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Robinson K, Anthony K, Leighton P, Gladman JR, Gordon A, Harwood RH, Logan P, Masud T. 72 * DEVELOPING A CHAIR BASED EXERCISE PROGRAMME FOR OLDER PEOPLE: A DELPHI STUDY. Age Ageing 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afu133.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Van der Wardt V, Patel D, Gondek D, Pollock K, Logan P, Das Nair R, Harwood R. P492: Systematic review into motivational strategies that support adherence to exercise for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Eur Geriatr Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-7649(14)70657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Anand V, Ong T, Bicker A, Walker G, Logan P, Sahota O. P247: PHYsical activity Study of older people In hospital: a Cross-sectional analysis using AcceLerometers (PHYSICAL). Eur Geriatr Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-7649(14)70419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Van der Wardt V, Logan P, Masud T, Harwood R. P495: The relationship between executive function and falls risk in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early stage dementia. Eur Geriatr Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-7649(14)70660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vlachopoulou M, Coughlin D, Forrow D, Kirk S, Logan P, Voulvoulis N. The potential of using the Ecosystem Approach in the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:684-94. [PMID: 24176715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Ecosystem Approach provides a framework for looking at whole ecosystems in decision making to ensure that society can maintain a healthy and resilient natural environment now and for future generations. Although not explicitly mentioned in the Water Framework Directive, the Ecosystem Approach appears to be a promising concept to help its implementation, on the basis that there is a connection between the aims and objectives of the Directive (including good ecological status) and the provision of ecosystem services. In this paper, methodological linkages between the Ecosystem Approach and the Water Framework Directive have been reviewed and a framework is proposed that links its implementation to the Ecosystem Approach taking into consideration all ecosystem services and water management objectives. Individual River Basin Management Plan objectives are qualitatively assessed as to how strong their link is with individual ecosystem services. The benefits of using this approach to provide a preliminary assessment of how it could support future implementation of the Directive have been identified and discussed. Findings also demonstrate its potential to encourage more systematic and systemic thinking as it can provide a consistent framework for identifying shared aims and evaluating alternative water management scenarios and options in decision making. Allowing for a broad consideration of the benefits, costs and tradeoffs that occur in each case, this approach can further improve the economic case for certain measures, and can also help restore the shift in focus from strict legislative compliance towards a more holistic implementation that can deliver the wider aims and intentions of the Directive.
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Darby J, Edmans J, Logan P, Gladman J. The acute medical unit: Narratives of older people and their carers about the hospital stay and resettlement experience. Eur Geriatr Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2013.07.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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McGhee DJM, Royle PL, Counsell CE, Abbas A, Sethi P, Manku L, Narayan A, Clegg K, Bardai A, Brown SHM, Hafeez U, Abdelhafiz AH, McGovern A, Breckenridge A, Seenan P, Samani A, Das S, Khan S, Puffett AJ, Morgan J, Ross G, Cantlay A, Khan N, Bhalla A, Sweeting M, Nimmo CAMD, Fleet J, Igbedioh C, Harari D, Downey CL, Handforth C, Stothard C, Cracknell A, Barnes C, Shaw L, Bainbridge L, Crabtree L, Clark T, Root S, Aitken E, Haroon K, Sudlow M, Hanley K, Welsh S, Hill E, Falconer A, Miller H, Martin B, Tidy E, Pendlebury S, Thompson S, Burnett E, Taylor H, Lonan J, Adler B, McCallion J, Sykes E, Bancroft R, Tullo ES, Young TJ, Clift E, Flavin B, Roberts