26
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Evans OB, Hanson RR, Snead OC. The primary generalized epilepsies of childhood. Semin Neurol 1988; 8:12-23. [PMID: 3064221 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1041352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Primos W, Bhatnager A, Bishop P, Evans OB. Acute metabolic acidosis due to ibuprofen overdose. JOURNAL OF THE MISSISSIPPI STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1987; 28:233-4. [PMID: 3669074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage and formation of intracranial aneurysms occurred in an adolescent with recurrent atrial myxomas without a history of cerebral embolic infarction. Myxomatous intracranial aneurysm is a potentially lethal complication in children.
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29
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Abstract
Calcification of cervical intervertebral discs in children is due to an uncommon, but distinct, disease of unknown etiology. Signs and symptoms of nerve root or spinal cord compression are unusual and acute symptoms are followed by a benign course and spontaneous recovery. We describe a 5-year-old patient with symptomatic cervical disc calcification and discuss the relevant clinical and radiographic features.
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30
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31
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Bobo H, Miller JD, Evans OB, Kapp JP. Delayed intracerebral hematoma at the site of a subarachnoid bolt pressure monitor. Case report. J Neurosurg 1986; 64:673-5. [PMID: 3950752 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1986.64.4.0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The authors report development of a delayed intracerebral hematoma following use of a subarachnoid bolt for intracranial pressure monitoring. This complication has not been previously reported.
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32
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Abstract
Insulin binding was measured in rat muscle following denervation. There was a 40% reduction in the number of high-affinity insulin receptors, with no change in the insulin binding Kd. Selected muscles showed a 40%-60% reduction in weight during this period. The down-regulation in the number of insulin receptors may contribute to the mechanism of muscle atrophy following denervation.
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33
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Abstract
Lactic acidosis is associated with both inherited and acquired metabolic diseases. Lactic acid metabolism in the presence of altered gluconeogenesis, anaerobic glycolysis, and acid-base balance is a major factor in many disorders. Lactic acid can be formed only from pyruvic acid; therefore, disorders that increase pyruvate concentration, enhance lactic acid formation, or reduce lactic acid degradation cause lactic acidosis. Inborn metabolic errors that are accompanied by derangement of metabolic pathways of glucose, pyruvate, amino acids, and organic acids as well as toxic and systemic conditions that promote tissue hypoxia or mitochondrial injury result in lactic acidosis. In the presence of acquired disorders, treatment is directed initially toward modification or cure of the primary condition and then toward eliminating acidosis and other metabolic complications. Specific therapy is available for some inborn errors of metabolism.
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34
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Abstract
Lactic acidosis accompanies many acquired and inherited metabolic diseases. The role of lactic acid in anaerobic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and acid-base balance is key to the understanding of these disorders. Because lactic acid can be formed only from pyruvic acid, disorders which increase pyruvate production, inhibit its catabolism, or shift the equilibrium toward lactic acid formation cause lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis results from systemic diseases and toxins which produce tissue hypoxia or mitochondrial injury. Abnormalities of other metabolites such as glucose, pyruvate, amino acids, and organic acids may provide clues to inborn metabolic errors. Treatment must first be directed toward removing precipitating causes of the acquired disorders and then toward correcting the acidosis and other metabolic complications such as hypoglycemia. Some of the inborn errors respond to specific therapies.
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35
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36
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Atkinson JB, Evans OB, Ellison RS, Netsky MG. Ischemia of the brain stem as a cause of sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984; 108:341-2. [PMID: 6546678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is related to abnormal control of respiration. Focal morphologic changes have not been noted. In a case of SIDS, ischemic degeneration was noted bilaterally in the medulla, particularly in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Pathologic changes were not found elsewhere in the CNS. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a focal brain-stem lesion in SIDS that had enough of a role in altered respiratory control to cause death.
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37
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Saito A, Mrak RE, Evans OB, Fleischer S. Glycogen-membrane complexes in denervated human skeletal muscle. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1984; 86:149-61. [PMID: 6737563 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(84)80054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe an unusual intracellular complex of glycogen with smooth, cisternal, cytoplasmic membranes (glycogen-membrane complexes, GMC) in denervated human skeletal muscle. Glycogen particles were always intimately associated with these structures, although the staining intensity varied markedly with different fixation conditions. This may account for previous investigations of similar structures in which an association with glycogen was not recognized. Electron micrographs of tannic acid-enhanced specimens, and of freeze-fracture replicas, showed similarities between the GMCs and the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum: (i) GMCs resembled the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the size and asymmetric distribution of intramembranous particles seen in freeze-fracture replicas; (ii) tannic acid-enhanced thin sections of GMCs showed intense staining of the cisternal contents and irregular staining of the cytoplasmic leaflet, similar to the appearance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum terminal cisternae; and (iii) triad-like junctions were seen between the glycogen-membrane complexes and elements of the transverse tubule system.
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38
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Abstract
Muscle pyruvate metabolism was studied in rats following sciatic nerve crush. Control studies showed high pyruvate dehydrogenase and lipoamide dehydrogenase enzyme activity in muscle with type 1 fiber predominance (soleus) and low activities in muscle with type 2 fiber predominance (extensor digitorum longus), whereas lactate dehydrogenase was much higher in the latter. Following denervation, both muscles showed a significant reduction in pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. During reinnervation, muscle with type 2 predominance developed significantly elevated pyruvate oxidation enzyme activities.
