T cells from gut or skin which were mostly L-selectin negative. These results in sheep indicate that subsets of alpha/beta memory T cells show tissue-selective migration patterns, which probably develop in a particular environment following encounter with antigen.
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Spertini O, Hauert J, Bachmann F. Reaction of acetaldehyde with human platelets. Thromb Haemost 1992; 67:126-30. [PMID: 1615467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Platelet function defects observed in chronic alcoholics are not wholly explained by the inhibitory action of ethanol on platelet aggregation; they are not completely reproduced either in vivo by short-term ethanol perfusion into volunteers or in vitro by the addition of ethanol to platelet-rich plasma. As acetaldehyde (AcH) binds to many proteins and impairs cellular activities, we investigated the effect of this early degradation product of ethanol on platelets. AcH formed adducts with human platelets at neutral pH at 37 degrees C which were stable to extensive washing, trichloracetic acid hydrolysis and heating at 100 degrees C, and were not reduced by sodium borohydride. The amount of platelet adducts formed was a function of the incubation time and of the concentration of AcH in the reaction medium. At low AcH concentrations (less than 0.2 mM), platelet bound AcH was directly proportional to the concentration of AcH in the reaction medium. At higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 0.2 mM), AcH uptake by platelets tended to reach a plateau. The amount of adducts was also proportional to the number of exposures of platelets to pulses of 20 microM AcH. AcH adducts formation severely impaired platelet aggregation and shape change induced by ADP, collagen and thrombin. A positive correlation was established between platelet-bound AcH and inhibition of aggregation. SDS-PAGE analysis of AcH adducts at neutral pH demonstrated the binding of [14C]acetaldehyde to many platelet proteins. AcH adduct formation with membrane glycoproteins, cytoskeleton and enzymes might interfere with several steps of platelet activation and impair platelet aggregation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Spertini O, Luscinskas FW, Kansas GS, Munro JM, Griffin JD, Gimbrone MA, Tedder TF. Leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1, L-selectin) interacts with an inducible endothelial cell ligand to support leukocyte adhesion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1991; 147:2565-73. [PMID: 1717567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human lymphocyte homing receptor, LAM-1, mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes to specialized high endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral lymph nodes. We now report that LAM-1 is also a major mediator of leukocyte attachment to activated human endothelium. In a novel adhesion assay, LAM-1 was shown to mediate approximately 50% of the adhesion of both lymphocytes and neutrophils to TNF-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells at 4 degrees C. The contribution of LAM-1 to leukocyte adhesion was only detectable when the assays were carried out under rotating (nonstatic) conditions, suggesting that LAM-1 is involved in the initial attachment of leukocytes to endothelium. In this assay at 37 degrees C, essentially all lymphocyte attachment to endothelium was mediated by LAM-1, VLA-4/VCAM-1, and the CD11/CD18 complex, whereas neutrophil attachment was mediated by LAM-1, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, and CD11/CD18. Thus, multiple receptors are necessary to promote optimal leukocyte adhesion to endothelium. LAM-1 also appeared to be involved in optimal neutrophil transendothelial migration using a videomicroscopic in vitro transmigration model system. LAM-1-dependent leukocyte adhesion required the induction and surface expression of a neuraminidase-sensitive molecule that was expressed for at least 24 h on activated endothelium. Expression of the LAM-1 ligand by endothelium was optimally induced by LPS and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-4 induced lower levels of expression. The LAM-1 ligand on HEV and cytokine treated endothelium may be similar carbohydrate-containing molecules, because phosphomannan monoester core complex from yeast Hansenula hostii cell wall blocked binding of lymphocytes to both cell types, and identical epitopes on LAM-1-mediated lymphocyte attachment to HEV and activated endothelium. Thus, LAM-1 and its inducible endothelial ligand constitute a new pair of adhesion molecules that may regulate initial leukocyte/endothelial interactions at sites of inflammation.
