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Prasad P, Singh N, Das B, Raisuddin S, Dudeja M, Rastogi S. Differential expression of superoxide dismutases in early aborters infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Singh N, Prasad P, Das B, Rastogi S. Recurrent spontaneous abortion: Significance of early non-invasive detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Saklani K, Singh S, Purohit VK, Prasad P, Nautiyal AR. In vitro propagation of Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum): a biotechnological approach for conservation. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 21:611-5. [PMID: 26600688 PMCID: PMC4646877 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-015-0316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The species Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Rudraksha) is a religious, medicinally important threatened tree of India. An efficient micropropagation protocol has been developed from nodal explants of this plant species collected from north-east India for large scale production of planting material at favourable sites within the country. Best shoot initiation occurred in MS medium supplemented with 2.2μM BA+2.2μM Kn in combination. Addition of Casein Hydrolysate (CH) (100mg/L) increased the shoot number. Microshoots excised and subcultured in 2.0μM BA further enhanced growth and multiplication. The shoot cultures were maintained in this concentration for 2years with subculturing at 6weeks interval. MS medium containing 5.0μM NAA was most effective for rooting. Successfully acclimatized plants (80%) showed normal growth under suitable habitat conditions.
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Prasad P, Gounder S, Varman S, Viney K. Sputum smear conversion and treatment outcomes for tuberculosis patients with and without diabetes in Fiji. Public Health Action 2015; 4:159-63. [PMID: 26400803 DOI: 10.5588/pha.14.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTINGS Three tuberculosis (TB) treatment centres under the Fiji National Tuberculosis Programme. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among TB patients for the period 2010-2012, and to evaluate sputum smear conversion and anti-tuberculosis treatment outcomes, comparing patients with and without DM. DESIGN A retrospective descriptive study using routinely collected data from the TB register and in-patient folders. RESULTS Of 577 TB patients identified, information on DM was available for 567 (98%), of whom 68 (12%) had DM. Smear status at 2 months was available for 254 (82%) patients with sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB. The sputum smear conversion rate (from positive to negative) was equivalent in TB patients with and without DM (78% vs. 80%, P = 0.66). Anti-tuberculosis treatment outcome information was available for 462 patients; the difference in outcome comparing successfully treated patients with those unsuccessfully treated was not statistically significant (91% in TB patients with DM vs. 84% in TB patients without DM, P = 0.06). CONCLUSION DM is common among TB patients in Fiji. Sputum smear conversion rates were not different in TB patients with and without DM; no difference in treatment success between the two groups was observed.
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Prasad P, Clout C, Lorenz E, Harrison BJ, Balasubramanian SP. Incidentalomas during imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism--incidence and clinical outcomes. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:272. [PMID: 26376643 PMCID: PMC4573950 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imaging for pre-operative localisation of parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism is now routine. This has led to the detection of incidental lesions (incidentalomas) in other organs, the nature of which is not well characterised. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, characteristics and outcomes in patients who had incidental findings on parathyroid imaging. Methods Records of patients who underwent imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism over 2 years were reviewed to identify incidental lesions detected on parathyroid imaging. Patients with persistent or renal hyperparathyroidism were excluded. Details on the management of detected incidentalomas were obtained from patient records. Results Incidentalomas were identified in 17 of 170 patients (10 %) undergoing parathyroid imaging. Incidentalomas included thyroid (n = 11), breast (n = 3), lateral compartment of the neck (n = 1), lung (n = 1) and clavicle (n = 1). However, no disease of clinical significance needing treatment was detected on further investigation. Conclusions Although a significant proportion of patients undergoing parathyroid imaging had incidental lesions detected, these seem to be of little clinical significance. The morbidity and cost of further interventions on these incidentalomas need to be weighed against the benefits of routine imaging in improving outcomes of first-time surgery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Ramireddy RR, Prasad P, Finne A, Thayumanavan S. Zwitterionic Amphiphilic Homopolymer Assemblies. Polym Chem 2015; 6:6083-6087. [PMID: 26779289 PMCID: PMC4713042 DOI: 10.1039/c5py00879d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic amphiphilic homopolymers can be conveniently prepared in one-pot using activated ester-based polymer precursors. We show that these zwitterionic polymers can (i) spontaneously self-assemble to form micelle-like and inverse micelle-like assemblies depending on the solvent environment; (ii) act as hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanocontainers in apolar and polar solvents respectively; (iii) undergo pH-responsive surface charge and size variations; (iv) exhibit least cytotoxicity compared to structurally analogous amphiphilic homopolymers.
