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Abstract
Brain function in 10 severely malnourished children and matched controls was assessed using spectral analysis of electroencephalographic responses to photic driving during slow-wave sleep. The percentage power in the classical EEG broad-band domains was derived from temporo-occipital records. The malnourished group (5-23 months old; z-score height-for-age -3.2 +/- 0.3, weight-for-height -2.5 +/- 0.3) were tested on admission and on discharge from hospital. No significant differences were found between admission and discharge. Significant differences were found between malnourished and control groups, in the alpha 1 band in the undriven EEG, and in the alpha/beta 1 power ratio while driving at 8 Hz. These electrophysiological abnormalities, persisting despite somatic rehabilitation, must be associated with the chronic rather than the acute aspects of malnutrition, and can index the deviation of brain function from normality.
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Young RE, Pearce J, Govind CK. Establishment and maintenance of claw bilateral asymmetry in snapping shrimps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402690405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Willems RC, Glenn SM, Crowley MF, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Young RE, Ezer T, Mellor GL, Arango HG, Robinson AR, Lai CCA. Experiment evaluates ocean models and data assimiliation in the Gulf Stream. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94eo01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Young RE, Sinha DP. Bioelectrical-impedance analysis as a measure of body composition in a West Indian population. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:1045-50. [PMID: 1595575 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Percent body fat (%BF) was estimated in 50 males and 50 females aged 8-21 y by using hydrodensitometry (%BFd) and a bioelectrical-impedance analyzer (%BF-BIA). The sample population was racially heterogeneous, though predominantly of African origin. Percent body fat was computed from density by using an equation derived specifically for blacks. The BIA predicted %BF with r2 = 0.77 (SEE = 3.7%BF), underestimating by a mean of 1.7%BF. Residuals (%BFd - %BF-BIA) were normally distributed but were significantly correlated with age (P less than 0.01), although this effect was small. The theoretical bases for impedance analysis and for hydrodensitometry would appear for different reasons to impair applicability of these techniques to the present population and age group. However, for our population sample the BIA estimated %BF as precisely as other simple techniques applied to other populations.
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Hedley AJ, Young RE, Jones SJ, Alexander WD, Bewsher PD. Antithyroid drugs in the treatment of hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease: long-term follow-up of 434 patients. Scottish Automated Follow-Up Register Group. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989; 31:209-18. [PMID: 2481576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A study of antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy with a mean follow-up period of 10 years (range 2-25) in 434 patients with Graves' disease has been made by linking hospital records with those of a central follow-up register. The majority (89%) were treated with carbimazole and 87% received combined therapy with triiodothyronine (T3) (73%) or thyroxine (T4) (14%). Sixty-one per cent were assessed for T3 suppression tests on completion of treatment, of whom 61% (95% CL, 55-67%) suppressed. The overall 5-year cumulative proportion developing recurrent hyperthyroidism was 54-62% with rates of 26-44% in suppressed patients and 65-79% in those not suppressed. In unsuppressed patients, most (72%) of the recurrences occurred within 1 year with only an additional 10% predicted up to 10 years. In suppressed patients 30% of recurrences occurred in the first year, 60% between 1 and 5 years and a further 10% between 5 and 10 years. Suppression with T3 is probably the best and cheapest predictor of outcome but has an accuracy of only 70% for both positive and negative tests which limits its usefulness in planning long-term follow-up and surveillance. A standard format should be adopted for the analysis and reporting of follow-up studies, based on actuarial methods of estimating the cumulative proportion with recurrences or other events, to facilitate comparisons between different centres.