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Spertini O, Luscinskas FW, Kansas GS, Munro JM, Griffin JD, Gimbrone MA, Tedder TF. Leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1, L-selectin) interacts with an inducible endothelial cell ligand to support leukocyte adhesion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.147.8.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The human lymphocyte homing receptor, LAM-1, mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes to specialized high endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral lymph nodes. We now report that LAM-1 is also a major mediator of leukocyte attachment to activated human endothelium. In a novel adhesion assay, LAM-1 was shown to mediate approximately 50% of the adhesion of both lymphocytes and neutrophils to TNF-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells at 4 degrees C. The contribution of LAM-1 to leukocyte adhesion was only detectable when the assays were carried out under rotating (nonstatic) conditions, suggesting that LAM-1 is involved in the initial attachment of leukocytes to endothelium. In this assay at 37 degrees C, essentially all lymphocyte attachment to endothelium was mediated by LAM-1, VLA-4/VCAM-1, and the CD11/CD18 complex, whereas neutrophil attachment was mediated by LAM-1, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, and CD11/CD18. Thus, multiple receptors are necessary to promote optimal leukocyte adhesion to endothelium. LAM-1 also appeared to be involved in optimal neutrophil transendothelial migration using a videomicroscopic in vitro transmigration model system. LAM-1-dependent leukocyte adhesion required the induction and surface expression of a neuraminidase-sensitive molecule that was expressed for at least 24 h on activated endothelium. Expression of the LAM-1 ligand by endothelium was optimally induced by LPS and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-4 induced lower levels of expression. The LAM-1 ligand on HEV and cytokine treated endothelium may be similar carbohydrate-containing molecules, because phosphomannan monoester core complex from yeast Hansenula hostii cell wall blocked binding of lymphocytes to both cell types, and identical epitopes on LAM-1-mediated lymphocyte attachment to HEV and activated endothelium. Thus, LAM-1 and its inducible endothelial ligand constitute a new pair of adhesion molecules that may regulate initial leukocyte/endothelial interactions at sites of inflammation.
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Reimann KA, Snyder GB, Chalifoux LV, Waite BC, Miller MD, Yamamoto H, Spertini O, Letvin NL. An activated CD8+ lymphocyte appears in lymph nodes of rhesus monkeys early after infection with simian immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:1113-20. [PMID: 1717508 PMCID: PMC295563 DOI: 10.1172/jci115410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although alterations in T lymphocyte subset distribution and function in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected humans are well defined, the extent to which these reflect changes in other lymphoid compartments is unclear. We have characterized the coincident changes in PBL and lymph nodes (LN)1 after simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) infection of rhesus monkeys. Whereas no consistent change in CD8+ PBL was noted during the first 60 d after infection, CD8+ lymphocytes increased significantly in number in LN. These CD8+ LN lymphocytes exhibited an increased expression of MHC class II and a decreased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, suggesting that they were activated, but interestingly did not express CD25 (IL-2 receptor). Moreover, there was no evidence that these CD8+ LN cells were proliferating, suggesting that they had migrated to the LN. These changes in the LN CD8+ lymphocyte population preceded any detectable change in the light microscopic appearance of the LN. When SIVmac-specific effector T cell responses were assessed, the magnitude of virus-specific effector activity was nearly identical in the PBL and LN of each monkey studied. However, the presence of SIVmac-specific effector cells in the LN did not correlate with the presence of CD8+, MHC class II+ cells. These findings suggest that this numerically important CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulation may serve a regulatory function.
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Spertini O, Kansas GS, Reimann KA, Mackay CR, Tedder TF. Function and evolutionary conservation of distinct epitopes on the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (TQ-1, Leu-8) that regulate leukocyte migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.147.3.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1, TQ=1, Leu-8) in humans, like its murine homologue, MEL-14, is the principal receptor that mediates the binding of leukocytes to high endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral lymph nodes. In this study, several regions of the protein which mediate receptor function were identified by using a large panel of murine mAb reactive with LAM-1. Individual mAb reacted with LAM-1+ cells with characteristic intensities of immunofluorescence staining, and each bound both lymphocytes and neutrophils. Lymphocyte attachment to HEV was significantly inhibited by the binding of five mAb. In contrast, only two of these mAb were able to completely block the binding of phosphomannan monoester core complex from the yeast Hansenula holstii cell wall (PPME), a phosphomannan monoester core polysaccharide that serves as a soluble model of the natural ligand of LAM-1. Interestingly, the binding of two anti-LAM-1 mAb to cells induced a significant increase in PPME binding, reminiscent of the increase in receptor affinity observed after leukocyte activation. Antibody cross-blocking studies indicated that many of the functionally important epitopes were spatially distinct, and domain mapping indicated that they recognized distinct domains of LAM-1. The expression and function of these epitopes were further assessed by using a variety of animal species to further characterize the functionally relevant epitopes defined in these studies. At least some anti-LAM-1 mAb reacted with leukocytes from monkey, cow, rabbit, sheep, dog, cat, pig, and goat, but not from chicken, rat, or mouse. The reactivity of anti-LAM-1 mAb in several animal species correlated with the ability of leukocytes to bind PPME, and mAb that inhibited lymphocyte binding to HEV in man could also inhibit this function in rhesus monkey and dog. Thus, several LAM-1 epitopes are structurally and functionally well conserved throughout recent mammalian evolution, emphasizing an important role for LAM-1 in the regulation of leukocyte traffic.
