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Aruga A, Takeshita N, Kotera Y, Okuyama R, Matsushita N, Ohta T, Yoshida K, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto M. 1107 POSTER Phase I Study of Multiple Peptides Vaccination in Patients With Advanced Bile Duct Cancer. Eur J Cancer 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(11)70750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kuramochi H, Nakajima G, Kaneko Y, Nakamura A, Inoue Y, Okuyama R, Kondo Y, Kanemura T, Hayashi K, Yamamoto M. Amphiregulin and epiregulin mRNA expression in primary colorectal cancer and corresponding liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Minagawa A, Koga H, Takahashi M, Sano K, Okuyama R. Dermoscopic features of nonpigmented eccrine poromas in association with their histopathological features. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1264-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Serizawa A, Kuramochi H, Nakajima G, Hayashi K, Takeichi S, Kitamura Y, Kamikozuru H, Okuyama R, Yamamoto M. Use of gene expression of specific marker genes in intraperitoneal lavage samples to predict peritoneal dissemination in gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ikehata H, Okuyama R, Ogawa E, Nakamura S, Usami A, Mori T, Tanaka K, Aiba S, Ono T. Influences of p53 deficiency on the apoptotic response, DNA damage removal and mutagenesis in UVB-exposed mouse skin. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:397-405. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Fujimura T, Okuyama R, Ohtani T, Ito Y, Haga T, Hashimoto A, Aiba S. Perilesional treatment of metastatic melanoma with interferon-β. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:793-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ohta M, Okuyama R, Ogawa E, Kisu K, Sato H, Aoki M, Aiba S. Cutaneous accumulation of abnormal polyglutamine proteins of patients with dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:1246-9. [PMID: 19469833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is a hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration caused by expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat encoding a polyglutamine tract in a disease protein atrophin-1. The clinical features include ataxia, choreoathetosis, and dementia, which result from neural degeneration caused by the mutant atrophin-1. METHODS We performed skin biopsy in two patients with DRPLA. RESULTS We found multiple clear cells in the epidermis, which were positive for proteins containing an expanded polyglutamine stretches. The clear cells were p63 (+), S-100 (-), and cytokeratin 20 (-), showing that they were keratinocytes. Negative or weak signals of pan-cytokeratin were consistent with the finding of decreased tonofilaments at the electron microscopic level. CONCLUSIONS The presence of clear keratincoytes showed that the mutant proteins interfered in cellular functions not only in neural cells but also in keratinocytes. The skin is accessible by biopsy, making it important in the diagnosis. Furthermore, the polyglutamine staining in the skin may be useful for evaluation of therapeutic modalities for DRPLA and other polyglutamine diseases.
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Okuyama R, Masu T, Mizuashi M, Watanabe M, Tagami H, Aiba S. Pseudolymphomatous angiokeratoma: report of three cases and an immunohistological study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:161-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Okuyama R, Shimada R, Kameoka J, Harigae H, Aiba S. Occurrence of poroid hidradenomas after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:1109-11. [PMID: 19175480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Numata Y, Okuyama R, Tagami H, Aiba S. Linear lichen planus distributed in the lines of Blaschko developing during intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide therapy for alopecia areata multiplex. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:1370-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tsuchiyama K, Okuyama R, Ogawa E, Inoue A, Ishizawa K, Harigae H, Aiba S. Ecthyma gangrenosum with Citrobacter freundii infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 23:709-10. [PMID: 18759794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fujimura T, Okuyama R, Ito Y, Aiba S. Profiles of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in eczematous dermatitis, psoriasis vulgaris and mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:1256-63. [PMID: 18363755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that regulatory T cells (Tregs), identified by their expression of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3, play a crucial role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a Treg population resides in normal human skin. However, only a few studies have demonstrated the presence of Foxp3+ Tregs in inflammatory skin disorders. OBJECTIVES In this study, we immunohistologically examined the presence of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs in the lesional skin of psoriasis vulgaris, mycosis fungoides and eczematous dermatitis. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to examine the presence of Foxp3+ Tregs in fixed sections of the lesional skin from 16 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, 17 patients with mycosis fungides and 18 patients with eczematous dermatitis in addition to 10 normal skin samples. RESULTS In normal skin, epidermal and dermal Foxp3+ cells were rare. The psoriasis vulgaris, mycosis fungoides and eczematous dermatitis samples contained substantial numbers of epidermal and dermal CD3+, CD4+ and CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs. The epidermis contained a higher percentage of CD3+, CD4+ and CD25+ Foxp3+ cells than the dermis. The percentage of Foxp3+ cells among CD3+ or CD4+ cells was significantly lower in eczematous dermatitis than in psoriasis vulgaris or mycosis fungoides, and that of dermal Foxp3+ cells was significantly lower in psoriasis vulgaris than in eczematous dermatitis or mycosis fungoides. CONCLUSIONS The lower percentage of epidermal or dermal Foxp3+ cells in eczematous dermatitis or psoriasis vulgaris, respectively, might contribute to their pathogenesis.
