Investigation of the effects of copper ions on protein aggregation using a model system

Protein aggregation is a notable feature of various human disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and many others systemic amyloidoses. An increasing number of observations in vitro suggest that transition metals are able to accelerate the aggregation process of several proteins found in pathological deposits, e.g. alpha-synuclein, amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide, beta(2)-microglobulin and fragments of the prion protein. Here we report the effects of metal ions on the aggregation rate of human muscle acylphosphatase, a suitable model system for aggregation studies in vitro. Among the different species tested, Cu(2+) produced the most remarkable acceleration of aggregation, the rate of the process being 2.5-fold higher in the presence of 0.1 mM metal concentration. Data reported in the literature suggest the possible role played by histidine residues or negatively charged clusters present in the amino acid sequence in Cu(2+)-mediated aggregation of pathological proteins. Acylphosphatase does not contain histidine residues and is a basic protein. A number of histidine-containing mutational variants of acylphosphatase were produced to evaluate the importance of histidine in the aggregation process. The Cu(2+)-induced acceleration of aggregation was not significantly altered in the protein variants. The different aggregation rates shown by each variant were entirely explained by the changes of hydrophobicity or propensity to form a beta structure introduced by the point mutation. The effect of Cu(2+) on acylphosphatase aggregation cannot therefore be attributed to the specific factors usually invoked in the aggregation of pathological proteins. The effect, rather, seems to be a general related to the chemistry of the polypeptide backbone and could represent an additional deleterious factor resulting from the alteration of the homeostasis of metal ions in cells.

Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy

Investigations were carried out in Padova town (Veneto region, NE Italy) to define the actual role of Aedes albopictus in the natural transmission of Dirofilaria nematodes, and to assess the risk that its presence might represent for veterinary and medical health. During summer 2000-2002 daytime captures of human-attracted mosquitoes were carried out in three areas of the town. The presence of filarial parasites in mosquitoes was evaluated by PCR, and sequencing confirmed species assessment. DNA extraction was performed separately on pools of the insect abdomen and thorax-head, to discriminate between Dirofilaria infected/infective specimens. A total of 2721 mosquitoes were caught and A. albopictus was the most abundant species (2534). Filarial DNA was found in 27.5% (19/69) of the abdomen pools formed with mosquitoes collected in summer 2000, and in 11.1% (16/144) and 4.9% (6/123) thorax-head pools coming from samplings 2001 and 2002, respectively. Filarial DNA was belonging to D. immitis and all studied areas harboured infective specimens. These results prove A. albopictus as natural vector of D. immitis in Italy. Moreover, they support the hypothesis that the presence of the mosquito could affect the transmission pattern of canine heartworm disease in urban environment and, considering the aggressive anthropophylic behaviour of the species (30-48 bites/h) proven in Padova town, could enhance the circulation of filarial nematodes from animals to humans.

First finding of Dirofilaria repens in a natural population of Aedes albopictus

The invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) has become widespread in Italy during the past decade. Also Italy has foci of canine filariasis caused by Dirofilaria (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), due to subcutaneous D. repens Railliet & Henry as well as the dog heartworm D. immitis (Leidy) transmitted by various vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). In 2002, at Fiumicino, west of Rome (Lazio Region), 17% of dogs were found to have D. repens microfilariae in peripheral blood. To evaluate the role of Ae. albopictus as a vector of Dirofilaria in this area, female mosquitoes were collected daily, June-October 2002, landing on dog or human bait in a rural house at Focene. Mosquitoes were maintained at 27 degrees C and 70% RH for 6 days, to allow development or purging of filaria larvae, then identified and frozen for subsequent molecular assay with filaria-specific ribosomal S2-S16 primers. To distinguish specimens harbouring infective L3 Dirofilaria larvae, DNA was extracted separately from the mosquito abdomen and head-thorax. Dirofilaria species were identified by sequencing, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction of positive specimens using primers specific for D. immitis and D. repens. Dirofilaria DNA was detected in 3/154 (2%) of Ae. albopictus females examined: D. repens DNA in head-thorax and abdomen of one collected 27th July; D. immitis in the abdomen of one collected 24th September; DNA of both D. immitis and D. repens in the head-thorax of one collected 11th October 2002. Thus Ae. albopictus is a potential vector of both Dirofilarias in Italy, representing risks for veterinary and human health.

