Improving the genistein oral bioavailability via its formulation into the metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe)

Despite the interesting chemopreventive, antioxidant and antiangiogenic effects of the natural bioflavonoid genistein (GEN), its low aqueous solubility and bioavailability make it necessary to administer it using a suitable drug carrier system. Nanometric porous metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) are appealing systems for drug delivery. Particularly, mesoporous MIL-100(Fe) possesses a variety of interesting features related to its composition and structure, which make it an excellent candidate to be used as a drug nanocarrier (highly porous, biocompatible, can be synthesized as homogenous and stable nanoparticles (NPs), etc.). In this study, GEN was entrapped via simple impregnation in MIL-100 NPs achieving remarkable drug loading (27.1 wt%). A combination of experimental and computing techniques was used to achieve a deep understanding of the encapsulation of GEN in MIL-100 nanoMOF. Subsequently, GEN delivery studies were carried out under simulated physiological conditions, showing on the whole a sustained GEN release for 3 days. Initial pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were also carried out upon the oral administration of the GEN@MIL-100 NPs in a mouse model, evidencing a higher bioavailability and showing that this oral nanoformulation appears to be very promising. To the best of our knowledge, the GEN-loaded MIL-100 will be the first antitumor oral formulation based on nanoMOFs studied in vivo, and paves the way to the efficient delivery of nontoxic antitumorals via a convenient oral route.

Towards improving the capacity of UiO-66 for antibiotic elimination from contaminated water

Antibiotics are found in natural waters, raising concern about their human and environmental toxicity and the wide occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The antibiotic resistance crisis is attributed to the overuse and misuse of these medications. Particularly, sulfamethazine (SMT), an antibiotic commonly used in pigs and cattle for the treatment of bacterial diseases, has been detected in the natural environment (soil and water). Among all the technologies developed to combat the deteriorating water quality and control antimicrobial resistance, heterogeneous photocatalysis should be highlighted for the degradation of refractory organic compounds. Here, we described the SMT adsorption and photodegradation capacity of a highly porous and robust zirconium-based MOF UiO-66 under realistic conditions, and its potential recyclability. Further, its SMT removal capacity was improved by functionalizing the MOF porosity (28.5% of SMT adsorption in 24 h for nanoUiO-66-NH2), and nanosizing the MOF (100% SMT photodegradation in only 4 h for nanoUiO-66). Finally, the safety of the formed by-product during SMT photodegradation was confirmed, reinforcing the potential of the application of UiO-66 in water remediation.

Towards correlating dimensionality and topology in luminescent MOFs based on terephthalato and bispyridyl-like ligands

Herein, we report on the synthesis, structural analysis, physicochemical characterization and photoluminescence performance of two ternary compounds based on dicarboxylate and bispyridyl-like ligands and metal ions of group 12, namely [Zn2(μ4-bdc)(μ-pbptz)(DMF)2(NO3)2]n (1-Zn) and {[Cd(μ3-bdc)(μ-pbptz)]·DMF}n (2-Cd) (where bdc = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, pbptz = 3,6-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide). 1-Zn, consisting of a 2D-layered framework, can be considered as the lower-dimensional analogue of the previously reported {[Zn2(μ4-bdc)2(μ-pbptz)]·2DMF·3H2O}n 3D MOF (1'-Zn), which is shown to recrystallize into 1-Zn undergoing a kind of exfoliation. 2-Cd presents a 3D doubly interpenetrated framework whose porosity is reduced to approximately half of the available solvent-accessible voids contained in the non-interpenetrated homologue reported so far, {[Cd(μ3-bdc)(μ-pbptz)]·3DMF}n (2'-Cd). Structural factors leading to each of the alternative frameworks are detailed by analysing the building units with a perusal of the Cambridge Structural Database and providing a comparative description of the structures. The photoluminescence properties of herein reported compounds (1-Zn and 2-Cd) are also measured and the processes governing the spectra are described using time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT), which allows establishing some structural correspondences by comparing these results with those of the 1'-Zn and 2'-Cd analogues.