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Okada S, Okuyama R, Tagami H, Aiba S. Eosinophilic Granulomatous Reaction after Intradermal Injection of Hyaluronic Acid. Acta Derm Venereol 2008; 88:69-70. [DOI: 10.2340/00015555-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ogawa E, Okuyama R, Ikawa S, Nagoshi H, Egawa T, Kurihara A, Yabuki M, Tagami H, Obinata M, Aiba S. p51/p63 Inhibits ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis via Akt activation. Oncogene 2007; 27:848-56. [PMID: 17653081 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis must be protected against excess apoptotic cell death in response to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation. p53 is known to be critical for this protection. Although the p53 family member DeltaNp51B/DeltaNp63alpha (an N terminal-deleted form of p51/p63) is abundantly expressed in keratinocytes, its contribution to UV-B-dependent apoptosis is largely unknown. We found that, after a transient increase, DeltaNp51B is downregulated in UV-B-irradiated keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis, whereas p53 is upregulated with delayed kinetics. Furthermore, the reduction of DeltaNp51B by small interfering RNAs augmented UV-B-dependent apoptosis in keratinocytes, indicating that DeltaNp51B blocks keratinocyte apoptosis. Although the exogenous expression of DeltaNp51B in keratinocytes did not further block the UV-B-dependent apoptosis, to our surprise the expression of TAp51B (an isoform with a full NH(2)-terminal transactivation domain that is structurally and functionally similar to p53) decreased apoptosis significantly. The blockade of keratinocyte apoptosis by the p51 was dependent on the phosphorylation of Akt, resulting in the activation of a survival pathway. Thus, in addition to its indispensable roles in epithelial development, p51 acts in adult cells to protect the epidermis against UV-B irradiation by preventing excess depletion of keratinocytes.
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Okuyama R, Harigae H, Moriya T, Kagatani S, Tagami H, Ichinohasama R, Aiba S. Indurated nodules and plaques showing a dense plasma cell infiltrate as a cutaneous manifestation of Castleman's disease. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:174-6. [PMID: 17199591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Okuyama R, Ogawa E, Nagoshi H, Yabuki M, Kurihara A, Terui T, Aiba S, Obinata M, Tagami H, Ikawa S. p53 homologue, p51/p63, maintains the immaturity of keratinocyte stem cells by inhibiting Notch1 activity. Oncogene 2007; 26:4478-88. [PMID: 17237812 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p53 homologue, p51/p63, predominantly expressed in keratinocyte stem cells, is indispensable for the formation of epidermis. Notch1, another such gene indispensable for the process, induces growth arrest and differentiation in keratinocytes. We found that exogenous expression of DeltaNp51B (DeltaNp63alpha), one of the isoforms of p51 specifically expressed in basal keratinocytes, blocked Notch 1-dependent growth arrest and differentiation in mouse keratinocytes by inhibiting p21 expression and maintaining integrins expression. Furthermore, DeltaNp51B by itself was found to have ability to induce expression of integrin alpha6beta4, which promotes attachment of basal cells to basal membrane thereby keeping the cells in immature state. Therefore, we conclude that DeltaNp51B expression warrants integrin expression even under the influence of Notch1 and that DeltaNp51B is a long-sought factor required to maintain basal cell keratinocytes immaturity by inhibiting Notch1 activity. We will postulate a plausible model explaining the maintenance of the squamous epithelium architectures as well as offering mechanistic explanations for pathological features of skin diseases, including cancers, psoriasis along with physiological wound healings.