HC, Sayer AA, Belludi G, Aithal S, Verma A, Singh I, Barne M, Wilkinson I, Sakoane R, Singh N, Wilkinson I, Cottee M, Irani TS, Martinovic O, Abdulla AJJ, Irani TS, Abdulla AJJ, Riglin J, Husk J, Lowe D, Treml J, Vasilakis JN, Buttery A, Reid J, Healy P, Grant-Casey J, Pendry K, Richards J, Singh A, Jarrett D, Hewitt J, Slevin J, Barwell G, Youde J, Kennedy C, Romero-Ortuno R, O'Shea D, Robinson D, O'Shea D, Kenny RA, O'Connell J, Kennedy C, Romero-Ortuno R, O'Shea D, Robinson D, O'Shea D, Robinson D, O'Connell J, Topp JD, Topp JD, Warburton K, Simpson L, Bryce K, Suntharalingam S, Grosser K, D'Silva A, Southern L, Bielawski C, Cook L, Sutton GM, Flanagan L, Storr A, Charlton L, Kerr S, Robinson L, Shaw F, Finch LK, Weerasuriya N, Walker M, Sahota O, Logan P, Brown F, Rossiter F, Baxter M, Mucci E, Brown A, Jackson SHD, de Savary N, Hasan S, Jones H, Birrell J, Hockley J, Hensey N, Meiring R, Athavale N, Simms J, Brown S, West A, Diem P, Simms J, Brown S, West A, Diem P, Davies R, Kings R, Coleman H, Stevens D, Campbell C, Hope S, Morris A, Ong T, Harwood R, Dasgupta D, Mitchell S, Dimmock V, Collin F, Wood E, Green V, Hendrickse-Welsh N, Singh N, Cracknell A, Eccles J, Beezer J, Garside M, Baxter J. Clinical effectiveness. Age Ageing 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/aft016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Falzon K, Galea M, Guerin M, Logan P. Unusual complications associated with maxillary herpes zoster. IRISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 104:58-59. [PMID: 21469268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Fitzsimon JS, Toland J, Phillips J, Logan P, Eustace P. Trends and Developments: Giant Aneurysms in the Cavernous Sinus. Neuroophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/01658109509009644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Murphy D, O'Mahony M, Logan P, Costello R, McElvaney N. Bilateral Pneumothoraces following a Bungee Jump in a Patient with Cystic Fibrosis. Respiration 2006; 73:113. [PMID: 16131787 DOI: 10.1159/000087948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Walker MF, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P, Langhorne P, Dewey M, Corr S, Drummond A, Gilbertson L, Gladman JRF, Jongbloed L, Logan P, Parker C. Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Community Occupational Therapy for Stroke Patients. Stroke 2004; 35:2226-32. [PMID: 15272129 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000137766.17092.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Trials of occupational therapy for stroke patients living in the community have varied in their findings. It is unclear why these discrepancies have occurred. METHODS Trials were identified from searches of the Cochrane Library and other sources. The primary outcome measure was the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL) score at the end of intervention. Secondary outcome measures included the Barthel Index or the Rivermead ADL (Personal ADL), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire (NLQ), and death. Data were analyzed using linear or logistic regression with a random effect for trial and adjustment for age, gender, baseline dependency, and method of follow-up. Subgroup analyses compared any occupational therapy intervention with control. RESULTS We included 8 single-blind randomized controlled trials incorporating 1143 patients. Occupational therapy was associated with higher NEADL scores at the end of intervention (weighted mean difference [WMD], 1.30 points, 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.47 to 2.13) and higher leisure scores at the end of intervention (WMD, 1.51 points; 95% CI, 0.24 to 2.79). Occupational therapy emphasizing activities of daily living (ADL) was associated with improved end of intervention NEADL (WMD, 1.61 points; 95% CI, 0.72 to 2.49) and personal activities of daily living (odds ratio [OR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.91), but not NLQ. Leisure-based occupational therapy improved end of intervention NLQ (WMD, 1.96 points; 95% CI, 0.27 to 3.66) but not NEADL or PADL. CONCLUSIONS Community occupational therapy significantly improved personal and extended activities of daily living and leisure activity in patients with stroke. Better outcomes were found with targeted interventions.
