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Fu R, Hu Y, Wright JS, Jiang JH, Dickinson RE, Chen M, Filipiak M, Read WG, Waters JW, Wu DL. Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5664-9. [PMID: 16585523 PMCID: PMC1458630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601584103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During boreal summer, much of the water vapor and CO entering the global tropical stratosphere is transported over the Asian monsoon/Tibetan Plateau (TP) region. Studies have suggested that most of this transport is carried out either by tropical convection over the South Asian monsoon region or by extratropical convection over southern China. By using measurements from the newly available National Aeronautics and Space Administration Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, along with observations from the Aqua and Tropical Rainfall-Measuring Mission satellites, we establish that the TP provides the main pathway for cross-tropopause transport in this region. Tropospheric moist convection driven by elevated surface heating over the TP is deeper and detrains more water vapor, CO, and ice at the tropopause than over the monsoon area. Warmer tropopause temperatures and slower-falling, smaller cirrus cloud particles in less saturated ambient air at the tropopause also allow more water vapor to travel into the lower stratosphere over the TP, effectively short-circuiting the slower ascent of water vapor across the cold tropical tropopause over the monsoon area. Air that is high in water vapor and CO over the Asian monsoon/TP region enters the lower stratosphere primarily over the TP, and it is then transported toward the Asian monsoon area and disperses into the large-scale upward motion of the global stratospheric circulation. Thus, hydration of the global stratosphere could be especially sensitive to changes of convection over the TP.
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Huang Y, Dickinson RE, Chameides WL. Impact of aerosol indirect effect on surface temperature over East Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4371-6. [PMID: 16537432 PMCID: PMC1450178 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504428103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A regional coupled climate-chemistry-aerosol model is developed to examine the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on surface temperature and precipitation over East Asia. Besides their direct and indirect reduction of short-wave solar radiation, the increased cloudiness and cloud liquid water generate a substantial downward positive long-wave surface forcing; consequently, nighttime temperature in winter increases by +0.7 degrees C, and the diurnal temperature range decreases by -0.7 degrees C averaged over the industrialized parts of China. Confidence in the simulated results is limited by uncertainties in model cloud physics. However, they are broadly consistent with the observed diurnal temperature range decrease as reported in China, suggesting that changes in downward long-wave radiation at the surface are important in understanding temperature changes from aerosols.
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Li W, Fu R, Dickinson RE. Rainfall and its seasonality over the Amazon in the 21st century as assessed by the coupled models for the IPCC AR4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wei J, Dickinson RE, Zeng N. Climate variability in a simple model of warm climate land-atmosphere interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jg000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dickinson RE, Dallol A, Bieche I, Krex D, Morton D, Maher ER, Latif F. Epigenetic inactivation of SLIT3 and SLIT1 genes in human cancers. Br J Cancer 2005; 91:2071-8. [PMID: 15534609 PMCID: PMC2409788 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the Slit gene product, a secreted glycoprotein, acts as a midline repellent to guide axonal development during embryogenesis. Three human Slit gene orthologues have been characterised and recently we reported frequent promoter region hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of SLIT2 in lung, breast, colorectal and glioma cell lines and primary tumours. Furthermore, re-expression of SLIT2 inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines so that SLIT2 appears to function as a novel tumour suppressor gene (TSG). We analysed the expression of SLIT3 (5q35–34) and SLIT1 (1q23.3–q24) genes in 20 normal human tissues. Similar to SLIT2 expression profile, SLIT3 is expressed strongly in many tissues, while SLIT1 expression is neuronal specific. We analysed the 5′ CpG island of SLIT3 and SLIT1 genes in tumour cell lines and primary tumours for hypermethylation. SLIT3 was found to be methylated in 12 out of 29 (41%) of breast, one out of 15 (6.7%) lung, two out of six (33%) colorectal and in two out of (29%) glioma tumour cell lines. In tumour cell lines, silenced SLIT3 associated with hypermethylation and was re-expressed after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. In primary tumours, SLIT3 was methylated in 16% of primary breast tumours, 35% of gliomas and 38% of colorectal tumours. Direct sequencing of bisulphite-modified DNA from methylated tumour cell lines and primary tumours demonstrated that majority of the CpG sites analysed were heavily methylated. Thus, both SLIT2 and SLIT3 are frequently methylated in gliomas and colorectal cancers, but the frequency of SLIT3 methylation in lung and breast cancer is significantly less than that for SLIT2. We also demonstrated SLIT1 promoter region hypermethylation in glioma tumour lines (five out of six; 83%), the methylation frequency in glioma tumours was much lower (two out of 20; 10%). Hence, evidence is accumulating for the involvement of members of the guidance cues molecules and their receptors in tumour development.