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Coote K, Kishore K, Bates N, Prasad P. P13.12 Hiv sensitisation health care worker training in vanuatu. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tahir W, Hakeem A, Dawrant M, Prasad P, Lee M, Menon K, Attia M, Baker R, Ahmad N. Early Sirolimus Conversion as Rescue Therapy in Kidneys With Prolonged Delayed Graft Function in Deceased Donor Renal Transplant. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:1610-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sulemanjee N, Prasad P, Wolf T, Thohan V. Gender-Mismatched Heart Transplants and Gene-Expression Profiling Score--Lessons From the Outcomes AlloMap® Registry (OAR). J Heart Lung Transplant 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.01.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ganguly B, Mandal S, Dolai T, De R, Prasad P, Chakraborti P. 189 ALL MDS-SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS IN A SINGLE CASE. Leuk Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(15)30190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Karunasree C, Prasad P, Reddy V, Madakka M. Cardioprotective Effect of Scleria lithosperma on Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2015/11369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yadav N, Pliss A, Kuzmin A, Rapali P, Sun L, Prasad P, Chandra D. Transformations of the macromolecular landscape at mitochondria during DNA-damage-induced apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1453. [PMID: 25299778 PMCID: PMC4649512 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a dynamic process regulated by mitochondrion critical for cellular respiration and survival. Execution of apoptosis is mediated by multiple protein signaling events at mitochondria. Initiation and progression of apoptosis require numerous apoptogenic factors that are either released from or sequestered in mitochondria, which may transform the biomolecular makeup of the organelle. In this communication, using Raman microspectroscopy, we demonstrate that transformation in biomolecular composition of mitochondrion may be used as apoptosis marker in an individual cell. For the first time, we show that significant changes occur in the concentrations of RNA, DNA, protein, and lipid constituents of mitochondria during apoptosis. The structural analysis of proteins on mitochondria demonstrated a decrease in α-helix secondary structure content, and an increase in the levels of random coils and β-sheets on mitochondria. This may represent an additional hallmark of apoptosis. Strikingly, we observed nearly identical changes in macromolecular content of mitochondria both in the presence and absence of a key proapoptotic protein, Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein). Increased DNA level in mitochondria corresponded with higher mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial ROS production. Upregulation of polymerase-γ (POLG), mitochondrial helicase Twinkle, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in response to DNA damage correlated with increased mtDNA and RNA synthesis. Elevated activity of oxidative phosphorylation complexes supports functional mitochondrial respiration during apoptosis. Thus, we define previously unknown dynamic correlation of macromolecular structure of mitochondria and apoptosis progression in the presence and absence of Bax protein. These findings open up a new approach for monitoring physiological status of cells by non invasive single-cell method.
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Bisht VK, Kuniyal CP, Bhandari AK, Nautiyal BP, Prasad P. Phenology of plants in relation to ambient environment in a subalpine forest of Uttarakhand, western Himalaya. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:399-403. [PMID: 25049468 PMCID: PMC4101131 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-014-0238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Observations on phenology of some representative trees, shrubs, under-shrubs and herbs in a subalpine forest of Uttarakhand, western Himalaya were recorded. With the commencement of favorable growth season in April, occurrence of leaf fall was indicatory growth phenomenon in Quercus semecarpifolia, Q. floribunda and Abies spectabilis. However, active vegetative growth in herbaceous species starts onward April and fruit maturation and seed dehiscence are completed from mid of September to October. In general, vegetative growth and reproductive stages in majority of the studied species seems to be dependent on adequate moisture content and also flowering and fruiting in subalpine plants correlate ambient temperature.
