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Eggert M, Pfob M, Jurinovic V, Schelling G, Steinlein OK. Upstream open reading frames regulate cannabinoid receptor 1 expression under baseline conditions and during cellular stress. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:103-9. [PMID: 25258300 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 gene CNR1 is not only associated with phenotypes such as cognitive performance, addiction and anxiety, but is also known to be crucially involved in responses to acute and chronic psychological and cellular stress conditions. Functional analysis of the 5' untranslated regions of the five known mRNA variants of the human CNR1 gene revealed that two of these variants contain upstream open reading frames that are able to modulate gene expression both under baseline condition and conditions of cellular stress including hypoxia, glucose restriction and hyperthermia. The upstream open reading frames might provide a mechanism that enables the cannabinoid 1 receptor to escape the general repression of protein synthesis that is typical for conditions of cellular stress.
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Schmälter AK, Kuzyk A, Righolt CH, Neusser M, Steinlein OK, Müller S, Mai S. Distinct nuclear orientation patterns for mouse chromosome 11 in normal B lymphocytes. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:22. [PMID: 24923307 PMCID: PMC4078936 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Characterizing the nuclear orientation of chromosomes in the three-dimensional (3D) nucleus by multicolor banding (mBANDing) is a new approach towards understanding nuclear organization of chromosome territories. An mBANDing paint is composed of multiple overlapping subchromosomal probes that represent different regions of a single chromosome. In this study, we used it for the analysis of chromosome orientation in 3D interphase nuclei. We determined whether the nuclear orientation of the two chromosome 11 homologs was random or preferential, and if it was conserved between diploid mouse Pre B lymphocytes of BALB/c origin and primary B lymphocytes of congenic [T38HxBALB/c]N wild-type mice. The chromosome orientation was assessed visually and through a semi-automated quantitative analysis of the radial and angular orientation patterns observed in both B cell types. Results Our data indicate that there are different preferential patterns of chromosome 11 orientation, which are not significantly different between both mouse cell types (p > 0.05). In the most common case for both cell types, both copies of chromosome 11 were oriented in parallel with the nuclear border. The second most common pattern in both types of B lymphocytes was with one homolog of chromosome 11 positioned with its telomeric end towards the nuclear center and with its centromeric end towards the periphery, while the other chromosome 11 was found parallel with the nuclear border. In addition to these two most common orientations present in approximately 50% of nuclei from each cell type, other orientations were observed at lower frequencies. Conclusions We conclude that there are probabilistic, non-random orientation patterns for mouse chromosome 11 in the mouse B lymphocytes we investigated (p < 0.0001).
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Steinlein OK. Animal models for autosomal dominant frontal lobe epilepsy: on the origin of seizures. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:1859-67. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Steinlein OK. Mechanisms underlying epilepsies associated with sodium channel mutations. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 213:97-111. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63326-2.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Eggert M, Aichinger E, Pfaffl MW, Steinlein OK, Pfob M. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits α4 and α5 associated with smoking behaviour and lung cancer are regulated by upstream open reading frames. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66157. [PMID: 23843950 PMCID: PMC3699600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (nAChR) are associated with different aspects of smoking behaviour as well as with smoking related disorders. Several of these subunits have been found to be upregulated in smokers or differentially expressed in lung tumor cells. The mechanisms behind these observations are not known but assumed to be mainly post-transcriptional. Many post-transcriptional mechanisms are initiated by functionally relevant sequence motifs within untranslated gene regions, such as upstream open reading frames (uORFs). We performed a systematic search in all smoking-associated neuronal nAChR subunits and identified functionally relevant uORFs in CHRNA4 and CHRNA5. Luciferase experiments showed that these uORFs are able to significantly decrease protein expression. Our quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results strongly suggest that the observed effects originate at the translation rather than at the transcription level. Interestingly, the CHRNA4 uORF was only functionally relevant when expressed in the shorter isoform of this gene. Therefore, the data presented in this study strongly points towards an important role of uORFs within the 5′UTR of CHRNA4-isoform 1 and CHRNA5 as regulators of protein translation. Moreover, the shared uORF of CHRNA4-isoform 1/isoform 2 represents the first example of a sequence context-dependent uORF.
