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Hawkins P, Golledge HDR. The 9 to 5 Rodent - Time for Change? Scientific and animal welfare implications of circadian and light effects on laboratory mice and rats. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 300:20-25. [PMID: 28502554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodents, particularly rats and mice, are the most commonly used laboratory animals and are extensively used in neuroscience research, including as translational models for human disorders. It is common practice to carry out scientific procedures on rats and mice during the daytime, which is the inactive period for these nocturnal species. However, there is increasing evidence for circadian and light-induced effects on rodent physiology and behaviour which may affect the validity of results obtained from mice and rats in neuroscience studies. For example, testing animals during their inactive periods may produce abnormal results due to cognitive deficits, lack of motivation to perform the task or stress from being disturbed during the resting period. In addition, conducting procedures during an animal's resting period may also pose an animal welfare issue, as procedures may be experienced as more stressful than if these were done during the active phase. In this paper we set out the need to consider the impact of time of day and lighting conditions, when scientific procedures or routine husbandry are performed, on both the welfare of mice and rats used in neuroscience research and on data quality. Wherever possible, husbandry and experimental procedures should be conducted at times of day when the animals would be active, and under naturalistic lighting conditions, to minimise stress and maximise data quality and translatability.
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da Silva Filho MI, Försti A, Weinhold N, Meziane I, Campo C, Huhn S, Nickel J, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Jöckel KH, Landi S, Mitchell JS, Johnson D, Morgan GJ, Houlston R, Goldschmidt H, Jauch A, Milani P, Merlini G, Rowcieno D, Hawkins P, Hegenbart U, Palladini G, Wechalekar A, Schönland SO, Hemminki K. Genome-wide association study of immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis in three patient cohorts: comparison with myeloma. Leukemia 2016; 31:1735-1742. [PMID: 28025584 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is characterized by tissue deposition of amyloid fibers derived from immunoglobulin light chain. AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma (MM) originate from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. We wanted to characterize germline susceptibility to AL amyloidosis using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 1229 AL amyloidosis patients from Germany, UK and Italy, and 7526 healthy local controls. For comparison with MM, recent GWAS data on 3790 cases were used. For AL amyloidosis, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 10 loci showed evidence of an association at P<10-5 with homogeneity of results from the 3 sample sets; some of these were previously documented to influence MM risk, including the SNP at the IRF4 binding site. In AL amyloidosis, rs9344 at the splice site of cyclin D1, promoting translocation (11;14), reached the highest significance, P=7.80 × 10-11; the SNP was only marginally significant in MM. SNP rs79419269 close to gene SMARCD3 involved in chromatin remodeling was also significant (P=5.2 × 10-8). These data provide evidence for common genetic susceptibility to AL amyloidosis and MM. Cyclin D1 is a more prominent driver in AL amyloidosis than in MM, but the links to aggregation of light chains need to be demonstrated.
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Hawkins P, Morton DB, Cameron D, Cuthill I, Francis R, Freire R, Gosler A, Healy S, Hudson A, Inglis I, Jones A, Kirkwood J, Lawton M, Monaghan P, Sherwin C, Townsend P. Members of the Joint Working Group on Refinement. Lab Anim 2016. [DOI: 10.1258/0023677011911967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Osborne N, Paull G, Grierson A, Dunford K, Busch-Nentwich EM, Sneddon LU, Wren N, Higgins J, Hawkins P. Report of a Meeting on Contemporary Topics in Zebrafish Husbandry and Care. Zebrafish 2016; 13:584-589. [PMID: 27537782 PMCID: PMC5124746 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A meeting on Contemporary Topics in Zebrafish Husbandry and Care was held in the United Kingdom in 2014, with the aim of providing a discussion forum for researchers, animal technologists, and veterinarians from academia and industry to share good practice and exchange ideas. Presentation topics included protocols for optimal larval rearing, implementing the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) in large-scale colony management, and environmental enrichment. The audience also participated in a survey of current practice relating to practical husbandry, cryopreservation, and the provision of enrichment.
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Smith AJ, Hawkins P. Good Science, Good Sense and Good Sensibilities: The Three Ss of Carol Newton. Animals (Basel) 2016; 6:ani6110070. [PMID: 27845707 PMCID: PMC5126772 DOI: 10.3390/ani6110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Three Rs principle of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement developed by William M. S. Russell and Rex L. Burch in the 1950s has achieved worldwide recognition as a means of reducing the impact of science on animals and improving their welfare. However, application of the Three Rs is still far from universal, and evidence-based methods to implement the Three Rs are still lacking in many areas of laboratory animal science. The purpose of this paper is to create interest in a less well-known but equally useful principle that complements the Three Rs, which was proposed by the American biomathematician Carol M. Newton in the 1970s: the Three Ss-Good Science, Good Sense and Good Sensibilities.