Sonography of pregnancies with first-trimester bleeding and a small intrauterine gestational sac without a demonstrable embryo

OBJECTIVE

This was a prospective observational cohort study to evaluate the outcome and prognostic criteria of pregnancies with first-trimester bleeding and a gestational sac <or=16 mm without a demonstrable embryo.

METHODS

Criteria for admission into the study included: (1) first-trimester bleeding; (2) a transvaginal scan performed upon admission demonstrating a single intrauterine gestational sac with a mean diameter <or=16 mm and without a demonstrable embryo. The outcome variable was miscarriage, defined as pregnancy loss prior to 22 weeks. The following explanatory variables were considered: maternal age, menstrual age, size of the gestational sac, presence or absence of the yolk sac and subchorionic hematoma, and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels. The relationship of these variables with pregnancy failure was analyzed by stepwise logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of 50 patients, 32 (64%) underwent miscarriage. The receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve of the size of the gestational sac demonstrated a high level of statistical significance (area under the ROC curve 0.9080, P < 0.000001) and stepwise logistic regression revealed that this was the only variable independently correlated with the subsequent occurrence of miscarriage.

DISCUSSION

It is commonly accepted that in pregnant patients with first-trimester bleeding, demonstration by transvaginal ultrasound of an intrauterine gestational sac <or=16 mm without an embryo may be compatible with a viable pregnancy. Our results suggest that in general this finding is associated with a poor outcome, with miscarriage occurring in two-thirds of patients. When the sac is small for gestational age, the risk of miscarriage is greatly increased. In the present series, a gestational sac diameter less than -1.34 standard deviations of the mean was associated with pregnancy failure in over 90% of cases.

Transabdominal sonography of the cavum septum pellucidum in normal fetuses in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy

OBJECTIVES

To assess the visualization rate and size of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) by transabdominal sonography in normal fetuses throughout pregnancy.

METHODS

The CSP was prospectively researched and measured using an axial transventricular plane in 286 consecutive uncomplicated singleton pregnancies between 15 and 41 weeks of gestation.

RESULTS

The CSP was seen in 40% of cases at 15 weeks, 82% at 16-17 weeks, 100% at 18-37 weeks and 79% at 38-41 weeks. Compared to biparietal diameter (BPD), the visualization rate was 33% between 31 and 32 mm, 45% between 33 and 34 mm, 84% between 35 and 43 mm, 100% between 44 and 88 mm and 86% between 89 and 99 mm. Mean CSP width was 5.3 +/- 1.7 mm (range 2-9 mm). The CSP width increased with gestational age and BPD but with a slight decrease around term.

CONCLUSIONS

In normal fetuses the CSP should always be visualized between 18 and 37 weeks, or with a BPD of 44-88 mm. Failure to observe the CSP in this interval, or possibly the presence of a large CSP, may indicate abnormal cerebral development and warrant further investigation. Conversely, absence of the CSP prior to 18 weeks, or later than 37 weeks, is a normal finding.

Ultrasound of the fetal central nervous system

Current ultrasound equipment allows the antenatal identification of many central nervous system anomalies from early gestation. In selected cases, special techniques (transvaginal sonography, three-dimensional ultrasound, colour Doppler) may enhance the diagnostic potential. Diagnostic accuracy, however, remains heavily dependent upon the expertise of the sonologist. Fetal ultrasound is effective in identifying neural tube defects, although alpha-fetoprotein screening seems to yield a greater sensitivity. The sensitivity in the diagnosis of central nervous system malformations other than neural tube defects remains unclear because of the ascertainment biases of the few large prospective studies that have been carried out so far. Magnetic resonance imaging may play a major role in the evaluation of cases with suboptimal ultrasound visualization, or when specific anomalies are suspected, such as intracranial haemorrhage or migrational disorders.

The clinical significance of fetal isolated cerebral borderline ventriculomegaly: report of 31 cases and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE

To assess the clinical significance of fetal isolated borderline cerebral lateral ventriculomegaly defined as a width of the atrium of the lateral cerebral ventricles of 10-15 mm in the absence of other sonographically demonstrable malformations.

DESIGN

Retrospective study of the outcome of fetuses with a sonographic diagnosis of isolated borderline cerebral lateral ventriculomegaly and review of the English-language literature.