Diclofenac N-Derivatives as Therapeutic Agents with Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Effect

A series of diclofenac N-derivatives (2, 4, 6, 8c, 9c, 10a-c) were synthesized in order to test their anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. The anticarcinogen activity has been assayed against three cancer cell lines: HT29, human colon cancer cells; Hep-G2, human hepatic cells; and B16-F10, murine melanoma cells. First, we determined the cytotoxicity of the different compounds, finding that the most effective compound was compound 8c against all cell lines and both compounds 4 and 6 in human Hep-G2 and HT29 cell lines. Compounds 4 and 8c were selected for the percentage of apoptosis determination, cell cycle distribution, and mitochondrial membrane potential measure because these products presented the lowest IC₅₀ values in two of the three cancer cell lines assayed (B16-F10 and HepG2), and were two of the three products with lowest IC₅₀ in HT29 cell line. Moreover, the percentages of apoptosis induction were determined for compounds 4 and 8c, showing that the highest values were between 30 to 60%. Next, the effects of these two compounds were observed on the cellular cycle, resulting in an increase in the cell population in G2/M cell cycle phase after treatment with product 8c, whereas compound 4 increased the cells in phase G0/G1, by possible differentiation process induction. Finally, to determine the possible apoptosis mechanism triggered by these compounds, mitochondrial potential was evaluated, indicating the possible activation of extrinsic apoptotic mechanism. On the other hand, we studied the anti-inflammatory effects of these diclofenac (DCF) derivatives on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages-monocytes murine cells by inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production. As a first step, we determined the cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds, as well as DCF, against these cells. Then, sub-cytotoxic concentrations were used to determine NO release at different incubation times. The greatest anti-inflammatory effect was observed for products 2, 4, 8c, 10a, 10b, and 9c at 20 µg·mL^-1 concentration after 48 h of treatment, with inhibition of produced NO between 60 to 75%, and a concentration that reduces to the 50% the production of NO (IC_{50 NO}) between 2.5 to 25 times lower than that of DCF. In this work, we synthesized and determined for the first time the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory potential of eight diclofenac N-derivatives. In agreement with the recent evidences suggesting that inflammation may contribute to all states of tumorigenesis, the development of these new derivatives capable of inducing apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects at very low concentrations represent new effective therapeutic strategies against these diseases.

Metal–organic frameworks for the removal of the emerging contaminant atenolol under real conditions

A defective Metal-Organic Frameworks as an improved material for the construction of a fixed-bed system working under continuous flow conditions for the removal of the emerging contaminant atenolol.

Combined Cutaneous Therapy Using Biocompatible Metal-Organic Frameworks

Combined therapies emerge as an interesting tool to overcome limitations of traditional pharmacological treatments (efficiency, side effects). Among other materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer versatilities for the accommodation of multiple and complementary active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): accessible large porosity, availability of functionalization sites, and biocompatibility. Here, we propose topical patches based on water-stable and biosafe Fe carboxylate MOFs (MIL-100 and MIL-127), the biopolymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and two co-encapsulated drugs used in skin disorders (azelaic acid (AzA) as antibiotic, and nicotinamide (Nic) as anti-inflammatory), in order to develop an advanced cutaneous combined therapy. Exceptional MOF drug contents were reached (total amount 77.4 and 48.1 wt.% for MIL-100 and MIL-127, respectively), while an almost complete release of both drugs was achieved after 24 h, adapted to cutaneous delivery. The prepared cutaneous PVA-MOF formulations are safe and maintain the high drug-loading capacity (total drug content of 38.8 and 24.2 wt.% for MIL-100 and MIL-127, respectively), while allowing a controlled delivery of their cargoes, permeating through the skin to the active target sites. The total amount of drug retained or diffused through the skin is within the range (Nic), or even better (AzA) than commercial formulations. The presented results make these drug combined formulations promising candidates for new cutaneous devices for skin treatment.