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Simpson T, Spivey C, Logan P, Oh MK. 161 ADOLESCENTS' EXPERIENCES WITH PREVENTIVE CARE. J Investig Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Fahey DK, Fenton S, Mohamed Q, Logan P. Cystinosis, cataract surgery, and corneal erosions. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27:2041-3. [PMID: 11738923 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)00882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 21-year-old man presented with severe corneal cystinosis and steroid-related cataract bilaterally. Rather than combined cataract surgery and penetrating keratoplasty, the patient had uneventful phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation after which visual acuity improved to 66 in both eyes. The outcome indicates that conventional phacoemulsification is sufficient in these cases. A guarded prognosis is advised in patients with cystinosis having cataract surgery as the fundal view is often impaired and there may be associated maculopathy.
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Ashenden MJ, Hahn AG, Martin DT, Logan P, Parisotto R, Gore CJ. A comparison of the physiological response to simulated altitude exposure and r-HuEpo administration. J Sports Sci 2001; 19:831-7. [PMID: 11695504 DOI: 10.1080/026404101753113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about the morality of using simulated altitude facilities in an attempt to improve athletic performance. One assumption that has been influential in this debate is the belief that altitude houses simply mimic the physiological effects of illegal recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEpo) doping. To test the validity of this assumption, the haematological and physiological responses of 23 well-trained athletes exposed to a simulated altitude of 2650-3000 m for 11-23 nights were contrasted with those of healthy volunteers receiving a low dose (150 IU x kg(-1) per week) of r-HuEpo for 25 days. Serial blood samples were analysed for serum erythropoietin and percent reticulocytes; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was assessed before and after r-HuEpo administration or simulated altitude exposure. The group mean increase in serum erythropoietin (422% for r-HuEpo vs 59% for simulated altitude), percent reticulocytes (89% vs 30%) and VO2max (6.6% vs -2.0%) indicated that simulated altitude did not induce the changes obtained with r-HuEpo administration. Based on the disparity of these responses, we conclude that simulated altitude facilities should not be considered unethical based solely on the tenet that they provide an alternative means of obtaining the benefits sought by illegal r-HuEpo doping.
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Slater G, Jenkins D, Logan P, Lee H, Vukovich M, Rathmacher JA, Hahn AG. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation does not affect changes in strength or body composition during resistance training in trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001; 11:384-96. [PMID: 11599506 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.11.3.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This investigation evaluated the effects of oral beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on training responses in resistance-trained male athletes who were randomly administered HMB in standard encapsulation (SH), HMB in time release capsule (TRH), or placebo (P) in a double-blind fashion. Subjects ingested 3 g x day(-1) of HMB or placebo for 6 weeks. Tests were conducted pre-supplementation and following 3 and 6 weeks of supplementation. The testing battery assessed body mass, body composition (using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and 3-repetition maximum isoinertial strength, plus biochemical parameters, including markers of muscle damage and muscle protein turnover. While the training and dietary intervention of the investigation resulted in significant strength gains (p < .001) and an increase in total lean mass (p = .01), HMB administration had no influence on these variables. Likewise, biochemical markers of muscle protein turnover and muscle damage were also unaffected by HMB supplementation. The data indicate that 6 weeks of HMB supplementation in either SH or TRH form does not influence changes in strength and body composition in response to resistance training in strength-trained athletes.
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Logan P, Clarke S. Nutritional and medical therapy for dyslipidemia in patients with cardiovascular disease. AACN CLINICAL ISSUES 2001; 12:40-52. [PMID: 11288327 DOI: 10.1097/00044067-200102000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for the progression of cardiovascular disease, particularly when associated with other risk factors. An understanding of the pathophysiology and risks for patients with atherosclerotic diseases of undertreated dyslipidemia is essential for the healthcare provider. In this article, a review of epidemiologic data regarding the role of lipid levels in cardiovascular disease prognosis is presented. A familiarity with current dietary and drug treatment of lipid disorders is at the core of an evidence-based approach to dyslipidemia management in the patient with established cardiovascular diseases.