RESULTS

Of 31 fetuses, two had chromosomal aberrations (trisomy 21 and trisomy 13) and three had neurological complications (one infant developed shunt-dependent hydrocephalus, one lissencephaly and one cerebral hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia). The literature search revealed eight independent studies. Including the present series, 234 cases were available for analysis. An abnormal outcome was documented in 22.8% of cases. Perinatal death occurred in 3.7%. Chromosomal aberrations, mostly trisomy 21, were present in 3.8%, malformations undetected at a second-trimester sonogram in 8.6% and neurological sequelae, mostly a mild to moderate delay in cognitive and/or motor development, were present in 11.5%. The risk of an abnormal neurological outcome was increased in females versus males (22.6% versus 4.6%, relative risk 4.892; 95% confidence interval 1.356-17.656), when the atrial width was 12 mm or more (13.9% versus 3.8%, relative risk 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.035-12.846) and when the diagnosis was made in the second trimester versus later in gestation.

CONCLUSIONS

In most cases, isolated borderline cerebral lateral ventriculomegaly has no consequence. However, this finding carries an increased risk of cerebral maldevelopment, delayed neurological development and, possibly, chromosomal aberrations. The optimal management of these cases remains uncertain.

Can transvaginal fetal biometry be considered a useful tool for early detection of skeletal dysplasias in high-risk patients?

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the possibility of an early diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias in high-risk patients.

METHODS

A total of 149 consecutive, uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at 9-13 weeks' amenorrhea, with certain menstrual history and regular cycles, were investigated with transvaginal ultrasound to establish the relationship between femur length and menstrual age, biparietal diameter and crown-rump length, using a polynomial regression model. A further eight patients with previous skeletal dysplasias in a total of 13 pregnancies were evaluated with serial examinations every 2 weeks from 10-11 weeks.

RESULTS

A significant correlation between femur length and crown-rump length and biparietal diameter was found, whereas none was observed between femur length and menstrual age. Of the five cases with skeletal dysplasias, only two (one with recurrent osteogenesis imperfecta and one with recurrent achondrogenesis) were diagnosed in the first trimester.

CONCLUSIONS

An early evaluation of fetal morphology in conjunction with the use of biometric charts of femur length against crown-rump length and femur length against biparietal diameter may be crucial for early diagnosis of severe skeletal dysplasias. By contrast, in less severe cases, biometric evaluation appears to be of no value for diagnosis.

Combined cytology and colposcopy to screen for cervical cancer in pregnancy

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the accuracy of cytologic screening in pregnancy through routine colposcopy and to confirm the safety of conservative management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in pregnancy.

STUDY DESIGN

In total, 3,658 pregnant women, screened for cervical cancer with either cytology or colposcopy, were prospectively evaluated. Patients with abnormal findings underwent colposcopically directed biopsy and, in case of CIN, repeat cytology and colposcopy. Biopsy was repeated in case of suspected progression of the lesion. Suspected microinvasion was the only reason for diagnostic conization during pregnancy. After delivery, excisional treatment provided a final specimen from all patients. Diagnostic methods were compared.

RESULTS

Comparison between cytology and colposcopy showed 97.1% concordance with a few false positives (2.5%) and false negatives (0.2%). Abnormal cytology and colposcopy, as compared with histology, showed similar concordances, but the risk of underestimation by cytology was significantly higher (P < .05). Initial and final histology of the 63 cases of CIN and microinvasive carcinoma showed 88.9% concordance. Progression of the lesion was not observed.

CONCLUSION

These data do not justify combined use of cytology and colposcopy to improve screening for cervical cancer in pregnancy. Delayed treatment of CIN after delivery is safe.

A series of 17 cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: management and outcome

During a 5-year-period, 17 cases of congenital adenomatoid malformation of the lung were observed in the Department of Pediatric Surgery of Bologna University-S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital; 16 cases were diagnosed in utero by ultra-sound. 13 patients had prenatal diagnosis between 21 and 23 weeks of gestation; 2 cases were diagnosed at 25 weeks and another one at 26 weeks. The other case came from another hospital, and the diagnosis was accidentally detected postnatally. In 3 cases the parents decided to terminate the pregnancy 3 cases had spontaneous improvement during the last weeks of gestation, and were perfectly normal at birth. One case was lost to follow-up; all remaining patients underwent resection. Among these patients only one was a nonsurvivor, while 9 have completely recovered. However, one patient developed persistent pulmonary hypertension, which could successfully be treated with drugs, another underwent laser treatment for laryngeal stenosis due to intubation. A special epidemiological information: 13 out 17 cases (76.5%) were female.