Metal-Organic Framework Microsphere Formulation for Pulmonary Administration

Although nanoscaled metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) are promising drug carriers, their appropriate formulation remains almost unexplored and basically restricted to intravenous routes. Lungs, beneficiating from a large absorption surface and low enzymatic presence, are a very attractive target for both local and systemic delivery. However, pulmonary nanoMOF formulation is a pending and defying task. Thus, we propose a pioneer nanoMOF-based microsphere system as a potential platform for pulmonary administration. A biocompatible nanoMOF was successfully encapsulated in mannitol by a simple and continuous spray-drying technique. Upon intratracheal administration to rats, the resulting formulation, exhibiting optimal properties (i.e., homogeneity, size, density, and spray-drying process yield), was able to release the intact nanoMOF carrier uniformly along the lungs, reaching the bronchioles and alveoli.

P3825Long-term prognostic value of growth differentiation factor-15 in acute coronary syndrome

Introduction

Biomarkers plays a critical role in diagnostic, prognostication, and decision-making in cardiovascular medicine. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been reported as a potential biomarker in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, there is limited data on the long-term prognostic value after an ACS.

Purpose

To study the long-term prognostic value of GDF-15 in ACS.

Methods

We included patients with ACS who underwent coronary angiography. During angiography an arterial blood sample was collected. Plasma GDF-15 were measured and clinical data and long-term events were obtained. As previously reported, risk categories were defined as low risk (<1200ng/L), intermediate (1200–1800ng/L) and high risk (>1800ng/L). Incremental prognostic value of GDF-15 for all-cause death was assessed on top of a clinical model (GRACE score, LVEF<40% and age).

Results

A total of 358 patients were included; 157 as a low risk, 85 as an intermediate and 116 as a high risk. The median (IQR) age was 65 (56–74) years and 27.4% were female. Of all patients, 61.5% were admitted with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, 24.0% with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and 14.5% with unstable angina. Higher values of GDF-15 were consistently associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. During 6 years of follow-up 54 patients died. Of those patients, 7 (4.5%) had values of GDF-15 below 1200ng/L, 6 (7.1%) between 1200–1800ng/L and 41 (35.3%) above 1800ng/L. After adjustment for a multivariate Cox regression model, GDF-15 >1800ng/L were independently associated with all-cause death (HR 4.5; 95% CI 1.8–11.6; p=0.002) and the composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) which were identified as all-cause death, nonfatal MI and heart failure (HR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4–4.4; p=0.001). For long-term all-cause death a significant increase of the c-statistic was seen after addition of GDF-15 to the clinical model 0.871 (95% CI 0.817–0.924; p=0.019) as well as net reclassification improvement (0.769; 95% CI 0.487–1.051; p<0.001) and integrated discrimination improvement (0.117; 95% CI 0.062–0.172; p<0.001). Of 18 events of heart failure, 17 occurred in patients with GDF>1800ng/L. A multivariate competing risk model showed a significant association between GDF-15>1800ng/L and incidence of heart failure (adjusted HR 30.8; 95% CI 4.1–231.5; p=0.001) but non-significant association were found for myocardial infarction.

KM figures and all-cause death ROC curve

Conclusions

In the setting of ACS GDF-15 can predict long-term all-cause death, MACE and heart failure and provides incremental prognostic value beyond traditional risks factors in the long-term all-cause death.

P6437Growth differentiation factor-15 and stromal cell-derived factor-1 as long-term prognosis biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome

Introduction

After an acute coronary syn bdrome (ACS) patients are at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this scenario, Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and Stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been reported as potential biomarkers in ACS. However, there is limited data about their combined use in long-term prognosis.

Purpose

To study the long-term prognostic value of GDF-15 and SDF-1 in ACS.

Methods

We included patients with ACS who underwent coronary angiography. During angiography an arterial blood sample was collected. Plasma SDF-1 and GDF-15 were measured and clinical data and long-term events were obtained. The cut-off point of SDF-1 and GDF-15 was identified individually by receiver operating characteristic curves. Patients were classified into 3 groups: 1) both biomarkers below cut-off points; 2) only one biomarker above cut-off points; 3) both biomarkers above cut-off points.