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Edafe O, Prasad P, Harrison BJ, Balasubramanian SP. Incidence and predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia in a tertiary endocrine surgical unit. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2014; 96:219-23. [PMID: 24780788 PMCID: PMC4474053 DOI: 10.1308/003588414x13814021679753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia is a common complication with significant short and long term morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia (as defined by a corrected calcium <2.1 mmol/l) in a tertiary endocrine surgical unit. METHODS A total of 238 consecutive patients who underwent completion or bilateral thyroid surgery between 2008 and 2011 were included in this retrospective study. Clinical and biochemical data were obtained from electronic and hard copy medical records. RESULTS The incidence of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia on first postoperative day (POD1) was 29.0%. There was variation in the incidence of hypocalcaemia depending on the timing of measurement on the first postoperative day. At six months following surgery, 5.5% of patients were on calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation. Factors associated with post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia were lower preoperative corrected calcium (p=0.005) and parathyroid gland (PTG) auto-transplant (p=0.001). Other clinical factors such as central lymph node dissection, inadvertent PTG excision, ethnicity, preoperative diagnosis and Lugol's iodine were not associated with post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia. CONCLUSION The incidence of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia was underestimated by 6% when only POD1 measurements were considered. The timing of measurement on POD1 has an impact on the incidence of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia. Auto-transplantation and lower preoperative calcium were associated with post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia.
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Prasad P, Livinti I, Simons M, Cuevas J, Lans C, Mikhail M. Uterine Manipulation during Laparoscopic Sterilization – Can We Do Without It? J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2013.08.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bisht VK, Kuniyal CP, Nautiyal BP, Prasad P. Spatial distribution and regeneration of Quercus semecarpifolia and Quercus floribunda in a subalpine forest of western Himalaya, India. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:443-448. [PMID: 24431512 PMCID: PMC3715644 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted on population status and regeneration of Quercus semecarpifolia and Quercus floribunda in a subalpine forest of western Himalaya. Saplings of Q. semecarpifolia belonging to the 51-100 cm size class and those of Q. floribunda belonging to the 101-150 cm size class were well represented in studied subalpine forests. Comparable seedling emergence and establishment of both species, either in the habitat dominated by same or different species seems to be an adaptational strategy of these species in subalpine forests. Seedling to tree ratio for Q. semecarpifolia was higher in the stand dominated by Q. floribunda, while comparable pattern was observed for Q. floribunda in the stand dominated by Q. semecarpifolia. Establishment of higher percent of seedlings of one species in the habitats dominated by another species of Quercus appears to indicate an oligarchic nature of oaks in subalpine forests. This study describes regeneration strategies, and spatial distribution of these species in a subalpine forest of Uttarakhand.