Microcolposcopic topographic endocervical assessment before excisional treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether microcolposcopic topographic endocervical assessment reduces the failures of excisional treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

METHODS

Three hundred fifty patients with colposcopic and histopathologic findings of endocervical CIN were recruited for excisional treatment. Three hundred forty-eight of these were randomized to have or not have microcolposcopy before excisional treatment. Measurement of endocervical lesion was the only aim of microcolposcopic evaluation. When an endocervical extension was available, the cone biopsy was cut according to microcolposcopic measurement. Excision status was evaluated and related to presurgical management on operative specimens. After excision, patients were followed-up for at least 5 years after treatment. Three hundred thirty (171 and 159 with and without preoperative microcolposcopy, respectively) patients completed the study. Disease persistences were defined by cytologic, colposcopic, and histologic results. Microcolposcopic value was defined as completeness of excision and/or lack of persistent disease. RESULTS. On surgical specimens, involved margins were detected in 19 (5.4%) cases. Presurgical microcolposcopy was performed in only one of these cases. The difference of incomplete excision between cases with or without microcolposcopy was statistically significant (P < .001). In patients who were followed-up, persistent disease was detected in one (0.6%) woman in the microcolposcopy group and in 16 (10%) women in the control group. Comparison between the two groups showed a significantly lower risk of persistent disease when presurgical microcolposcopy was performed (P < .001).

CONCLUSION

By measuring endocervical extension of the lesion, preoperative microcolposcopy allows individualized cones, thus improving the prognosis after excisional treatment of CIN.

Transvaginal sonography vs. hysteroscopy in the preoperative staging of endometrial carcinoma

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography vs. hysteroscopy in the preoperative staging of endometrial carcinoma, in order to establish the most appropriate surgical therapy. Transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy were used preoperatively in 67 women with histologically proven endometrial carcinoma. Deep myometrial invasion (> 50%) was present at postoperative pathology in 26/67 (39%) women and spread to the cervix occurred in 11/67 (16%) women. Transvaginal sonographic examination was initially directed at assessing myometrial invasion, which was correctly predicted in 52/67 (78%) women. Transvaginal sonography demonstrated a sensitivity of 88% (23/26) and a specificity of 71% (29/41) for deep invasion, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 66% (23/35) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 91% (29/32). The accuracy of transvaginal sonography in detecting cervical involvement was 82% (55/67), and that of hysteroscopy was 72% (48/67): transvaginal sonography was slightly less sensitive (54% vs. 64%), but more specific (87% vs. 73%) than hysteroscopy. When cervical invasion was present, the PPVs of transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy were 46% (6/13) and 32% (7/22), respectively, while the NPV was 91% for both techniques (49/54; 41/45). Our data show that the accuracy of transvaginal sonography was comparable with that of hysteroscopy in detecting cervical involvement. Therefore, in the majority of cases, when both techniques showed that disease was limited, the appropriately limited type of surgery would be performed. Conversely, detection of a myometrial invasion of > 50% or an extension to the cervix would lead to an unnecessarily extensive operation if this was the sole criterion used for making the decision.

Successful treatment of essential thrombocythemia in a pregnancy with recombinant interferon-alpha 2a

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) in pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcome, which is likely due to thrombosis of the uteroplacental circulation. Obstetrical management is still controversial. Different therapeutic protocols have been adopted, including the use of aspirin, plateletpheresis, and interferon. We herein report a case of ET treated with interferon-2 alpha from 13 weeks gestation until term. Therapy was well tolerated, leading to a linear reduction of platelet and white blood cell count that rapidly returned within normal limits. A healthy, 3,020-g male infant was delivered at 40 weeks gestation. Albeit further experience is required, recombinant interferon-alpha 2a may play an important role in preventing complications in pregnant patients with ET.

Accuracy of the umbilical arteries Doppler flow velocity waveforms in detecting adverse perinatal outcomes in a high-risk population

OBJECTIVE

To define the accuracy of the umbilical artery Doppler flow velocity waveforms, according to different cut-off values, in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes among fetuses at high risk of hypoxic complications.

SUBJECTS

Two hundred and sixty-five pregnant women with diagnosis of small for gestational age fetus and/or pregnancy induced hypertension studied in four Italian ultrasound units.