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Spertini O, Kansas GS, Reimann KA, Mackay CR, Tedder TF. Function and evolutionary conservation of distinct epitopes on the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (TQ-1, Leu-8) that regulate leukocyte migration. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1991; 147:942-9. [PMID: 1713609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1, TQ=1, Leu-8) in humans, like its murine homologue, MEL-14, is the principal receptor that mediates the binding of leukocytes to high endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral lymph nodes. In this study, several regions of the protein which mediate receptor function were identified by using a large panel of murine mAb reactive with LAM-1. Individual mAb reacted with LAM-1+ cells with characteristic intensities of immunofluorescence staining, and each bound both lymphocytes and neutrophils. Lymphocyte attachment to HEV was significantly inhibited by the binding of five mAb. In contrast, only two of these mAb were able to completely block the binding of phosphomannan monoester core complex from the yeast Hansenula holstii cell wall (PPME), a phosphomannan monoester core polysaccharide that serves as a soluble model of the natural ligand of LAM-1. Interestingly, the binding of two anti-LAM-1 mAb to cells induced a significant increase in PPME binding, reminiscent of the increase in receptor affinity observed after leukocyte activation. Antibody cross-blocking studies indicated that many of the functionally important epitopes were spatially distinct, and domain mapping indicated that they recognized distinct domains of LAM-1. The expression and function of these epitopes were further assessed by using a variety of animal species to further characterize the functionally relevant epitopes defined in these studies. At least some anti-LAM-1 mAb reacted with leukocytes from monkey, cow, rabbit, sheep, dog, cat, pig, and goat, but not from chicken, rat, or mouse. The reactivity of anti-LAM-1 mAb in several animal species correlated with the ability of leukocytes to bind PPME, and mAb that inhibited lymphocyte binding to HEV in man could also inhibit this function in rhesus monkey and dog. Thus, several LAM-1 epitopes are structurally and functionally well conserved throughout recent mammalian evolution, emphasizing an important role for LAM-1 in the regulation of leukocyte traffic.
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Kansas GS, Spertini O, Stoolman LM, Tedder TF. Molecular mapping of functional domains of the leukocyte receptor for endothelium, LAM-1. J Cell Biol 1991; 114:351-8. [PMID: 1712791 PMCID: PMC2289067 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.114.2.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human lymphocyte homing receptor LAM-1, like its murine counterpart MEL-14, functions as a mammalian lectin, and mediates the binding of leukocytes to specialized high endothelial cells in lymphoid organs (HEV). LAM-1 is a member of a new family of cell adhesion molecules, termed selectins or LEC-CAMs, which also includes ELAM-1 and PAD-GEM (GMP-140/CD62). To localize the regions of LAM-1 that are involved in cell adhesion, we developed chimeric selectins, in which various domains of PAD-GEM were substituted into LAM-1, and used these chimeric proteins to define the domain requirements for carbohydrate binding, and to localize the regions recognized by several mAb which inhibit the adhesion of lymphocytes to lymph node HEV. The binding of PPME or fucoidin, soluble complex carbohydrates that specifically define the lectin activity of LAM-1 and MEL-14, required only the lectin domain of LAM-1. The LAM1-1, LAM1-3, and LAM1-6 mAb each strongly inhibit the binding of lymphocytes to HEV in the in vitro frozen section assay, and defined three independent epitopes on LAM-1. Blocking of PPME or fucoidin binding by LAM1-3 indicated that this site is identical, or in close proximity, to the carbohydrate binding site, and analysis of the binding of LAM1-3 to chimeric selectins showed that the epitope detected by LAM1-3 is located within the lectin domain. Although the LAM1-6 epitope is also located in the lectin domain, LAM1-6 did not affect the binding of PPME or fucoidin. The LAM1-1 epitope was located in, or required, the EGF domain, and, importantly, binding of LAM1-1 significantly enhanced the binding of both PPME and fucoidin. These results suggest that adhesion mediated by LAM-1 may involve cooperativity between functionally and spatially distinct sites, and support previous data suggesting a role for the EGF domain of LAM-1 in lymphocyte adhesion to HEV.
