Studies on the feasibility of using completely incinerable reagents for the single-cycle separation of americium(III) from simulated high-level liquid waste

The extraction and stripping behavior of various metal ions present in the fast reactor simulated high-level liquid waste (FR-SHLLW) was studied using a solvent phase composed of a neutral extractant, N,N,-didodecyl-N′,N′-dioctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamide (D3DODGA) and an acidic extractant, di-2-ethylhexyl diglycolamic acid (HDEHDGA) in n-dodecane (n-DD). The third phase formation behavior of the solvent formulation D3DODGA + HDEHDGA/n-DD, was studied when it was contacted with FR-SHLLW, and the concentration of neutral and acidic extractant needed to avoid the third phase formation was optimized. The distribution ratio of various metal ions present in FR-SHLLW was measured in a solution of 0.1 M D3DODGA + 0.2 M HDEHDGA/n-DD. The extraction of Am(III) was accompanied by the co-extraction of lanthanides and unwanted metal ions such as Zr(IV), Y(III), and Pd(II). A procedure was developed to minimize the extraction of unwanted metal ions by using aqueous soluble complexing agents in FR-SHLLW. Based on those results, the counter-current mixer-settler run was performed in a 20-stage mixer-settler. Quantitative extraction of Am(III), Ln(III), Y(III), and Sr(II) in 0.1 M D3DODGA + 0.2 M HDEHDGA/n-DD was observed. The recovery of Am(III) from the loaded organic phase was carried out by the optimized aqueous formulation composed of 0.01 M diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) + 0.5 M citric acid (CA) at pH 1.5. The stripping of Am(III) was accompanied by co-stripping of some early lanthanides. However the later lanthanides (Eu(III) and beyond) were not back extracted to Am(III) product. Therefore, the studies foresee the possibility of intra-lanthanides as well as lanthanide-actinide separation in a single-processing cycle.

Thermal and magnetic properties and vibrational analysis of 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine: a quantum chemical approach

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (4DMAP) have been recorded in the region 4000-500 cm(-1)and 3500-100 cm(-1). Quantum chemical calculations of energy, geometry and vibrational wavenumbers of 4DMAP were carried out by using ab initio HF and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The harmonic vibrational wavenumbers were calculated and the scaled wavenumbers have been compared with the experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The quantum chemical parameters have been computed from the HOMO-LUMO energy values. Temperature dependence thermodynamic parameters and magnetic properties of the title compound have been analyzed. Using NBO analysis the stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed. The first-order hyper-polarizability (β) values of the title molecule were computed by B3LYP method. Finally the theoretically spectrograms for FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the title molecule have been constructed which show good agreement with recorded spectra.

Effect of Tribulus terrestris on Haloperidol-induced Catalepsy in Mice

Haloperidol, an antipsychotic drug, leads to the development of a behavioural state called catalepsy, in which the animal is not able to correct an externally imposed posture. In the present study we have attempted to evaluate the anticataleptic effect of Tribulus terrestris on haloperidol-induced catalepsy in albino mice. Mice were allocated to four groups, each group containing six animals. Both, the test drug, Tribulus terrestris and the standard drug trihexyphenidyl were uniformly suspended in 1% gum acacia solution. Catalepsy was induced in mice with haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). The first group received the vehicle (10 ml/kg, orally), the second group received trihexyphenidyl (10 mg/kg, orally) and the remaining two groups received Tribulus terrestris (100, 200 mg/kg, orally). The animals were assessed after single and repeated dose administration for ten days, 30 min prior to haloperidol, using standard bar test. The result of the present study demonstrates Tribulus terrestris has a protective effect against haloperidol-induced catalepsy, which is comparable to the standard drug used for the same purpose. Our study indicates Tribulus terrestris can be used to prevent haloperidol-induced extrapyramidal side effects.

Theoretical investigations on the molecular structure, vibrational spectra, thermodynamics, HOMO-LUMO, NBO analyses and paramagnetic susceptibility properties of p-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid

The experimental FT-IR (4000-400 cm(-1)) and FT-Raman (3500-100 cm(-1)) spectra of p-(p-hydroxyphenoxy) benzoic acid have been recorded. Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometries, and vibrational wavenumbers of p-(p-hydroxyphenoxy) benzoic acid (PPHPBA) are carried out using HF and DFT/B3LYP methods with 6-311G (d,p) basis set. The optimized geometrical parameters obtained by B3LYP method show a good agreement with experimental data. The difference between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the potential energy distribution (PED) of the vibrational modes calculated with scaled quantum mechanical method. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies allow the calculation of atomic and molecular properties and they also show that charge transfer occurs in the molecule. A detailed molecular picture of PPHPBA and its intermolecular interactions were obtained from NBO analysis. The temperature dependence of various thermodynamic parameters was also studied. The paramagnetic behavior of the molecule under consideration has been investigated and the variation of paramagnetic susceptibility with temperature has been studied.