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Mulhern MG, Aduriz-Lorenzo PM, Rawluk D, Viani L, Eustace P, Logan P. Ocular complications of acoustic neuroma surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83:1389-92. [PMID: 10574820 PMCID: PMC1722881 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.83.12.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyse the risk factors involved in the development of ocular complications after acoustic neuroma resection, in particular corneal complications and visual loss, and to identify measures that may reduce these. METHODS 62 patients who underwent surgery for acoustic neuroma had a standardised ophthalmic examination and retrospective case note review. RESULTS At final review (mean 37.6 months), although 38 patients reported ocular symptoms, only 22% saw 6/12 or worse. Patients with hypoaesthetic corneas had a higher incidence of corneal pathology (79%) than those with normal sensation (39%). Lagophthalmos increased the incidence of corneal pathology (to 80%); in those with normal closure, the incidence was only 46%. 20 patients required at least one ophthalmic surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS After acoustic neuroma resection patients place a considerable burden on the ophthalmologist. Immediate referral postoperatively, and frequent review of those with abnormal sensation may reduce the severity of long term ocular complications.
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Logan P, Sacks JJ, Branche CM, Ryan GW, Bender P. Alcohol-influenced recreational boat operation in the United States, 1994. Am J Prev Med 1999; 16:278-82. [PMID: 10493282 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-3797(99)00022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There were 783 recreational boating fatalities in the United States in 1994. One contributor to this toll is alcohol-influenced operation of boats. Our study objective was to determine the prevalence of alcohol-influenced motor boat operation, and describe its relationship to demographic factors and other risk behaviors. METHODS In 1994, a randomly dialed national telephone survey contacted 5238 adult respondents who reported on their operation of motor boats, alcohol use, and other potential injury risk behaviors. Data were weighted to obtain national estimates and percentages. RESULTS Of 597 respondents who operated a motor boat in 1994, 31% (206 respondents) reported doing so at least once while alcohol-influenced. Alcohol-influenced operation of a motor boat was significantly more likely among males, individuals between 25 and 34 years of age, and those with greater than a college education. Alcohol-influenced motor boat operation was also more common among those who drove motor vehicles while alcohol-influenced, and those who drove a motor vehicle without using a seat belt. CONCLUSIONS To decrease alcohol-influenced boating, new strategies should be developed. Strategies used to decrease drinking and driving motor vehicles may prove adaptable to preventing alcohol-influenced boating. More effective means of monitoring alcohol-influenced boating is needed. Alcohol use by passengers on boats should not be overlooked as a problem.
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Moshirfar A, Showers D, Logan P, Esterhai JL. Orthotic management for posttraumatic nonunion of the tibia complicated by osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999:106-9. [PMID: 10101315 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-199903000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Frequently, patients undergoing complex bone reconstructions for the treatment of osteomyelitis complicating tibial nonunion require extended exoskeletal support. Once the need for strict, continuous cast immobilization has passed, the patient can be fitted with a removable orthosis. Although prefabricated ankle foot orthoses are available, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the sophisticated new custom orthotic options available to the physician for the patient. Difficult to fit limbs now can be accommodated. Access to a skilled orthotist is the sine qua non of success.
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Moshirfar A, Showers D, Logan P, Esterhai JL. Prosthetic options for below knee amputations after osteomyelitis and nonunion of the tibia. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999:110-21. [PMID: 10101316 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-199903000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Below the knee amputation after trauma is an appropriate option for many patients with recalcitrant infection and nonunion of the tibia. Patients who have had transtibial amputations have lower energy expenditure, heart rate, and oxygen cost when ambulating with their prostheses than when using a three-point gait with crutches without their artificial limb. Innovative prosthetists have improved each of the five essential components of the limb amputated below the knee: socket, insert, shaft and pylon, foot and ankle assembly, and suspension system. Prosthetists are integral members of the patient's healthcare team. Their recommendations and direct patient care are essential to optimizing the functional ability of patients who have had amputations.