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39
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Abstract
The activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) by dichloroacetate (DCA) was studied in brain tissue. Chronic administration of DCA to rats caused no significant change of PDHC activation in brain. DCA brain concentrations were comparable to those of other tissues in which activation is known to occur. No effect of DCA on PDHC could be demonstrated from isolated brain mitochondria, whereas DCA reversed the deactivation of PDHC by ATP, alpha-ketoglutarate plus malate, and succinate in liver mitochondria. This study suggests that the regulation of PDHC activation in neural tissue differs from that in other tissues.
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40
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Abstract
Muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) activity was studied in 70 patients with different neuromuscular disorders. Children had higher total PDHC and lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD) activities than adults. There were no significant differences in muscle PDHC activity in patients with Friedreich ataxia, patients with other ataxias, or age-matched controls. Kinetic analysis of LAD showed no differences in Km for lipoamide between Friedreich ataxia patients and controls.
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41
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Slonim AE, Coleman RA, McElligot MA, Najjar J, Hirschhorn K, Labadie GU, Mrak R, Evans OB, Shipp E, Presson R. Improvement of muscle function in acid maltase deficiency by high-protein therapy. Neurology 1983; 33:34-8. [PMID: 6401355 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.33.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive muscle weakness in acid maltase deficiency (AMD) is associated with intralysosomal accumulation of glycogen and altered myofibrillar morphology. A rapid fall in circulating branched chain amino acids after protein ingestion in a child with AMD suggested that increased net muscle protein catabolism may play a part in the pathogenesis of this condition. To reduce this muscle catabolism, the patient was treated with a high-protein diet for 12 months. This has reversed the weakness and wasting, with improvement in muscle function, exercise tolerance, and growth.
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42
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Mrak RE, Saito A, Evans OB, Fleischer S. Autophagic degradation in human skeletal muscle target fibers. Muscle Nerve 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.880050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Sul YC, Mrak RE, Evans OB, Fenichel GM. Neurogenic arthrogryposis in one identical twin. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 1982; 39:717-8. [PMID: 6889849 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1982.00510230043012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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44
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Evans OB. Dichloroacetate tissue concentrations and its relationship to hypolactatemia and pyruvate dehydrogenase activation. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31:3124-6. [PMID: 7150337 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Following a single oral dose of DCA to laboratory rats, peak hepatic tissue DCA concentration occurred at 3 hr. When given chronically for 7 days, DCA caused activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which returned to basal activity 24 hr following the final dose. Hepatic tissue DCA concentrations were maximally increased at 3 hr following the final dose, and the drug was eliminated slowly over 72 hr with a half-life of 9.74 hr. Liver and muscle showed similar DCA tissue concentrations following chronic administration.
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45
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Slonim AE, Weisberg C, Benke P, Evans OB, Burr IM. Reversal of debrancher deficiency myopathy by the use of high-protein nutrition. Ann Neurol 1982; 11:420-2. [PMID: 7049057 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A child with debrancher deficiency presented with myopathy, recurrent hypoglycemia, and growth failure. Evidence for enhanced gluconeogenesis was demonstrated by low postabsorptive gluconeogenic plasma amino acids, a marked fall in alanine during fasting, and a substantial rise in plasma glucose following protein ingestion. The patient was treated with high-protein nocturnal intragastric therapy, which resulted in marked improvement in exercise tolerance, muscle strength and mass, electromyographic findings, and growth.
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46
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Evans OB, Stacpoole PW. Prolonged hypolactatemia and increased total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by dichloroacetate. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31:1295-300. [PMID: 7092922 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) given gastrically as a single dose to healthy, fed rats caused transient lowering of blood glucose, lactate, and pyruvate. Chronic daily dosing caused lowering of these metabolites and a delay in the return of lactate to basal levels for 48 hr after the final dose. DCA caused activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), with acute multiple dosing or chronic daily dosing. The elevated active PDHC persisted for 12 hr following the final dose. In addition, total PDHC activity was increased with chronic dosing and persisted for 48 hr following the final dose. This increase was not blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors. DCA increased isolated hepatocyte [14C-1]pyruvate oxidation and activated hepatocyte PDHC. Glyoxylate and oxalate, hepatic metabolites of DCA, were inhibitory at similar concentrations.
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47
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Evans OB. Pyruvate decarboxylase deficiency in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 1981; 38:515-9. [PMID: 7247788 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1981.00510080077012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A partial deficiency of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) was demonstrated in a child with hyperlactatemia and progressive ataxia, bulbar paresis, ophthalmoplegia, and polyneuropathy. Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) was found at necropsy. The association of SNE and PDC deficiency has been reported rarely, but a review of the diverse metabolic defects associated with SNE suggests that decreased PDC activity may be the common feature of SNE.
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48
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49
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Evans OB, Stacpoole PW. Brief treatment with dichloroacetate does not modify suspected subacute necrotizing encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol 1980; 8:647-8. [PMID: 7212661 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410080628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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50
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Evans OB. Polyneuropathy in childhood. Pediatrics 1979; 64:96-105. [PMID: 450571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyneuropathy is an uncommon neurologic disorder that occurs in childhood. An evaluation of 61 patients over a period of seven years showed the Guillain-Barré syndrome and degenerative polyneuropathies to be the most common diagnoses. Other etiologies included metabolic, toxic, and neuropathies associated with systemic diseases. A group of idiopathic neuropathies was identified in which an unusual finding was a large subgroup of children with chronic or progressive central nervous system disease.
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