Vibrational spectra, NBO analysis, first order hyperpolarizabilities, thermodynamic functions and NMR chemical shielding anisotropy (CSA) parameters of 5-nitro-2-furoic acid by ab initio HF and DFT calculations

In this work, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra are recorded on the solid phase of 5-nitro-2-furoic acid (abbreviated as NFA) in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1) respectively. The geometrical parameters, vibrational assignments, HOMO-LUMO energies and NBO calculations are obtained for the monomer and dimer of NFA from HF and DFT (B3LYP) with 6-311++G (d, p) basis set calculations. Second order perturbation energies and electron density (ED) transfer from filled lone pairs of Lewis base to unfilled Lewis acid sites of NFA are discussed on the basis of NBO analysis. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds exist through COOH groups; give the evidence for the formation of dimer entities in the title molecule. The theoretically calculated harmonic frequencies are scaled by common scale factor. The observed and the calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The thermodynamic functions were obtained for the range of temperature 100-1000 K. The polarizability, first hyperpolarizability, anisotropy polarizability invariant has been computed using quantum chemical calculations. The chemical parameters were calculated from the HOMO and LUMO values. The NMR chemical shielding anisotropy (CSA) parameters were also computed for the title molecule.

Vibrational spectral analysis, computation of thermodynamic functions for various temperatures and NBO analysis of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol using ab initio HF and DFT calculations

FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (TCP) have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1) respectively. The total energy calculations of TCP were tried for the possible conformers. The molecular structure, geometry optimization, vibrational frequencies were obtained by the ab initio and DFT levels of theory (B3LYP and B3PW91) with the standard basis sets, 6-311++G(d, p) and 6-311+G(d, p) for C1 and C2 conformers. The harmonic frequencies were calculated and the scaled values were compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The observed and the calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The thermodynamic functions (heat capacity, entropy, vibrational partition function and Gibbs energy) from spectroscopic data by statistical methods were obtained for the range of temperature 100-1000 K. The polarizability, first hyperpolarizability, anisotropy polarizability invariant has been computed using quantum chemical calculations. The chemical parameters were calculated from the HOMO and LUMO values.

Rotational isomers, density functional theory, vibrational spectroscopic studies, thermodynamic functions, NBO and HOMO-LUMO analyses of 2,6-Bis(chloromethyl)pyridine

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2,6-Bis(chloromethyl)pyridine (BCMP) have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively. The total energy calculations of BCMP were tried for the possible rotational isomers. The molecular structure, geometry optimization, vibrational frequencies were obtained by the HF and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set for the most stable rotational isomer "R3". The harmonic frequencies were calculated and the scaled values were compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The observed and the calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecule. The stability of the molecule was analyzed using NBO analysis. The thermodynamic functions (heat capacity, entropy, vibrational partition function and Gibbs energy) were obtained for the range of temperature 100 K-700 K.

Density functional theory, comparative vibrational spectroscopic studies, NBO, HOMO-LUMO analyses and thermodynamic functions of N-(bromomethyl)phthalimide and N-(chloromethyl)phthalimide

Quantum mechanical calculations of energies, geometries, and vibrational wavenumbers of N-(bromomethyl)phthalimide and N-(chloromethyl)phthalimide are carried out using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31G and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The optimized geometrical parameters obtained by B3LYP method show good agreement with experimental data. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of N-(bromomethyl)phthalimide and N-(chloromethyl)phthalimide was also reported. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecules. The thermodynamic functions of N-(bromomethyl)phthalimide and N-(chloromethyl)phthalimide have been performed at B3LYP/6-31G and B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The theoretical spectrograms for FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of N-(bromomethyl)phthalimide and N-(chloromethyl)phthalimide have also been constructed.

Trimethyl-ammonium 2,6-dioxo-5-(2,4,6-trinitro-phen-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydro-pyrimidin-4-olate

In the title barbiturate salt (trivial name: trimethyl­ammonium 2,4,6-trinitro­phenyl­barbiturate), C₃H₁₀N⁺·C₁₀H₄N₅O₉⁻, the asymmetric unit contains two sets of anion–cation moieties. The dihedral angle between the rings in the anions are 44.0 (3) and 45.7 (3)°. Adjacent anions are connected into ribbons along [100] through R₂²(8) ring motifs formed by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the barbiturate rings. Attached to both sides of these ribbons via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are the trimethyl­ammonium cations. C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are also observed.

Methyl 2,2-bis-(2,4-dinitro-phen-yl)ethano-ate

In the title compound, C(15)H(10)N(4)O(10), the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 89.05 (16)°. One O atom of one of the nitro groups is disordered over two sites in a 0.70:0.30 ratio. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O inter-actions.