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Young LE, Young RE, Bundy DA. Photoreceptor evoked potentials and phototactic behaviour in Cercaria caribbea LXXI cable. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 88:619-24. [PMID: 2892637 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Transient potential changes evoked in response to light stimuli, and presumably arising from rhabdomeric eye-spots in the cercarial body, were recorded for the first time, to our knowledge, in helminth parasites. 2. Pigmented Cercaria caribbea LXXI gave a very slowly adapting response to maintained light stimulus, while a non-pigmented variety appeared to emit a stronger, rapidly adapting response to light onset. 3. Swimming towards a directional light source is disrupted by several neuropharmacological agents, which presumably disturb synaptic transmission in the nerve/muscle system. 4. The light evoked potentials were unaffected by these same agents and therefore, appeared to be directly recorded receptor potentials.
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Linkin VM, Kerzhanovich VV, Lipatov AN, Shurupov AA, Seiff A, Ragent B, Young RE, Ingersoll AP, Crisp D, Elson LS, Preston RA, Blamont JE. Thermal Structure of the Venus Atmosphere in the Middle Cloud Layer. Science 1986; 231:1420-2. [PMID: 17748084 DOI: 10.1126/science.231.4744.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Thermal structure measurements obtained by the two VEGA balloons show the Venus middle cloud layer to be generally adiabatic. Temperatures measured by the two balloons at locations roughly symmetric about the equator differed by about 6.5 kelvins at a given pressure. The VEGA-2 temperatures were about 2.5 kelvins cooler and those of VEGA-1 about 4 kelvins warmer than temperatures measured by the Pioneer Venus Large Probe at these levels. Data taken by the VEGA-2 lander as it passed through the middle cloud agreed with those of the VEGA-2 balloon. Study of individual frames of the balloon data suggests the presence of multiple discrete air masses that are internally adiabatic but lie on slightly different adiabats. These adiabats, for a given balloon, can differ in temperature by as much as 1 kelvin at a given pressure.
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Linkin VM, Kerzhanovich VV, Lipatov AN, Pichkadze KM, Shurupov AA, Terterashvili AV, Ingersoli AP, Crisp D, Grossman AW, Young RE, Seiff A, Ragent B, Blamont JE, Elson LS, Preston RA. VEGA Balloon Dynamics and Vertical Winds in the Venus Middle Cloud Region. Science 1986; 231:1417-9. [PMID: 17748083 DOI: 10.1126/science.231.4744.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The VEGA balloons provided a long-term record of vertical wind fluctuations in a planetary atmosphere other than Earth's. The vertical winds were calculated from the observed displacement of the balloon relative to its equilibrium float altitude. The winds were intermittent; a large burst lasted several hours, and the peak velocity was 3 meters per second.
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Sagdeev RZ, Linkin VM, Kerzhanovich VV, Lipatov AN, Shurupov AA, Blamont JE, Crisp D, Ingersoll AP, Elson LS, Preston RA, Hildebrand CE, Ragent B, Seiff A, Young RE, Petit G, Boloh L, Alexandrov YN, Armand NA, Bakitko RV, Selivanov AS. Overview of VEGA Venus Balloon in Situ Meteorological Measurements. Science 1986; 231:1411-4. [PMID: 17748081 DOI: 10.1126/science.231.4744.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The VEGA balloons made in situ measurements of pressure, temperature, vertical wind velocity, ambient light, frequency of lightning, and cloud particle backscatter. Both balloons encountered highly variable atmospheric conditions, with periods of intense vertical winds occurring sporadically throughout their flights. Downward winds as large as 3.5 meters per second occasionally forced the balloons to descend as much as 2.5 kilometers below their equilibrium float altitudes. Large variations, in pressure, temperature, ambient light level, and cloud particle backscatter (VEGA-1 only) correlated well during these excursions, indicating that these properties were strong functions of altitude in those parts of the middle cloud layer sampled by the balloons.