METHODS

Prospective study. Serial Doppler ultrasound measurements of the umbilical artery were performed. Results were not available for clinical management. Cut-off curves, corresponding to different age-specific centiles of the pulsatility index distribution among pregnancies resulting in healthy newborns, regardless of birthweight, were computed by regression methods. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of such cut-off curves, and of absent/reverse end-diastolic flow, in predicting different adverse outcomes were estimated. The adverse outcomes were: perinatal or neonatal death (OUTCOME 1). Death or Apgar<7 at 5' or need for admission to intensive care unit or other hypoxic related abnormalities (OUTCOME 2). Either OUTCOME 2 or birthweight<l0th centile (OUTCOME 3). Both OUTCOME 2 and birthweight<10th centile (OUTCOME 4).

RESULTS

The best accuracy was in predicting OUTCOMES 1 and 4. Positive predictive value increased strongly with higher cut-off curves while negative predictive value only decreased slightly. For absent/reverse end-diastolic flow, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were respectively 94% and 39% for death, and 81% and 72% respectively for OUTCOME 2. For the 95th centile curve the corresponding figures were 96%, 33% and 84%, 67%. The 60th centile curve had a 85% and 74% sensitivity value for death and OUTCOME 2 respectively, but the corresponding positive predictive values were 18% and 40% only.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of an absent end diastolic flow or of pulsatility index values above the 95th centile curve strongly suggest it is time to deliver the fetus. The 60th centile curve is the most suitable to recognize fetuses at risk for abnormal outcome, but early delivery should be avoided because of its low positive predictive value.

Ultrasonography in the detection of aneuploidy in the first trimester

Ultrasonography has been used increasingly in the first trimester to identify fetal anomalies as early as possible in gestation. First trimester sonographic screening may detect a greater proportion of aneuploid fetuses than sonography performed later in pregnancy, and it may allow determination of potential markers for prediction of chromosomal anomalies.

Performance of Doppler ultrasonography as a screening test in low risk pregnancies: results of a multicentric study

To assess the efficacy of the Doppler velocimetry of the uterine and umbilical arteries as a screening test for preeclampsia and fetal growth retardation, we studied 916 low risk pregnancies. The S/D ratios of the uterine and umbilical arteries were obtained at 19 to 24 weeks and at 26 to 31 weeks of gestational age. Mean values, receiver operator curves, and the diagnostic accuracy of the tests were calculated for the following end-points: (1) pregnancy-induced hypertension, (2) low birth weight for gestational age, (3) small for gestational age with abnormal outcome, (4) pregnancy-induced hypertension needing preterm delivery. The prevalences for these outcomes were 3.4%, 4.6%, 1%, and 0.7%, respectively. The study was blinded. The umbilical and uterine artery S/D ratios were significantly higher in the abnormal than in the normal outcome group. When uterine arteries were studied at 19 to 24 weeks, sensitivity was 59% in the detection of pregnancy-induced hypertension, 11% in the detection of small for gestational age fetuses, 33% in the detection of small for gestational age fetuses with abnormal outcome, and 83% in the detection of pregnancy induced hypertension needing preterm delivery; the corresponding values for specificity were 69%, 94%, 94%, and 68%. At 26 to 31 weeks the sensitivity values were respectively, 69%, 58%, 75%, and 100% and specificity values were 80%, 59%, 39%, and 79%. When umbilical arteries were studied at 19 to 24 weeks, sensitivity was 38% in the detection of pregnancy-induced hypertension, 46% in the detection of small for gestational age fetuses, 78% in the detection of small for gestational age fetuses with abnormal outcome, and 67% in the detection of pregnancy-induced hypertension needing preterm delivery. The corresponding values of specificity were 74% for all four groups. At 26 to 31 weeks the sensitivity values were 38%, 43%, 87%, and 67%, respectively, and specificity values were 80% for all four groups. We concluded that Doppler examinations of the uterine and umbilical arteries can detect, at midpregnancy, the severe forms of pregnancy-induced hypertension and small for gestational age fetuses but they cannot be used to screen a low risk population in which the prevalence of the disease is low, and hence the positive predictive value is low.