Results

A total of 238 patients were included. The median (IQR) age was 64 (55–74) year and 27.3% were female. Of all patients, 60.9% were admitted with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, 22.7% with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and 16.4% with unstable angina. The cut-off point of SDF-1 was 3283.5pg/mL and GDF-15 was 1849ng/L. A total of 127 patients were in group 1, 64 in group 2 and 47 in group 3. Group 3 patients were associated with older age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and history of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, chronic kidney disease and peripheral artery disease. Besides, they were more likely to have left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction <40%) and significant three vessels stenosis. During 6.5 years of follow-up 8 patients died (6.3%) in group 1, 7 patients died (10.9%) in group 2 and 25 patients died (53.2%) in group 3 (Figure 1). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that high levels of SDF-1 and GDF-15 (group 3) were an independent predictor of all-cause death (HR 5.8; 95% CI 2.4 - 14.1; p<0.001) and the composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) which were identified as all-cause death, nonfatal MI and heart failure (HR 3.9; 95% CI 2.1 - 7.3; p<0.001). During follow-up 1 patient had heart failure in group 1 (0.8%), 3 patients (4.7%) in group 2 and 9 patients (19.1%) in group 3. Despite the low number of events of heart failure, the multivariate competing risks regression showed association between group 3 and heart failure during follow-up (HR 28.0; 95% CI 3.5 - 225.2; p=0.002). Higher levels of SDF-1 and GDF-15 (group 3) were not associated with new MI in multivariate competing risks regression. Regarding group 2, all multivariate analyses were non-significant.

Cumulative survival and incidence curves

Conclusions

Higher values of combined GDF-15 and SDF-1 are an excellent predictor of all-cause death, MACE and heart failure in long-term follow-up of patients with ACS. The combined use of SDF-1 and GDF-15 may be useful in long-term ACS prognosis.

Ti-Based nanoMOF as an Efficient Oral Therapeutic Agent

Despite the interest in (Zn, Fe, and Zr)-nanoscaled metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) as intravenous drug nanocarriers, their most convenient oral administration has been almost unexplored. In this scenario, an uncharted Ti-nanoMOF is originally proposed here as an oral therapeutic agent, not as a drug delivery system but as an innovative and efficient oral detoxifying agent of the challenge and timeliness salicylate intoxication (e.g., aspirin). Thus, this orally robust and biosafe Ti-nanoMOF is the only porous nanomaterial, among the six tested MOFs, able to adsorb and retain aspirin under the whole gastrointestinal tract, overpassing the capabilities of the current treatment (i.e., activated charcoal). Further, the biodistribution and bioremoval of Ti-nanoMOF have been assessed, proving a bioprotective character with an intact and almost complete removal by feces.

Toward Understanding Drug Incorporation and Delivery from Biocompatible Metal-Organic Frameworks in View of Cutaneous Administration

Although metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have widely demonstrated their convenient performances as drug-delivery systems, there is still work to do to fully understand the drug incorporation/delivery processes from these materials. In this work, a combined experimental and computational investigation of the main structural and physicochemical parameters driving drug adsorption/desorption kinetics was carried out. Two model drugs (aspirin and ibuprofen) and three water-stable, biocompatible MOFs (MIL-100(Fe), UiO-66(Zr), and MIL-127(Fe)) have been selected to obtain a variety of drug-matrix couples with different structural and physicochemical characteristics. This study evidenced that the drug-loading and drug-delivery processes are mainly governed by structural parameters (accessibility of the framework and drug volume) as well as the MOF/drug hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance. As a result, the delivery of the drug under simulated cutaneous conditions (aqueous media at 37 °C) demonstrated that these systems fulfill the requirements to be used as topical drug-delivery systems, such as released payload between 1 and 7 days. These results highlight the importance of the rational selection of MOFs, evidencing the effect of geometrical and chemical parameters of both the MOF and the drug on the drug adsorption and release.

Metal organic frameworks based on bioactive components

This review highlights the latest advances of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in the promising biomedical domain, from their synthesis to their biorelated activities.