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Lawrence V, Young RE, Mansingh A. The effect of sub-lethal doses of dieldrin on the ventilatory and cardiac activity in two species of shrimps. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1986; 85:177-81. [PMID: 2877786 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(86)90070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dieldrin on the heart and ventilatory activity in the shrimps Macrobranchium faustinum and Macrobrachium amazonicum was studied over 4 and 7 day exposure periods, respectively. In M. faustinum, ventilatory rate increased by 43% and heart rate by 14.4%. In M. amazonicum, the ventilatory and heart rates decreased by 21 and 6%, respectively. In M. amazonicum ventilatory reversal frequency, an index of respiratory stress, was 6.7 times higher than the control values. All the changes, except for M. amazonicum heart rate were significant at the 0.01 level of probability.
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Lawrence V, Young RE, Mansingh A. The effect of sub-lethal doses of dieldrin on resting and active metabolism in two species of shrimps. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1986; 85:183-6. [PMID: 2877787 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(86)90071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dieldrin on the active (VaO2) and resting (VrO2) oxygen consumption rates of the shrimps Macrobrachium faustinum (De Sassure) and Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller) were studied during exposure for 4 days at 0.01 p.p.b. and 7 days at 0.0002 p.p.b., respectively. The VrO2 of M. faustinum increased significantly (P less than 0.01) by 48% but the VaO2 decreased by 13%. The VrO2 and VaO2 decreased by 43 and 70%, respectively, in M. amazonicum. Thus, in both species the aerobic metabolic scope for activity decreased. The increased resting metabolic rate of the indigenous M. faustinum is ascribed to energy consuming responses which allow compensation for the effects of the stressor. The stressor may be said to have moved this species into a metabolic "zone of compensation". The decreased resting metabolic rate of the pond-cultured M. amazonicum is ascribed to greater susceptibility, more extensive metabolic breakdown and failure of compensatory responses. This species might be said to have been forced by the stressor into a metabolic "zone of collapse".
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Martin BJ, Young RE, Kesson CM. Home monitoring of blood glucose in elderly non-insulin-dependent diabetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.1960030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Young RE, Jones SJ, Bewsher PD, Hedley AJ. Age and the daily dose of thyroxine replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. Age Ageing 1984; 13:293-303. [PMID: 6496241 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/13.5.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial prescriptions and later adjustments of thyroxine (T4) replacement have been analysed in 2246 hypothyroid patients who have been monitored by a thyroid follow-up register for a mean period of 6 years (range 1-13 years). In 465 (21%) patients of 65 years or over, initial T4 doses were on average only 20 micrograms lower than in younger patients. However, only 40% of the elderly were taking 200 micrograms of T4/day or more, compared with 60% of the younger patients. Over 10 years, the predicted proportion of patients who have a downward adjustment of their T4 prescription is 3%, but there is no difference in recognized overtreatment between older and younger patients. The findings suggest that the majority of the elderly may receive larger doses of T4 than are required for optimal replacement. There are strong reasons for the standardization of thyroxine prescribing in the elderly and for the provision of routine surveillance of thyroxine replacement through the type of follow-up system used in this study.
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Kesson CM, Young RE. Practical insulin therapy. THE PRACTITIONER 1984; 228:181-6. [PMID: 6366779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
In adult male fiddler crabs, Uca pugnax, there is a marked enlargement of the 1st thoracic ganglion and its nerve root on the side of the major cheliped compared to the side of the minor cheliped. Retrograde uptake of cobalt via the cut ends of the motoneurons revealed a significant hypertrophy of their somata and dendritic fields on the major side of the ganglion compared to the minor side in the male fiddler crabs. (In female fiddler crabs which have two minor chelipeds the motoneurons were similar in size on both sides of the ganglion.) Since the number and distribution of motoneuron somata was relatively constant in the two halves of each ganglion, homologies for individual or groups of neurons could be recognized. The number of axon profiles in a cross-sectional montage of the entire nerve root of the major side in a male fiddler crab was several times greater than that of the minor side in random samples which were appropriately scaled in area. In samples of equal areas the axonal density was similar on the major and minor sides, as was also the range of axon diameters; both signify no difference in size of axons between the contralateral nerve roots. Consequently enlargement of the nerve root on the major side is due to a relative increase in the number of axons. This increase is in sensory fibers since the number of motor fibers are bilaterally constant. Thus neural asymmetry in male fiddler crabs involves hypertrophy of the motoneurons and hyperplasia of the sensory neurons associated with the enlarged condition of the major cheliped.