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Kusakari Y, Okuyama R, Matsunaga J, Hashimoto A, Ichinohasama R, Terui T, Tagami H, Aiba S. Recurrent classic Kaposi's sarcoma in a Japanese man: detection of human herpesvirus 8 infection by PCR and immunostaining. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:112-3. [PMID: 17207183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nakajima I, Okuyama R, Terui T, Tagami H, Aiba S. The first report of non-hereditary benign telangiectasia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:1329-31. [PMID: 17062056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Okuyama R, Tagami H. Psoriasis verrucosa in an obese Japanese man; a prompt clinical response observed with oral etretinate. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:1359-61. [PMID: 17062076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kimura Y, Okuyama R, Watanabe H, Ashino Y, Tagami H, Aiba S. Development of BOOP with interferon-beta treatment for malignant melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:999-1000. [PMID: 16922951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Goto K, Okuyama R, Sugiyama H, Honda M, Kobayashi T, Uehara K, Akema T, Sugiura T, Yamada S, Ohira Y, Yoshioka T. Effects of heat stress and mechanical stretch on protein expression in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Pflugers Arch 2003; 447:247-53. [PMID: 14534791 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-003-1177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of heat stress, mechanical stretching or a combination of both on the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and total protein level were studied in a culture system. Rat skeletal muscle cells (L6) were cultured on flexible-bottomed culture plates. They were subjected to one of the four following conditions: (1) 97 h incubation at 37 degrees C, (2) 1 h incubation at 41 degrees C followed by 96 h incubation at 37 degrees C, (3) 1 h incubation at 37 degrees C followed by 96 h cyclic stretching (18% of initial length, 2-s stretch and 4-s release) at 37 degrees C or (4) 1 h incubation at 41 degrees C followed by 96 h cyclic stretching at 37 degrees C. The expression of HSP72 and HSP90 and total protein was determined in the crude homogenates, supernatant and pellets. Cellular protein concentrations in the homogenates and pellets were increased by heat stress and/or mechanical stress (stretch). A cumulative effect of the combination of heating and stretch on the protein concentration in the homogenates and in the pellets was noted. The expressions of HSP72 and HSP90 in the pellets were also increased by heat stress and/or stretch. However, HSP90 in the supernatant did not change following heat stress and/or stretch. The regulation of HSP72 and HSP90 expression in skeletal muscle cells may be closely related to total protein, the abundance of which is also stimulated by mechanical and heat stresses. These observations suggest strongly that heating and passive stretch of muscle may be useful as a means of increasing muscle mass, not only in athletes but also in patients during rehabilitation.
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Terui T, Okuyama R, Tagami H. Molecular events occurring behind ultraviolet-induced skin inflammation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 1:461-7. [PMID: 11964728 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000011061.54491.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed a recent advance in the studies of the molecular mechanisms for 'ultraviolet responses', paying special attention to two transcription factors, nuclear factor kappa B and p53, and to a balance noted between an anti-apoptotic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway and its inhibitory ceramide-caveolin-1 pathway. These studies were mostly carried out using in vitro or animal models. On the basis of these results, we determined that phase by phase molecular events clarified in these studies correspond well with the three phases of ultraviolet-induced inflammation observed, i.e. the early vasodilatory phase, the second inflammatory phase in which many inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and T cells accumulate in the skin, and the last regressive phase based on several anti-inflammatory events.