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Eggert M, Pfob M, Steinlein OK. Melanocortin-3-receptor promoter polymorphism associated with tuberculosis susceptibility does not influence protein expression. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:99. [PMID: 23497691 PMCID: PMC3605127 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin-3-receptor (MC3R) is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family that mediate cellular response through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate signalling pathway. In the promoter region of MC3R the polymorphism rs6127698 has previously been shown to be strongly associated with tuberculosis susceptibility. It is predicted to generate an alternative transcription factor binding site. FINDINGS We investigated the functional impact of rs6127698 by luciferase assay to assess if this polymorphism is capable of altering protein expression. Our results did not show any significant protein expression changes when comparing the two alleles of rs6127698. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments demonstrate that the rs6127698 polymorphism does not influence protein translation. A functional role of the predicted alternative transcription factor binding site could therefore not be confirmed. These results suggest rs6127698 has no direct role in tuberculosis susceptibility. The possibility remains that this polymorphism is linked to an adjacent functional genetic variant, acting as a surrogate marker for disease risk.
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Steinlein OK, Villain M, Korenke C. The PRRT2 mutation c.649dupC is the so far most frequent cause of benign familial infantile convulsions. Seizure 2012; 21:740-2. [PMID: 22877996 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the PRRT2 gene have been recently described as a cause of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, infantile convulsions with choreoathetosis syndrome and, less often, infantile convulsions. We have analysed the frequency of PRRT2 mutations in families with benign familial infantile convulsions without paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. METHODS AND RESULTS Direct sequencing of the coding region identified the PRRT2 mutation c.649dupC in 5/5 families with infantile convulsions. The mutation was present in 23 family members, of which 18 were clinically affected and 2 were obligate carriers. The affected carriers of this mutation presented with different types of epileptic seizures during early childhood but did not develop additional neurological symptoms later in life. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the PRRT2 mutation c.649dupC is a frequent cause of benign familial infantile convulsions.
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Steinlein OK. Ion channel mutations in neuronal diseases: a genetics perspective. Chem Rev 2012; 112:6334-52. [PMID: 22607259 DOI: 10.1021/cr300044d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Steinlein OK, Hoda JC, Bertrand S, Bertrand D. Mutations in familial nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy might be associated with distinct neurological phenotypes. Seizure 2012; 21:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Sattler EC, Lang MU, van Steensel MAM, van Geel M, Schneider JJ, Flaig MJ, Ruzicka T, Burgdorf W, Steinlein OK. Late onset of skin manifestations in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome with FLCN mutation p.W260X. Acta Derm Venereol 2012; 92:187-8. [PMID: 22068306 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Maljevic S, Naros G, Yalçin Ö, Blazevic D, Loeffler H, Cağlayan H, Steinlein OK, Lerche H. Temperature and pharmacological rescue of a folding-defective, dominant-negative KV 7.2 mutation associated with neonatal seizures. Hum Mutat 2012; 32:E2283-93. [PMID: 21913284 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNS) are a dominant epilepsy syndrome caused by mutations in the voltage-gated potassium channels K(V) 7.2 and K(V) 7.3. We examined the molecular pathomechanism of a BFNS-causing mutation (p.N258S) in the extracellular S5-H5 loop of K(V) 7.2. Wild type (WT) and mutant channels, expressed in both Xenopus laevis oocytes and CHO cells, were studied using electrophysiological techniques. The results revealed a pronounced loss-of-function with a dominant-negative effect of the mutant on WT K(V) 7.2 and K(V) 7.3 channels. Since single-channel recordings of K(V) 7.3-K(V) 7.2 and K(V) 7.3-N285S concatemers showed similar properties for both constructs, we hypothesized that the observed reduction in current amplitude was due to a folding and trafficking defect, which was confirmed by biochemical and immunocytochemical experiments revealing a reduced number of mutant channels in the surface membrane. Furthermore, rescuing experiments revealed that upon specific incubation of transfected CHO cells-either at lower temperatures of <30°C or in presence of the agonist retigabine (RTG)-the N258S-derived currents increased fivefold in contrast to the WT. The obtained results represent a first example of temperature and pharmacological rescue of a K(V) 7 mutation and suggest a folding and trafficking deficiency as the cause of reduced current amplitudes with a dominant-negative effect of N258S mutant proteins.