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Spertini O, Freedman AS, Belvin MP, Penta AC, Griffin JD, Tedder TF. Regulation of leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (TQ1, Leu-8) expression and shedding by normal and malignant cells. Leukemia 1991; 5:300-8. [PMID: 1709244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1, TQ1, Leu-8) is involved in the binding of human leukocytes to high endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral lymph nodes (LN). The regulation of LAM-1 expression is unique in that leukocyte stimulation induces a rapid down-modulation of LAM-1 from the cell surface. In this study, the regulation and function of LAM-1 was studied in detail in normal lymphocytes and compared with the LAM-1 of malignant leukocytes. Modulation of LAM-1 from the cell surface occurred concomitantly with the appearance of LAM-1 in the culture medium indicating that LAM-1 is cleaved from the cell surface. Shedding of LAM-1 was decreased in the presence of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. As with normal lymphocytes, cells transfected with the LAM-1 cDNA and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells also shed LAM-1 following phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) exposure. CLL cells expressed the same Mr LAM-1 protein as normal lymphocytes and LAM-1+ CLL cells were able to specifically bind to HEV. In addition, normal lymphocytes and LAM-1+ CLL cells were capable of binding polyphosphomonester core polysaccharide (PPME) derived from yeast cell wall, a carbohydrate which mimics an essential component of the natural ligand for LAM-1, and PPME and HEV binding was specifically blocked by a new monoclonal antibody (mAb) reactive with LAM-1. The expression of LAM-1 and other adhesion molecules was examined on cells of 118 hematopoietic malignancies. LAM-1 was most frequently expressed on CLL and follicular or diffuse small cleaved cell lymphomas, whereas most other malignancies were LAM-1-. Thus, most CLL cells and some non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells express a functionally active LAM-1 molecule which may correlate with their capacity to migrate through the circulation and disseminate into peripheral LN.
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Delacrétaz F, Spertini O, Schmidt PM, Grob JP. Dysmegakaryopoiesis predicting response to therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. A histologic and clinical study. Pathol Res Pract 1991; 187:290-5. [PMID: 2068013 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(11)80786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With standard induction therapy between 50 to 85% of patients with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) achieve Complete Remission (CR). We investigated whether any morphological feature of bone marrow (BM) plastic embedded biopsies could predict failure of therapy. We reviewed BM plastic embedded biopsies from 54 adult patients presenting with untreated AML. The main histologic parameters analysed were cellularity, dysmegakaryopoiesis (DysM), percentage of marrow blasts and fibrosis. CR was obtained in 34 of 49 treated patients (69%). The rate of CR was significantly lower in the group of patients presenting with DysM: CR was achieved in 54% of the 28 treated patients with DysM and in 90% of the 21 treated patients without DysM (p less than 0.02). Patients with DysM had a significantly lower blood count and bone marrow blasts at presentation. Median age was not significantly different in the 2 groups. Cellularity and fibrosis were not predictive. DysM may be the hallmark of an AML subgroup with distinct clinical behaviour and lower rate of CR with conventional therapy. DysM should be carefully looked for on BM marrow biopsies and aspirate from AML patients at diagnosis.
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Spertini O, Kansas GS, Munro JM, Griffin JD, Tedder TF. Regulation of leukocyte migration by activation of the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1) selectin. Nature 1991; 349:691-4. [PMID: 1705015 DOI: 10.1038/349691a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A central feature of host defence is the ability of leukocytes to enter tissues in response to immune or inflammatory stimuli. The leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1) regulates the migration of human leukocytes by mediating the binding both of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules of peripheral lymph nodes and of neutrophils to endothelium at inflammatory sites. As lymphocytes and neutrophils express the same LAM-1 protein, it is not clear how lineage-specific differences in leukocyte migration are controlled. We now report that the affinity of LAM-1 for a carbohydrate-based ligand, PPME, is dramatically increased following lymphocyte and neutrophil activation by lineage-specific stimuli. In addition, activation of lymphocytes by physiological stimuli enhanced LAM-1-dependent binding to high endothelial venules. Thus, transient changes in LAM-1 affinity after leukocyte stimulation probably directly influence leukocyte migration.