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Okuyama R, Yachi M. Cytosolic O-GlcNAc accumulation is not involved in beta-cell death in HIT-T15 or Min6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:366-71. [PMID: 11554736 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is attached to and detached from proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase, respectively. It has been proposed that streptozotocin induces pancreatic beta-cell death by blocking O-GlcNAcase and increasing O-GlcNAc. To elucidate the relationship between cytosolic O-GlcNAc accumulation and beta-cell death, we treated beta-cell lines HIT-T15 and Min6 with glucosamine. Glucosamine markedly reduced cell viability in both cell lines only at 10 mM. The measurement of cytosolic O-GlcNAc under glucosamine treatment revealed that O-GlcNAc accumulation was observed even at 2 mM glucosamine and maximized at 5 mM, but did not occur very well at 10 mM. Furthermore, 100 microM PUGNAc, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase, increased cytosolic O-GlcNAc but did not induce cell death in these cells. Therefore, no correlation between accumulation of cytosolic O-GlcNAc and beta-cell death was suggested. Alternatively, inosine partially rescued cell death induced by glucosamine in Min6 cells, suggesting that energy depletion partly contributes to beta-cell death by glucosamine.
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Yamashita-Goto K, Okuyama R, Honda M, Kawasaki K, Fujita K, Yamada T, Nonaka I, Ohira Y, Yoshioka T. Maximal and submaximal forces of slow fibers in human soleus after bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 91:417-24. [PMID: 11408459 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of 2 and 4 mo of bed rest, with or without exercise countermeasures, on the contractile properties of slow fibers in the human soleus muscle were examined. Mean fiber diameters were 8 and 36% smaller after 2 and 4 mo of bed rest, respectively, than the pre-bed rest level. Maximum tetanic force (P(o)), maximum activated force (F(max)) per cross-sectional area (CSA), and the common-logarithm value of free Ca(2+) concentration required for half-maximal activation (pCa(50)) also decreased after 2 and 4 mo of bed rest. In contrast, maximum unloaded shortening velocity (V(o)) was increased after 2 and 4 mo of bed rest. After 1 mo of recovery, fiber diameters, P(o), F(max) per CSA (P > 0.05), and pCa(50) were increased and V(o) decreased toward pre-bed rest levels. Effects of knee extension/flexion exercise by wearing an anti-G Penguin suit for 10 h daily, and the effects of loading or unloading of the plantar flexors with (Penguin-1) or without (Penguin-2) placing the elastic loading elements of the suit, respectively, were investigated during ~2 mo of bed rest. In the Penguin-1 group, mean fiber diameter, P(o), F(max) per CSA, V(o), and pCa(50) were similar before and after bed rest. However, the responses of fiber size and contractile properties to bed rest were not prevented in the Penguin-2 group, although the degree of the changes was less than those induced by bed rest without any countermeasure. These results indicate that long-term bed rest results in reductions of fiber size, force-generation capacity, and Ca(2+) sensitivity, and enhancement of shortening velocity in slow fibers of the soleus. The data indicate that continuous mechanical loading on muscle, such as stretching of muscle, is an effective countermeasure for the prevention of muscular adaptations to gravitational unloading.
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Topley GI, Okuyama R, Gonzales JG, Conti C, Dotto GP. p21(WAF1/Cip1) functions as a suppressor of malignant skin tumor formation and a determinant of keratinocyte stem-cell potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:9089-94. [PMID: 10430900 PMCID: PMC17737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.16.9089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
p21(WAF1/Cip1) is one of the best characterized downstream targets of p53, and the growth suppressing function of this cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor is well established. However, whether p21 exerts a tumor-suppressing function of its own remains to be established. We report here that, similarly to loss of p53, disruption of the p21(WAF1/Cip1) gene results in a markedly increased susceptibility to chemically induced skin carcinoma formation, whereas the number of papillomas is reduced. Previous evidence indicates that malignant versus benign keratinocyte tumor formation is likely to involve distinct target-cell populations with a different commitment to differentiation. In parallel with the increased susceptibility to carcinoma formation, loss of p21(WAF1/Cip1) was found to promote keratinocyte subpopulations with increased growth/differentiation potential, including clonal growth capability, reversible commitment to differentiation, and capability to generate all types of terminally differentiated keratinocytes present in vivo, not only in the interfollicular epidermis but also in hair follicles. Thus, these findings have revealed a function of p21 as a suppressor of malignant but not benign skin-tumor formation and a determinant of the growth/differentiation potential of keratinocyte subpopulations.
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