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Hawkins P, Morton DB, Bevan R, Heath K, Kirkwood J, Pearce P, Scott L, Whelan G, Webb A. Husbandry refinements for rats, mice, dogs and non-human primates used in telemetry procedures. Lab Anim 2016; 38:1-10. [PMID: 14979982 DOI: 10.1258/00236770460734335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Morton DB, Hawkins P, Bevan R, Heath K, Kirkwood J, Pearce P, Scott L, Whelan G, Webb A. Refinements in telemetry procedures: Seventh report of BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement, Part A. Lab Anim 2016; 37:261-99. [PMID: 14599304 DOI: 10.1258/002367703322389861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hawkins P, Littlefair P. China's primates: EU can't have it all ways. Nature 2016; 534:179. [DOI: 10.1038/534179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Omoyinmi E, Standing A, Keylock A, Rowczenio D, Melo Gomes S, Cullup T, Jenkins L, Gilmour K, Eleftheriou D, Lachmann H, Hawkins P, Klein N, Brogan P. SAT0010 A Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Gene Panel for Autoinflammation. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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35
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Kuegler A, Schatz S, Vander Beeken S, Jiang D, Rück A, De Geest B, Hawkins P, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Anca S. 736 β 2 integrin-dependent activation of NOX2 oxidase in wound macrophages is required for physiological wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Pepper R, Hutchinson M, Henderson S, Rowczenio D, Hawkins P, Lachmann H. Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) in Familial Mediterranean Fever. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015. [PMCID: PMC4599818 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-p120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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37
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Donnelly O, Youngstein T, Pepper R, Rowczenio D, Hawkins P, Lachmann H. Adult PFAPA - a single centre experience. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015. [PMCID: PMC4599769 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-p176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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38
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Gomes SM, Arostegui J, Omoyinmi E, Standing A, Klein N, Lachmann H, Hawkins P, Brogan P. Whole Exome Sequencing reveals a NLRP3 mutation in exon 5 in a patient with CINCA. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015. [PMCID: PMC4597063 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-p45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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39
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Rowczenio D, Iancu D, Trojer H, Gilbertson J, Gillmore J, Wechalekar A, Tekman M, Stanescu H, Kleta R, Lane T, Hawkins P, Lachmann H. Deletion in MEFV resulting in the loss of p.M694 residue as the cause of autosomal dominant familial Mediterranean fever in North Western European Caucasians - a case series and genetic exploration. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015. [PMCID: PMC4596970 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-o42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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40
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Rowczenio D, Gomes SM, Aróstegui J, Omoyinmi E, Gonzalez-Roca E, Standing A, Eleftheriou D, Klein N, Brogan P, Lachmann H, Hawkins P. Late onset of the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) associated with low level of somatic mosaicism in six patients. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015. [PMCID: PMC4597082 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-p37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Rowczenio D, Trojer H, Baginska A, Gillmore J, Wechalekar A, Hawkins P, Lachmann H. Clinical symptoms and molecular investigations in 13 patients with Schnitzler syndrome identified at the single UK centre. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015. [PMCID: PMC4596996 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-p38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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42
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Standing A, Eleftheriou D, Paisan-Ruiz C, Rowcenzio D, Hong Y, Omoyinmi E, Woo P, Hawkins P, Lachmann H, Klein N, Brogan P. 8th International Congress of Familial Mediterranean Fever and Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015; 13 Suppl 1:O1-P211. [PMID: 26424586 PMCID: PMC4597419 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-o1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hawkins P, Armstrong R, Boden T, Garside P, Knight K, Lilley E, Seed M, Wilkinson M, Williams RO. Applying refinement to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research. Inflammopharmacology 2015; 23:131-50. [PMID: 26168847 PMCID: PMC4508365 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful, chronic disorder and there is currently an unmet need for effective therapies that will benefit a wide range of patients. The research and development process for therapies and treatments currently involves in vivo studies, which have the potential to cause discomfort, pain or distress. This Working Group report focuses on identifying causes of suffering within commonly used mouse and rat ‘models’ of RA, describing practical refinements to help reduce suffering and improve welfare without compromising the scientific objectives. The report also discusses other, relevant topics including identifying and minimising sources of variation within in vivo RA studies, the potential to provide pain relief including analgesia, welfare assessment, humane endpoints, reporting standards and the potential to replace animals in RA research.