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Niu GY, Yang ZL, Dickinson RE, Gulden LE. A simple TOPMODEL-based runoff parameterization (SIMTOP) for use in global climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhou L, Dickinson RE, Tian Y, Fang J, Li Q, Kaufmann RK, Tucker CJ, Myneni RB. Evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9540-4. [PMID: 15205480 PMCID: PMC470710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400357101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
China has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic growth since its reform process started in late 1978. In this article, we present evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate based on analysis of impacts of land-use changes on surface temperature in southeast China, where rapid urbanization has occurred. Our estimated warming of mean surface temperature of 0.05 degrees C per decade attributable to urbanization is much larger than previous estimates for other periods and locations. The spatial pattern and magnitude of our estimate are consistent with those of urbanization characterized by changes in the percentage of urban population and in satellite-measured greenness.
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Buermann W, Anderson B, Tucker CJ, Dickinson RE, Lucht W, Potter CS, Myneni RB. Interannual covariability in Northern Hemisphere air temperatures and greenness associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wei X, Hahmann AN, Dickinson RE, Yang ZL, Zeng X, Schaudt KJ, Schaaf CB, Strugnell N. Comparison of albedos computed by land surface models and evaluation against remotely sensed data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jin M, Dickinson RE. A generalized algorithm for retrieving cloudy sky skin temperature from satellite thermal infrared radiances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dickinson RE. How coupling of the atmosphere to ocean and land helps determine the timescales of interannual variability of climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zeng X, Dickinson RE, Walker A, Shaikh M, DeFries RS, Qi J. Derivation and Evaluation of Global 1-km Fractional Vegetation Cover Data for Land Modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0826:daeogk>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zeng X, Zhao M, Dickinson RE, He Y. A multiyear hourly sea surface skin temperature data set derived from the TOGA TAO bulk temperature and wind speed over the tropical Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jc900060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jin M, Dickinson RE. Interpolation of surface radiative temperature measured from polar orbiting satellites to a diurnal cycle: 1. Without clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sellers PJ, Dickinson RE, Randall DA, Betts AK, Hall FG, Berry JA, Collatz GJ, Denning AS, Mooney HA, Nobre CA, Sato N, Field CB, Henderson-Sellers A. Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon Between Continents and the Atmosphere. Science 1997; 275:502-9. [PMID: 8999789 DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5299.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric general circulation models used for climate simulation and weather forecasting require the fluxes of radiation, heat, water vapor, and momentum across the land-atmosphere interface to be specified. These fluxes are calculated by submodels called land surface parameterizations. Over the last 20 years, these parameterizations have evolved from simple, unrealistic schemes into credible representations of the global soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer system as advances in plant physiological and hydrological research, advances in satellite data interpretation, and the results of large-scale field experiments have been exploited. Some modern schemes incorporate biogeochemical and ecological knowledge and, when coupled with advanced climate and ocean models, will be capable of modeling the biological and physical responses of the Earth system to global change, for example, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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Hahmann AN, Ward DM, Dickinson RE. Land surface temperature and radiative fluxes response of the NCAR CCM2/Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme to modifications in the optical properties of clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Seth A, Giorgi F, Dickinson RE. Simulating fluxes from heterogeneous land surfaces: Explicit subgrid method employing the biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Penner JE, Dickinson RE, O'neill CA. Effects of Aerosol from Biomass Burning on the Global Radiation Budget. Science 1992; 256:1432-4. [PMID: 17791612 DOI: 10.1126/science.256.5062.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An analysis is made of the likely contribution of smoke particles from biomass burning to the global radiation balance. These particles act to reflect solar radiation directly; they also can act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing the reflectivity of clouds. Together these effects, although uncertain, may add up globally to a cooling effect as large as 2 watts per square meter, comparable to the estimated contribution of sulfate aerosols. Anthropogenic increases of smoke emission thus may have helped weaken the net greenhouse warming from anthropogenic trace gases.
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Covey C, Taylor KE, Dickinson RE. Upper limit for sea ice albedo feedback contribution to global warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pinty B, Verstraete MM, Dickinson RE. A physical model of the bidirectional reflectance of vegetation canopies: 2. Inversion and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id08p11767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Verstraete MM, Pinty B, Dickinson RE. A physical model of the bidirectional reflectance of vegetation canopies: 1. Theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id08p11755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dickinson RE, Sellers PJ, Kimes DS. Albedos of homogeneous semi-infinite canopies: Comparison of two-stream analytic and numerical solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id04p04282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dickinson RE, Bougher SW. Venus mesosphere and thermosphere: 1. Heat budget and thermal structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/ja091ia01p00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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