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Griffin JD, Spertini O, Ernst TJ, Belvin MP, Levine HB, Kanakura Y, Tedder TF. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines regulate surface expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 on human neutrophils, monocytes, and their precursors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.145.2.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that cytokines such as granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF can profoundly affect the adhesion, aggregation, and mobility of neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanisms whereby these factors might alter the adhesive properties of neutrophils are incompletely understood. A new family of cellular adhesion molecules has recently been identified by cDNA cloning. The members of this family include human leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1), the human endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule, and the mouse leukocyte homing receptor for high endothelial venules, MEL-14. LAM-1 is the human homologue of murine MEL-14, and is believed to mediate binding of leukocytes to human high endothelial venules. LAM-1 can be identified by mAb TQ-1, Leu 8, or anti-LAM1.1. The expression and regulation of LAM-1 on granulocytes, monocytes, and their precursors was investigated using flow cytometry and the anti-LAM-1.1 mAb. Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, marrow myeloid cells, granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming unit, and burst-forming unit for erythroid cells were LAM-1+ by flow microfluorimetry. The regulation of LAM-1 expression was tested by treating various cell populations with cytokines or other stimuli for 0-90 min. Exposure of neutrophils, monocytes, and marrow myeloid cells to GM-CSF induced rapid and complete loss of LAM-1 from the cell surface, but had no effect on LAM-1 expression by lymphocytes. The loss of LAM-1 was temporally correlated with up-regulation of CD11b (Mo1), an adhesion molecule involved in neutrophil aggregation. Several other factors known to activate neutrophils also caused down-regulation of LAM-1 and up-regulation of CD11b, including TNF, FMLP, and leukotriene B4. Interestingly, granulocyte-CSF and IFN-gamma had minimal effects on neutrophil LAM-1 expression. Similar results were observed on monocytes and myeloid precursor cells. Thus, exposure of neutrophils to GM-CSF results in a profound change in surface expression of adhesion molecules, with coordinated up-regulation of CD11b and down-regulation of LAM-1. These changes in adhesion proteins are likely to alter aggregation and mobility of both mature myeloid cells and their precursors in patients receiving certain types of cytokine therapy.
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Griffin JD, Spertini O, Ernst TJ, Belvin MP, Levine HB, Kanakura Y, Tedder TF. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines regulate surface expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 on human neutrophils, monocytes, and their precursors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1990; 145:576-84. [PMID: 1694883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that cytokines such as granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF can profoundly affect the adhesion, aggregation, and mobility of neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanisms whereby these factors might alter the adhesive properties of neutrophils are incompletely understood. A new family of cellular adhesion molecules has recently been identified by cDNA cloning. The members of this family include human leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1), the human endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule, and the mouse leukocyte homing receptor for high endothelial venules, MEL-14. LAM-1 is the human homologue of murine MEL-14, and is believed to mediate binding of leukocytes to human high endothelial venules. LAM-1 can be identified by mAb TQ-1, Leu 8, or anti-LAM1.1. The expression and regulation of LAM-1 on granulocytes, monocytes, and their precursors was investigated using flow cytometry and the anti-LAM-1.1 mAb. Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, marrow myeloid cells, granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming unit, and burst-forming unit for erythroid cells were LAM-1+ by flow microfluorimetry. The regulation of LAM-1 expression was tested by treating various cell populations with cytokines or other stimuli for 0-90 min. Exposure of neutrophils, monocytes, and marrow myeloid cells to GM-CSF induced rapid and complete loss of LAM-1 from the cell surface, but had no effect on LAM-1 expression by lymphocytes. The loss of LAM-1 was temporally correlated with up-regulation of CD11b (Mo1), an adhesion molecule involved in neutrophil aggregation. Several other factors known to activate neutrophils also caused down-regulation of LAM-1 and up-regulation of CD11b, including TNF, FMLP, and leukotriene B4. Interestingly, granulocyte-CSF and IFN-gamma had minimal effects on neutrophil LAM-1 expression. Similar results were observed on monocytes and myeloid precursor cells. Thus, exposure of neutrophils to GM-CSF results in a profound change in surface expression of adhesion molecules, with coordinated up-regulation of CD11b and down-regulation of LAM-1. These changes in adhesion proteins are likely to alter aggregation and mobility of both mature myeloid cells and their precursors in patients receiving certain types of cytokine therapy.