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Kuemmerle-Deschner J, Hoffman H, Hawkins P, van der Poll T, Walker U, Speziale A, Tilson H. SAT0524 Evaluation of Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Canakinumab Therapy in Patients with Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome: Results from Beta-Confident Registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Werner RA, Maya Y, Yamane T, Rischpler C, Fukushima K, Chen X, Lapa C, Herrmann K, Higuchi T, Thorn S, Stacy M, Purcell B, Doviak H, Shuman J, Perez E, Burdick J, Spinale F, Sinusas A, Treibel T, Bandula S, Fontana M, White S, Gilbertson J, Punwani S, Gillmore J, Hawkins P, Taylor S, Moon J, Caobelli F, Wollenweber T, Kuehn C, Bavendiek U, Schuetze C, Geworski L, Bauersachs J, Haverich A, Bengel F, Barysheva N, Merkulova I, Shabanova M, Gaman S, Veselova T, Shariya M, Kelion AD, Pakkal M, Chowdhury F, Nagaraj N, Birchall J, Dixon K, Banya W, Mccann G, Gershlick A, Rischpler C, Dirschinger R, Nicolosi S, Kossmann H, Meinicke A, Hanus F, Goetze K, Laugwitz K, Schwaiger M, Nekolla S, Rischpler C, Dirschinger R, Nicolosi S, Kossmann H, Meinicke A, Hanus F, Goetze K, Laugwitz K, Schwaiger M, Nekolla S. Moderated Poster Session 4: Monday 4 May 2015, 15:30-16:30 * Room: Moderated Poster Area. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sidhu M, Gulati A, Hawkins P, Cooper S. P70 Improved Lung Cancer Referral Rates And Early Diagnosis In A District General Hospital. Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lilley E, Hawkins P, Jennings M. A ‘Road Map’ toward Ending Severe Suffering of Animals Used in Research and Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2014; 42:267-72. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ending severe suffering is a desirable goal for both ethical and scientific reasons. The RSPCA has pledged to work toward the end of such suffering for laboratory animals, and in this article we outline a practical approach that establishments can follow to achieve this aim
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Hawkins P. Progress in assessing animal welfare in relation to new legislation: Opportunities for behavioural researchers. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 234:135-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Hawkins P. Refining Housing, Husbandry and Care for Animals Used in Studies Involving Biotelemetry. Animals (Basel) 2014; 4:361-73. [PMID: 26480045 PMCID: PMC4494373 DOI: 10.3390/ani4020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Biotelemetry, the remote detection and measurement of an animal function or activity, is widely used in animal research. Biotelemetry devices transmit physiological or behavioural data and may be surgically implanted into animals, or externally attached. This can help to reduce animal numbers and improve welfare, e.g., if animals can be group housed and move freely instead of being tethered to a recording device. However, biotelemetry can also cause pain and distress to animals due to surgery, attachment, single housing and long term laboratory housing. This article explains how welfare and science can be improved by avoiding or minimising these harms. Abstract Biotelemetry can contribute towards reducing animal numbers and suffering in disciplines including physiology, pharmacology and behavioural research. However, the technique can also cause harm to animals, making biotelemetry a ‘refinement that needs refining’. Current welfare issues relating to the housing and husbandry of animals used in biotelemetry studies are single vs. group housing, provision of environmental enrichment, long term laboratory housing and use of telemetered data to help assess welfare. Animals may be singly housed because more than one device transmits on the same wavelength; due to concerns regarding damage to surgical sites; because they are wearing exteriorised jackets; or if monitoring systems can only record from individually housed animals. Much of this can be overcome by thoughtful experimental design and surgery refinements. Similarly, if biotelemetry studies preclude certain enrichment items, husbandry refinement protocols can be adapted to permit some environmental stimulation. Nevertheless, long-term laboratory housing raises welfare concerns and maximum durations should be defined. Telemetered data can be used to help assess welfare, helping to determine endpoints and refine future studies. The above measures will help to improve data quality as well as welfare, because experimental confounds due to physiological and psychological stress will be minimised.
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Carr A, Pelayo A, Gilmore J, Hawkins P, Reilly M. P51 Neuropathy phenotype in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(14)70067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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