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Gelmon KA, Tolcher A, Diab AR, Bally MB, Embree L, Hudon N, Dedhar C, Ayers D, Eisen A, Melosky B, Burge C, Logan P, Mayer LD. Phase I study of liposomal vincristine. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:697-705. [PMID: 10080616 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.2.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A phase I study of vincristine encapsulated inside 120-nm-diameter distearoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol liposomes was performed. The primary objectives were to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), recommended phase II dose, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of liposomal vincristine (ONCO-TCS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with histologically confirmed malignancies were enrolled and assessable. Vincristine doses were increased from 0.5 mg/m2 to 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.4, and 2.8 mg/m2 with cohorts of three or more patients per dose level. A total of 64 courses of ONCO-TCS were administered intravenously once every 3 weeks. The pharmacokinetics of total vincristine content in plasma were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. RESULTS Patients were treated with vincristine doses up to 2.8 mg/m2; however, 2.4 mg/m2 was defined as the MTD and 2.0 mg/m2 as the phase II recommended dose. Pain and obstipation were the dose-limiting toxicites. Other toxicities were fever, rigors, fatigue, myalgias, and peripheral neuropathy. Hematologic toxicity was mild. All patients who were treated with doses above 1.5 mg/m2 received in excess of 2.0 mg of vincristine, with doses as high as 6.2 mg. One partial response was seen in a patient with pancreatic cancer. Tumor response not meeting partial response criteria was seen in two other patients. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed significantly elevated concentrations of total vincristine, but parameters varied and were not directly correlated with toxicity or response. CONCLUSION The ability to administer elevated doses of vincristine, as well as indications of efficacy, suggests that ONCO-TCS warrants further clinical investigation in a phase II setting.
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Webb MS, Logan P, Kanter PM, St-Onge G, Gelmon K, Harasym T, Mayer LD, Bally MB. Preclinical pharmacology, toxicology and efficacy of sphingomyelin/cholesterol liposomal vincristine for therapeutic treatment of cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998; 42:461-70. [PMID: 9788572 DOI: 10.1007/s002800050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the pharmacodynamic relationships between drug biodistribution and drug toxicity/efficacy, a comprehensive preclinical evaluation of sphingomyelin/cholesterol (SM/chol) liposomal vincristine and unencapsulated vincristine in mice was undertaken. METHODS Pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of unencapsulated vincristine and liposomal vincristine at drug/lipid ratios of 0.05 or 0.10 (wt/wt) were evaluated for toxicity, antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration. RESULTS Mice given liposomal vincristine at 2 mg/kg vincristine had concentrations of vincristine in blood and plasma at least two orders of magnitude greater then those achieved after an identical dose of unencapsulated drug. One day after administration of the liposomal vincristine, there were at least tenfold greater drug quantities, relative to unencapsulated vincristine, in the axillary lymph nodes, heart, inguinal lymph nodes, kidney, liver, skin, small intestines and spleen. Increased plasma and tissue exposure to vincristine as a result of encapsulation in SM/chol liposomes was not associated with increased drug toxicities. Treatment of the murine P388 ascitic tumor with a single intravenous dose of unencapsulated drug at 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg, initiated 1 day after tumor cell inoculation, resulted in a 33 to 38% increase in lifespan. In contrast, long-term survival rates of 50% or more were achieved in all groups treated with the SM/chol liposomal vincristine formulations at doses of 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg. At the 4 mg/kg dose, eight of ten and nine of ten animals survived past day 60 when treated with SM/chol liposomal vincristine prepared at the 0.05 and 0.1 drug/lipid ratios, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, increased and prolonged plasma concentrations of vincristine achieved by liposomal encapsulation were correlated with dramatically increased antitumor activity in comparison with the unencapsulated drug, but no correlations could be established between pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity.
