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Hitoshi S. Neural stem cells in the adult brain: Implications for the pathogenesis of mood affective disorders. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hitoshi S, Akhilesh K, Ishino Y, Tanaka KF, Hosoya T, Hotta Y, Ikenaka K. Mammalian Glial cells missing genes induce Hes5 expression and definitive neural stem cells in early embryos. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hitoshi S. [Understanding the pathogenesis of mood affective disorders through the study of neural stem cell biology]. NIHON SHINKEI SEISHIN YAKURIGAKU ZASSHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 28:189-194. [PMID: 19108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. It has been shown that exposure to psychosocial stress reduces cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus. However, little is known about how stress affects the proliferation kinetics of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain. We utilized a forced swim model of stress in the mouse and found that chronic stress decreased the number of NSCs. The reduction in NSC number persisted for weeks after the cessation of stress, but was reversed by treatment with antidepressant drugs, fluoxetine and imipramine. However, these antidepressants exhibit no direct effects on NSCs, suggesting that the effects of antidepressants on NSCs are mediated by serotonin. In contrast, mood stabilizing drugs, which are used to treat patients with bipolar disorder, act cell-autonomously on NSCs and enhance their self-renewal capability. Importantly, this enhancement is achieved at therapeutically relevant concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid. The pharmacological effects are mediated by the activation of Notch signaling in the NSC, but not by the inhibition of GSK-3b signaling or inositol depletion, currently popular models to explain mood stabilizers' action. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of mood affective disorders.
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Ema M, Mori D, Niwa H, Hasegawa Y, Yamanaka Y, Hitoshi S, Mimura J, Kawabe YI, Hosoya T, Morita M, Shimosato D, Uchida K, Suzuki N, Yanagisawa J, Sogawa K, Rossant J, Yamamoto M, Takahashi S, Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Krüppel-like factor 5 Is Essential for Blastocyst Development and the Normal Self-Renewal of Mouse ESCs. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 3:555-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sasaki N, Okishio K, Ui-Tei K, Saigo K, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toyoda H, Nishimura T, Suda Y, Hayasaka M, Hanaoka K, Hitoshi S, Ikenaka K, Nishihara S. Heparan sulfate regulates self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:3594-3606. [PMID: 18024963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705621200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal and pluripotency are maintained by several signaling cascades and by expression of intrinsic factors, such as Oct3/4 and Nanog. The signaling cascades are activated by extrinsic factors, such as leukemia inhibitory factor, bone morphogenic protein, and Wnt. However, the mechanism that regulates extrinsic signaling in ES cells is unknown. Heparan sulfate (HS) chains are ubiquitously present as the cell surface proteoglycans and are known to play crucial roles in regulating several signaling pathways. Here we investigated whether HS chains on ES cells are involved in regulating signaling pathways that are important for the maintenance of ES cells. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of HS chain elongation inhibited mouse ES cell self-renewal and induced spontaneous differentiation of the cells into extraembryonic endoderm. Furthermore, autocrine/paracrine Wnt/beta-catenin signaling through HS chains was found to be required for the regulation of Nanog expression. We propose that HS chains are important for the extrinsic signaling required for mouse ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency.
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Karpowicz P, Inoue T, Runciman S, Deveale B, Seaberg R, Gertsenstein M, Byers L, Yamanaka Y, Tondat S, Slevin J, Hitoshi S, Rossant J, van der Kooy D. Adhesion is prerequisite, but alone insufficient, to elicit stem cell pluripotency. J Neurosci 2007; 27:5437-47. [PMID: 17507566 PMCID: PMC6672333 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0300-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive mammalian neural stem cells (NSCs), arising during the earliest stages of embryogenesis, possess pluripotency in embryo chimera assays in contrast to definitive NSCs found in the adult. We hypothesized that adhesive differences determine the association of stem cells with embryonic cells in chimera assays and hence their ability to contribute to later tissues. We show that primitive NSCs and definitive NSCs possess adhesive differences, resulting from differential cadherin expression, that lead to a double dissociation in outcomes after introduction into the early- versus midgestation embryo. Primitive NSCs are able to sort with the cells of the inner cell mass and thus contribute to early embryogenesis, in contrast to definitive NSCs, which cannot. Conversely, primitive NSCs sort away from cells of the embryonic day 9.5 telencephalon and are unable to contribute to neural tissues at midembryogenesis, in contrast to definitive NSCs, which can. Overcoming these adhesive differences by E-cadherin overexpression allows some definitive NSCs to integrate into the inner cell mass but is insufficient to allow them to contribute to later development. These adhesive differences suggest an evolving compartmentalization in multipotent NSCs during development and serve to illustrate the importance of cell-cell association for revealing cellular contribution.
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Hitoshi S, Maruta N, Higashi M, Kumar A, Kato N, Ikenaka K. Antidepressant drugs reverse the loss of adult neural stem cells following chronic stress. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:3574-85. [PMID: 17668856 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, adult neurogenesis occurs in the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. It has been shown that exposure to psychosocial stress reduces cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus. However, little is known about how stress affects the proliferation kinetics of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ), which provide new neurons to the olfactory bulb. We utilized a forced-swim model of stress in the mouse and found that chronic stress decreased the number of NSCs in the SVZ. The reduction of NSC number persisted for weeks after the cessation of stress but was reversed by treatment with the antidepressant drugs fluoxetine and imipramine. We demonstrated by in vitro colony-forming neurosphere assay that corticosterone attenuated neurosphere formation by adult NSCs and, in contrast, that serotonin increased the survival of NSCs. In addition, serotonin expanded the size of the NSC pool in the SVZ when it was infused into the lateral ventricle in vivo. These results suggest that, under chronic stress conditions, the number of NSCs is regulated by the actions of glucocorticoids and serotonin. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of antidepressant drugs.