The head-to-abdomen circumference ratio: a reappraisal

Our objective was to assess the clinical significance of the sonographically derived head-to-abdomen circumference ratio in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. The head-to-abdomen ratio was determined in 134 singleton SGA fetuses without ultrasound evidence of malformations at 26-40 weeks' gestation. Data were collected regarding antenatal surveillance, umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry and neonatal outcome. In SGA fetuses, the head-to-abdomen ratio, adjusted for gestational age, had a normal frequency distribution, positively skewed with regard to fetuses with normal birth weight. An elevated head-to-abdomen ratio was found in 56 SGA fetuses (42%), and was associated with increased perinatal mortality (odds ratio 3.27; 95% confidence internal 1.04-9.34), lower birth weight (1533 +/- 635 g vs. 2022 +/- 655 g, p < 0.0001) and lower gestational age at delivery (34 +/- 3.6 weeks vs. 36.3 +/- 3.6 weeks, p < 0.005). However, logistic regression revealed that the most powerful antenatal determinants of pregnancy outcome were Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery, followed by biophysical profile, while no independent correlation was found with the head-to-abdomen ratio. The existence of two distinct categories of SGA fetuses, 'symmetric' and 'asymmetric', remains uncertain. An elevated head-to-abdomen ratio is an adverse risk factor for pregnancy outcome. However, this parameter has no clearcut clinical value when umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry and biophysical antenatal testing are available.

Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and the assessment of umbilical artery waveforms using pulsed Doppler ultrasonography

The utility of Doppler ultrasonography as a means of assessing potential alterations of vascular resistance prior to fetal or maternal compromise is very attractive. We investigated this relationship by prospectively performing Doppler studies of the fetal umbilical artery in 56 diabetic patients, 14 of whom had varying degrees of vascular complications. When regression curves were established for the S/D ratio, the Pourcelot index, and the resistance index of the fetal umbilical artery, the mean Doppler values were higher in diabetic patients with vasculopathy than in nondiabetic control patients or in diabetic patients without vasculopathy. The third trimester S/D ratio was greater than 3.0 in almost 50% of patients with vasculopathy. A tendency toward adverse outcomes was observed at S/D ratios approaching 4.0. Statistically significant correlations were found between elevated Doppler indices and maternal vasculopathy associated with hypertension and worsening renal insufficiency. Intrauterine growth retardation and neonatal metabolic complications were also significantly correlated with elevated Doppler indices. There was, however, no correlation between Doppler indices and glucose values, although most were within a euglycemic range. The aforementioned data indicate an increased resistance circuit among diabetics with vasculopathy, which may reflect a relative reduction in basal uteroplacental blood flow and the need for cautious interpretation of Doppler indices in these patients.

Biometry of early pregnancy with transvaginal sonography

A prospective cross-sectional study was performed in 248 pregnant women between 5 and 12 weeks' menstrual age with transvaginal sonography to establish biometric charts of the gestational sac, embryonic crown-rump length and biparietal diameter, amniotic sac and yolk sac to be used for assessment of gestational age and prediction of pregnancy failure. Polynomial regression analysis was applied and demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation that could be described in all cases as a quadratic function, between gestational age and all the measurements with the exclusion of the yolk sac. Centile charts of both growth models and dating models were tabulated. The interrelationship between different measurements, including the gestational sac, crown-rump length, biparietal diameter and amniotic sac was also evaluated to produce age-independent charts. The dating model of the crown-rump length was found to have mean values similar to those described in transabdominal studies. The 95% reference interval was, however, 8.4 days, which was not lower than those reported in most transabdominal studies. It was concluded that transvaginal sonography was more able than the abdominal route to allow measurement of the crown-rump length in very early gestation, but did not yield a greater accuracy in predicting gestational age.

Accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound and serum hCG in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy

Transvaginal ultrasound was performed upon admission of 127 patients with a clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy in association with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) determination. Failure to visualize with sonography an intrauterine gestational sac with an hCG level superior to 1000 mIU/ml identified 25/42 tubal pregnancies with a positive predictive value of 86% and a specificity of 93%. Abnormal adnexal findings occurred in 95% of the ectopic pregnancies. Extrauterine gestational sacs with or without embryos could be confidently detected in 19 ectopic pregnancies (45%). A complex adnexal mass was seen in 19 cases and yielded a positive predictive value of 90% (19/21). Adnexal gestational sacs and complex masses were seen more frequently in those ectopic pregnancies with an hCG level above 1000 mIU/ml but the difference was not significant (100% versus 78%). Simple adnexal cysts were found more frequently in intrauterine pregnancies, and fluid in the cul-de-sac was also not indicative of ectopic pregnancy (positive predictive value, 29%). Transvaginal ultrasound has a primary role in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. The combined use of uterine and adnexal sonography associated with elevated hCG levels allows a definitive diagnosis in the vast majority of cases at a very early stage, when the chances for a successful conservative treatment are greater.