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Prasad P, Sun J, Danner RL, Natanson C. Reply to McGovern and Quintana. Clin Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Syridou G, Mavrikou M, Amanatidou V, Spyridis N, Prasad P, Papaventsis D, Kanavaki S, Zaoutis T, Tsolia MN. Trends in the epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in Greece. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16:749-55. [DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Vishwanath B, Shivakumar HR, Sheshappa RK, Ganesh S, Prasad P, Guru GS, Bhavya BB. In-Vitro Release Study of Metoprolol Succinate from the Bioadhesive Films of Pullulan-Polyacrylamide Blends. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2011.584227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bhat V, Shivakumar HR, Sheshappa RK, Ganesh S, Prasad P, Guru GS, Bhavya BB. Miscibility and Thermal Behavior of Pullulan/Polyacrylamide Blends. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2011.614864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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B. G, Prasad P. Rheological Properties of a Honge Oil-based Magnetorheological Fluid used as Carrier Liquid. DEFENCE SCI J 2011. [DOI: 10.14429/dsj.61.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Patel N, Woodcock H, Patel K, Amo-Takyi B, Wotherspoon A, Thompson J, Prasad P. Gastric actinomycosis: an rare endoscopic diagnosis. Endoscopy 2010; 42 Suppl 2:E218-9. [PMID: 20845281 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1255721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Naqui SZ, Rajpura A, Nuttall D, Prasad P, Trail IA. Early results of the Acclaim total elbow replacement in patients with primary osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 92:668-71. [PMID: 20436004 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.92b5.22979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This is a retrospective review of the results of the Acclaim total elbow replacement in 11 older patients aged ≥ 65 years with primary osteoarthritis of the elbow, with a mean follow-up of 57.6 months (30 to 86.4). Significant reductions in pain and improvement in range of movement and function were recorded. Radiological review revealed two patients with 1 mm lucencies in a single zone, and one patient with 1 mm lucencies in two zones. No components required revision. There were no deep infections, dislocations or mechanical failures. Complications included one intra-operative medial condylar fracture and one post-operative transient ulnar neuropathy, which resolved. This study demonstrates that the Acclaim prosthesis provides good symptomatic relief and improvement of function in patients with primary osteoarthritis, with low rates of loosening or other complications. This prosthesis can therefore be considered for patients aged ≥ 65 years with primary osteoarthritis of the elbow.
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Prasad P, Tandon V, Chatterjee A. PCR-based molecular characterization and analysis of food-borne trematode parasites Paragonimus westermani, Fasciolopsis buski and Fasciola gigantica from Northeast India using ITS2 rDNA region. N Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bedikian AY, Sato T, Kim KB, Papadopoulos NE, Hwu W, Homsi J, Davies M, Cheung C, Imperiale SM, Prasad P, Hwu P. Phase II study of vincristine sulfate liposomes injection in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.9067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9067 Background: Preclinical and clinical studies showed that liposomal encapsulation of vincristine sulfate (VCR) results in increased drug circulation time and accumulation of VCR at the tumor site. Marqibo has been administered safely at 2.25 mg/m2, a dose exceeding that typically employed for VCR ( dose capped at 2 mg), with tolerable clinical toxicities consistent with VCR. Of the 27 previously treated patients with metastatic melanoma in the Marqibo pharmacokinetic studies, 3 patients had a tumor response, including one patient with uveal melanoma metastatic to the lung that experienced a complete response. Methods: Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma with no more than one prior systemic therapy were enrolled. Patients with controlled brain metastases were allowed. Marqibo (2.25 mg/m2 by 1-hour intravenous infusion, no dose capping) was administered every 14 days until tumor progression. Responses were assessed every 6 weeks using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Toxicity was assessed at least as frequently as before each dose. Results: Preliminary data is available for 22 enrolled patients (73% female). Median age was 65 years (range 38–79), 23% were previously treated with systemic chemotherapy, 86% had liver metastasis and 96% had M1c disease. Baseline serum LDH levels were elevated in 73% and were more than 2 × ULN in 37% of the patients. Twenty-one patients were evaluable for response; one patient discontinued the treatment after a single dose of therapy for toxicity without tumor progression. No patients died of drug toxicity while on the study. Twelve patients (57%) had stable disease. Estimated median survival is 6.4 months. Fourteen patients are alive, 2 for more than 12 months. Treatment related side effects were mostly grade 1 or 2; peripheral neuropathy was the only grade 3 toxicity, seen in 18% of the patients. The hematologic toxicities were minor; no neutropenia or thrombocytopenia was seen. Conclusions: Marqibo is well tolerated as single agent therapy in patients with advanced stage IV uveal melanoma. Its impact on the progression-free and overall survival of these critically ill patients will be presented. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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