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Steinlein OK, Aichinger E, Trucks H, Sander T. Mutations in FKBP10 can cause a severe form of isolated Osteogenesis imperfecta. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:152. [PMID: 22107750 PMCID: PMC3270005 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Mutations in the FKBP10 gene were first described in patients with Osteogenesis imperfecta type III. Two follow up reports found FKBP10 mutations to be associated with Bruck syndrome type 1, a rare disorder characterized by congenital contractures and bone fragility. This raised the question if the patients in the first report indeed had isolated Osteogenesis imperfecta or if Bruck syndrome would have been the better diagnosis. Methods The patients described here are affected by severe autosomal recessive Osteogenesis imperfecta without contractures. Results Homozygosity mapping identified FKBP10 as a candidate gene, and sequencing revealed a base pair exchange that causes a C-terminal premature stop codon in this gene. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that FKBP10 mutations not only cause Bruck syndrome or Osteogenesis imperfecta type III but can result in a severe type of isolated Osteogenesis imperfecta type IV with prenatal onset. Furthermore, it adds dentinogenesis imperfecta to the spectrum of clinical symptoms associated with FKBP10 mutations.
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Guergueltcheva V, Müller JS, Dusl M, Senderek J, Oldfors A, Lindbergh C, Maxwell S, Colomer J, Mallebrera CJ, Nascimento A, Vilchez JJ, Muelas N, Kirschner J, Nafissi S, Kariminejad A, Nilipour Y, Bozorgmehr B, Najmabadi H, Rodolico C, Sieb JP, Schlotter B, Schoser B, Herrmann R, Voit T, Steinlein OK, Najafi A, Urtizberea A, Soler DM, Muntoni F, Hanna MG, Chaouch A, Straub V, Bushby K, Palace J, Beeson D, Abicht A, Lochmüller H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome with tubular aggregates caused by GFPT1 mutations. J Neurol 2011; 259:838-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Senderek J, Müller JS, Dusl M, Strom TM, Guergueltcheva V, Diepolder I, Laval SH, Maxwell S, Cossins J, Krause S, Muelas N, Vilchez JJ, Colomer J, Mallebrera CJ, Nascimento A, Nafissi S, Kariminejad A, Nilipour Y, Bozorgmehr B, Najmabadi H, Rodolico C, Sieb JP, Steinlein OK, Schlotter B, Schoser B, Kirschner J, Herrmann R, Voit T, Oldfors A, Lindbergh C, Urtizberea A, von der Hagen M, Hübner A, Palace J, Bushby K, Straub V, Beeson D, Abicht A, Lochmüller H. Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway mutations cause neuromuscular transmission defect. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:162-72. [PMID: 21310273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are synapses that transmit impulses from motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibers leading to muscle contraction. Study of hereditary disorders of neuromuscular transmission, termed congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS), has helped elucidate fundamental processes influencing development and function of the nerve-muscle synapse. Using genetic linkage, we find 18 different biallelic mutations in the gene encoding glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) in 13 unrelated families with an autosomal recessive CMS. Consistent with these data, downregulation of the GFPT1 ortholog gfpt1 in zebrafish embryos altered muscle fiber morphology and impaired neuromuscular junction development. GFPT1 is the key enzyme of the hexosamine pathway yielding the amino sugar UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, an essential substrate for protein glycosylation. Our findings provide further impetus to study the glycobiology of NMJ and synapses in general.