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Ord DC, Ernst TJ, Zhou LJ, Rambaldi A, Spertini O, Griffin J, Tedder TF. Structure of the gene encoding the human leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (TQ1, Leu-8) of lymphocytes and neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:7760-7. [PMID: 1692315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1, TQ1, Leu-8), expressed by human lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and their precursors, is a member of the selectin family of cellular adhesion/homing receptors which play important roles in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. These cell surface molecules contain an amino-terminal lectin-like domain followed by an epidermal growth factor-like domain and a variable number of short consensus repeat sequences similar to those found in C3/C4 binding proteins. In this report, the structure of the lyam-1 gene that encodes the LAM-1 protein was determined by isolating overlapping genomic DNA clones that hybridized with a LAM-1 cDNA probe. The lyam-1 gene spans greater than 30 kilo base pairs of DNA and is composed of at least 10 exons. The 5' end of the LAM-1 mRNA was mapped by primer extension analysis revealing a single initiation region for transcription. Exons II through X contain translated sequences; exon II encodes the translation initiation codon; exon III, the leader peptide; IV, the lectin-like domain; V, the epidermal growth factor-like domain; VI and VII, the short consensus repeat units; exon VIII, the transmembrane region; exon IX encodes seven amino acids containing a potential phosphorylation site; and exon X encodes the five remaining amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail and the long 3' untranslated region. Sequencing of LAM-1 cDNA clones derived from neutrophils revealed that the protein expressed by neutrophils would be identical in sequence with the protein expressed by lymphocytes and cDNAs that would encode different isoforms of LAM-1 protein were not detected. In addition, the level of LAM-1 expression by lymphocytes and neutrophils from two patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a disorder in which linkage of phosphatidylinositol anchors to proteins is defective, was similar to that of normal controls. Therefore, the usage of exons II through X results in the generation of a single major LAM-1 protein product expressed by lymphocytes and neutrophils.
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Spertini O, Frei PC. Biophysical properties and morphology of purified antigen associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis. Med Microbiol Immunol 1986; 175:229-39. [PMID: 2426565 DOI: 10.1007/bf02123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The antigen from a non-A, non-B antigen-antibody system previously described was purified and, when tested by immunodiffusion, was shown to produce patterns of identity with all antigen-positive sera of the system. The sedimentation coefficient S20,w of the antigen was estimated by rate zonal ultracentrifugation to be 48. Isopycnic ultracentrifugation in CsCl gradient of non-A, non-B antigen generated a single sedimentation peak at the density of 1.28. SDS-polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis showed that I125-labelled antigen migrated as a single band (molecular weight 3.0 X 10(6)); in addition, labelled material also migrated to the albumin region. With SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, the antigen was shown to consist of seven polypeptides. Spherical particles of 23 nm in diameter, demonstrated by electron microscopy, could be aggregated by purified non-A, non-B antibody. They probably represent the antigen and not a complete viral particle. The characteristics of this antigen associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis appear therefore to be close to those of hepatitis B surface antigen.
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Abstract
26 patients with viral hepatitis were selected on the basis of negative responses to serological tests for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis A virus infections. The illness was acute in 19 patients and chronic persistent in the remaining 7. Immunodiffusion tests showed a single antigen-antibody system in the sera of all 26 patients. Each patient had at least one serum sample positive for antigen or antibody. In 1 post-transfusion case, the corresponding immunological marker was found in the donor. This system was considered specific for the disease, since the markers could not be detected in sera from patients with other liver conditions or immune complex diseases, or in sera from healthy blood donors without a history of hepatitis. The antigen could be separated from contaminating serum proteins. The purified preparation showed immunological identity with all our antigen-containing sera and with samples of a study already published. These results suggest the existence of an antigen associated with non-A, non-B, viral hepatitis and probably related to an infectious agent responsible for all the cases in this study.
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Frei PC, Nicole A, Spertini O. [Viral hepatitis: clinical aspects, immunologic markers and vaccination]. Ther Umsch 1982; 39:692-9. [PMID: 7179179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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