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Logan P, Branche CM, Sacks JJ, Ryan G, Peddicord J. Childhood drownings and fencing of outdoor pools in the United States, 1994. Pediatrics 1998; 101:E3. [PMID: 9606245 DOI: 10.1542/peds.101.6.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of proper fencing around outdoor swimming pools among US households and to describe this fencing in relation to demographic and other household factors. To estimate the number of drownings among children <5 years of age that might be prevented by having proper fencing around all residential pools in the United States. METHODS A 1994, randomly dialed national telephone survey contacted 5238 adults who reported demographic information and household characteristics including whether the household had an outdoor swimming pool and the fencing around the pool. Data were weighted to obtain national estimates and percentages. The number of preventable drownings was estimated with a population-attributable risk equation. RESULTS Approximately 18.5 million American households owned or had access to an outdoor swimming pool in 1994, and 76% (13.9 million) of them appeared to have had adequate fencing. Adequate fencing was associated with household income and type of home. We estimate that 19% of pool-related drownings among children <5 years of age in 1994 (88 drownings) might have been prevented if all residential pools in the United States were properly fenced. CONCLUSIONS Adequate pool fencing prevents a child from having access to a swimming pool if a responsible adult is not present and has been promoted as a method to prevent drowning. Our research suggests that even if all residential pools in the United States were properly fenced, most drownings among children <5 years of age would not be prevented. Thus, additional strategies to prevent drowning will be needed.
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Embree L, Gelmon K, Tolcher A, Hudon N, Heggie J, Dedhar C, Logan P, Bally MB, Mayer LD. Pharmacokinetic behavior of vincristine sulfate following administration of vincristine sulfate liposome injection. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998; 41:347-52. [PMID: 9523729 DOI: 10.1007/s002800050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behavior of vincristine sulfate (VINC) following administration of vincristine sulfate liposome injection (VSLI), 0.16 mg/ml, as an intravenous infusion over 60 min in 24 of 25 patients enrolled in a phase I clinical study of this drug is described. Plasma samples for determination of the pharmacokinetic behavior of VINC were collected during the infusion at 15, 30 and 60 min as well as at 2, 4, 8, 12, 48 and 72 h postinfusion. Total VINC concentration was determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay. Patients receiving doses of 0.5 to 1.5 mg/m2 VSLI did not provide useful pharmacokinetic data at late time-points owing to the limit of quantitation of the HPLC assay (28.6 ng/ml). Sufficient concentration-time data were available for seven of the patients receiving doses of VSLI from 2.0 to 2.8 mg/m2 for compartmental modelling. A two-compartment open model (PCNONLIN Model 10) was the best fit for the observed VINC plasma data for these patients. The mean maximum observed concentration values were significantly greater for patients receiving VSLI at 2.8 mg/m2 (2260 +/- 212 ng/ml, n = 2) than for those receiving 2.0 mg/m2 and 2.4 mg/m2 (891 +/- 671 ng/ml, n = 6; 679 +/- 634 ng/ml, n = 6, respectively). No significant differences were observed in maximum concentration values between patients at 2.0 mg/m2 and those at 2.4 mg/m2. A trend towards higher parametric AUC (0 to infinity) values with increasing dose (on a milligram per meter squared basis) was observed but statistical significance was not reached. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic behavior of VSLI observed in this study with nonencapsulated VINC demonstrated that (1) the variability observed for VSLI pharmacokinetic parameters was similar to nonencapsulated VINC, (2) although variability in absolute concentration was observed between patients, the behavior of VSLI in individual patients followed a two- rather than a three-compartment open model, and (3) VINC plasma concentrations were significantly greater following administration of VSLI than described for nonencapsulated VINC. Overall, the results for patients treated with VSLI from 2.0 to 2.8 mg/m2 suggest that this formulation protects VINC from the early phase of rapid elimination seen with nonencapsulated drug, resulting in significantly elevated VINC plasma concentrations over extended periods of time.
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