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Prodinger PM, Sarbia M, Massmann J, Straka C, Meyer G, Steinlein OK. Gorlin syndrome associated with small bowel carcinoma and mesenchymal proliferation of the gastrointestinal tract: case report and review of literature. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:360. [PMID: 20609239 PMCID: PMC2912266 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Case Presentation A patient with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome) presented with two unusual clinical features, i.e. adenocarcinoma of the small bowel and extensive mesenchymal proliferation of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Conclusions We discuss the possibility that these two features are pathogenetically linked to the formerly undescribed patient's PTCH germ line mutation.
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Steinlein OK. Gene polymorphisms and their role in epilepsy treatment and prognosis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 382:109-18. [PMID: 20556360 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human genome carries an enormous number of genetic variants, many of them of functional consequence. In epilepsy, they are likely to be involved in drug-specific treatment efficacy, unwanted or even toxic drug reactions, teratogenic risks in pregnancy as well as in the long-term prognosis of patients with epilepsy. As in many other disorders with a complex genetic background, the associated genetic variants that could be verified successfully in replication studies are still only a few. However, new techniques and improved research strategies are likely to increase their number in the foreseeable future, although at a much slower pace as initially expected.
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Steinlein OK, Bertrand D. Nicotinic receptor channelopathies and epilepsy. Pflugers Arch 2009; 460:495-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hoda JC, Wanischeck M, Bertrand D, Steinlein OK. Pleiotropic functional effects of the first epilepsy-associated mutation in the humanCHRNA2gene. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1599-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Steinlein OK, Bertrand D. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from the genetic analysis to neurological diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1175-83. [PMID: 18691557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated channels that mediate, in the peripheral nervous system, fast neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction and in ganglia. Widely expressed in the central nervous system neuronal nAChRs are thought to contribute both to neurotransmission and modulation of neuronal activity. To date, eleven genes encoding for these receptors have been identified in the mammalian genome and their structure is well conserved throughout evolution. Progresses made in the field of genetics and the identification of a large number of small genetic variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms raise new questions about the physiologic and pharmacologic consequences of such variations. The finding of associations between polymorphisms in the genes encoding for the neuronal nAChRs and neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease illustrate the importance of getting a better understanding of these receptors from the gene to function. In this work we present an overview over the progress that has been made in understanding the role of nAChR genes in monogenic disorders such as familial epilepsy, and review the latest knowledge about genetic variants of the nAChR genes and their relationship with common disorders and behavioural traits of complex etiology.
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Seidel H, Steinlein OK. Compound heterozygosity for three common MEFV mutations in a highly consanguineous family with familial Mediterranean fever. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:827-8. [PMID: 17676340 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Consanguinity is not the only factor influencing the occurrence of autosomal recessive disorders such as familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). The extended, multiple consanguineous Turkish pedigree presented here demonstrates that the population frequency of certain mutations (so-called "ancient" mutations) can be at least equally important. In high-risk populations different combinations of mutations can occur within the same family, increasing not only the intrafamilial clinical variability, but also causing considerable recurrence risks even in marriages with unrelated spouses.
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Abstract
The term “epilepsy” describes a heterogeneous group of disorders, most of them caused by interactions between several or even many genes and environmental factors. Much rarer are the genetic epilepsies that are due to single-gene mutations or defined structural chromosomal aberrations, such as microdeletions. The discovery of several of the genes underlying these rare genetic epilepsies has already considerably contributed to our understanding of the basic mechanisms epileptogenesis. The progress made in the last 15 years in the genetics of epilepsy is providing new possibilities for diagnosis and therapy. Here, different genetic epilepsies are reviewed as examples, to demonstrate the various pathways that can lead from genes to seizures.
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Hoda JC, Gu W, Friedli M, Phillips HA, Bertrand S, Antonarakis SE, Goudie D, Roberts R, Scheffer IE, Marini C, Patel J, Berkovic SF, Mulley JC, Steinlein OK, Bertrand D. Human Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Pharmocogenomic Profiles of Pathogenic Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor β-Subunit Mutations outside the Ion Channel Pore. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:379-91. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.044545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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