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Kesson CM, Young RE, Talwar D, Whitelaw JW, Robb DA. Glycosylated hemoglobin in the diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1982; 5:395-8. [PMID: 7151656 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.5.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-one patients aged over 35 yr were referred because of glycosuria for a glucose tolerance test (GTT). In each patient hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) was estimated by a commercial minicolumn method and compared with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) determined by a modification of the method of Trivelli et al. Both HbA1 and HbA1c levels were normal in 96% of those patients with normal GTTs. In patients with diabetic GTTs, HbA1 was elevated in 90% but HbA1c was raised in only 43%. HbA1 estimation is a useful screening test for non-insulin-dependent diabetes and should be considered when criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are discussed.
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Kesson CM, Young RE. Which insulin for diabetic ketoacidosis? Lancet 1982; 1:1413. [PMID: 6123703 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hilditch TE, Horton PW, McCruden DC, Young RE, Alexander WD. Defects in intrathyroid binding of iodine and the perchlorate discharge test. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA 1982; 100:237-44. [PMID: 6287779 DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.1000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of [123I]iodide uptake were studied when organification of iodine by the thyroid gland was normal and when this binding function was diminished by drugs or disease. Each study was terminated by a sodium perchlorate discharge test (300--600 mg iv) at 60 min or, in some cases, 10--30 min. The results confirmed that binding takes place rapidly in the uninhibited gland with the binding rate constant being at least 0.150 min-1. Discharge from the uninhibited gland is less than 3.5% of the gland uptake when perchlorate is given 60 min after the radioiodide. Subjects with an intrinsic binding defect manifested discharges of 11% of greater of the 60 min uptake and the estimated binding rate constants ranged from 0.003--0.057 min-1. Thyrotoxic subjects receiving 5 mg carbimazole twice daily manifested discharges ranging from 5.4--64.2%, and in those receiving 20 mg twice daily the observed discharges were 67.6--94.6% of the 60 min uptake. The study shows that a correctly performed perchlorate discharge test will detect minimal inhibition of iodine binding. An important factor is the duration of the follow-up period after perchlorate is given. In some of the cases studied discharge was not complete until 60 min after the perchlorate.
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Young RE, Kesson CM. Insulin treatment of diabetic ketosis. Lancet 1982; 1:737. [PMID: 6122025 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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47
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48
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Jones SJ, Hedley AJ, Young RE, Dinwoodie DL, Bewsher PD. ‘Lost to follow-up’: reasons for discontinued surveillance in a follow-up register. J Public Health (Oxf) 1981. [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a043386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Jones SJ, Hedley AJ, Young RE, Dinwoodie DL, Bewsher PD. 'Lost to follow-up': reasons for discontinued surveillance in a follow-up register. Scottish automated follow-up register group. COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1981; 3:25-30. [PMID: 6783364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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50
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Reid MS, Paul JL, Young RE. Effects of pH and Ethephon on Betacyanin Leakage from Beet Root Discs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 66:1015-6. [PMID: 16661525 PMCID: PMC440771 DOI: 10.1104/pp.66.5.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Betacyanin leakage from beet root discs was found to increase with decreasing pH of the incubation medium. Although 10 millimolar Ca(2+) reduced pigment leakage at pH 3.5, it was ineffective at pH 2.3. Leakage was also stimulated by 100 micrograms per milliliter (2-chloroethyl)-phosphonic acid (pH 3.1), but when the solution was neutralized, this leakage was eliminated. Bubbling C(2)H(4) through a neutral medium containing beet discs had no effect on pigment leakage; it appears that the effect of Ethephon solutions on this process is a function of their low pH.
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