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Shimada H, Shigeki H, Hitoshi S, Masato A, Kouichi S, Noriko T, Tsuneyoshi O, Kiyoshi F, Tetsuya S, Takamichi H, Toshiaki I. 1.198A Brain acetylcholinesterase changes in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson's disease with Dementia demonstrated by PET. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ishii A, Ikeda T, Hitoshi S, Fujimoto I, Torii T, Sakuma K, Nakakita SI, Hase S, Ikenaka K. Developmental changes in the expression of glycogenes and the content of N-glycans in the mouse cerebral cortex. Glycobiology 2006; 17:261-76. [PMID: 17172259 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of N-glycans varies significantly among tissues and is strictly regulated spatially and temporally within the tissue. The strict molecular mechanisms that are responsible for control of N-glycan synthesis remain largely unknown. We developed complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) macroarray system and analyzed gene expression levels of more than 140 glycosyltransferases and glycosidases in the cerebral cortex from developing and adult mice. We also analyzed the relative amounts of major N-glycans present in the cerebral cortex and examined how the synthesis of N-glycans might be regulated through the expression of these genes. We demonstrated that the content of N-linked oligosaccharides dramatically changed during the course of brain development. Some of these changes could not be explained by alterations in the expression of the corresponding genes. For example, the amount of core fucosylated sugar chains in the early embryonic brain and the expression level of fucosyltransferase VIII, the only gene known to be responsible for core fucosylation, did not change proportionately. This result suggests that post-transcriptional regulation of this gene plays an important role in regulating its enzymatic activity. On the other hand, the amount of beta1,3-galactose residue-containing sugar chains increased postnatally following an increase in the level of beta1,3-galactosyltransferase messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Furthermore, the amount of sugar chains with an outer fucose residue, containing LewisX-BA-2, correlated well with the expression of fusocyltransferase IX mRNA. These findings add to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of N-glycan biosynthesis in the cerebral cortex.
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Naruse M, Nakahira E, Miyata T, Hitoshi S, Ikenaka K, Bansal R. [P129]: Induction of oligodendrocyte progenitors in dorsal forebrain by intraventricular microinjection of FGF‐2. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.09.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Hasegawa A, Naruse M, Hitoshi S, Iwasaki Y, Takebayashi H, Ikenaka K. Regulation of glial development by cystatin C. J Neurochem 2006; 100:12-22. [PMID: 17064358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin C (CysC) is an endogenous cysteine proteases inhibitor produced by mature astrocytes in the adult brain. Previously we isolated CysC as a factor activating the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, and showed that CysC is expressed in astrocyte progenitors during development. Here we show that protease inhibitor activity increased daily in conditioned medium, and that this activity was mainly a result of CysC released from primary cultured cells. Human CysC added to the culture medium of primary brain cells increased the number of GFAP-positive and nestin-positive cells. Human CysC also increased the number of neurospheres formed from embryonic brain, and thus it increases the number of neural stem/precursor cells in a manner similar to glycosylated rat CysC. The addition of a neutralizing antibody, on the other hand, greatly decreased the number of GFAP and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)-positive astrocytes. This decrease was reversed by the addition of CysC but not by another cysteine protease inhibitor. Thus, the promotion of astrocyte development by CysC appears to be independent of its protease inhibitor activity. The antibody increased the number of oligodendrocytes and their precursors. Therefore, CysC modifies glial development in addition to its activity against neural stem/precursor cells.
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Wada T, Haigh JJ, Ema M, Hitoshi S, Chaddah R, Rossant J, Nagy A, van der Kooy D. Vascular endothelial growth factor directly inhibits primitive neural stem cell survival but promotes definitive neural stem cell survival. J Neurosci 2006; 26:6803-12. [PMID: 16793887 PMCID: PMC6673824 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0526-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two types of neural stem cells (NSCs). Primitive NSCs [leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) dependent but exogenous fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 independent] can be derived from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro and from embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5) to E7.5 epiblast and E7.5-E8.5 neuroectoderm in vivo. Definitive NSCs (LIF independent but FGF2 dependent) first appear in the E8.5 neural plate and persist throughout life. Primitive NSCs give rise to definitive NSCs. Loss and gain of functions were used to study the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and its receptor, Flk1, in NSCs. The numbers of Flk1 knock-out mice embryo-derived and ES cell-derived primitive NSCs were increased because of the enhanced survival of primitive NSCs. In contrast, neural precursor-specific, Flk1 conditional knock-out mice-derived, definitive NSCs numbers were decreased because of the enhanced cell death of definitive NSCs. These effects were not observed in cells lacking Flt1, another VEGF receptor. In addition, the cell death stimulated by VEGF-A of primitive NSC and the cell survival stimulated by VEGF-A of definitive NSC were blocked by Flk1/Fc-soluble receptors and VEGF-A function-blocking antibodies. These VEGF-A phenotypes also were blocked by inhibition of the downstream effector nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Thus, both the cell death of primitive NSC and the cell survival of definitive NSC induced by VEGF-A stimulation are mediated by bifunctional NF-kappaB effects. In conclusion, VEGF-A function through Flk1 mediates survival (and not proliferative or fate change) effects on NSCs, specifically.
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Alexson TO, Hitoshi S, Coles BL, Bernstein A, van der Kooy D. Notch signaling is required to maintain all neural stem cell populations--irrespective of spatial or temporal niche. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:34-48. [PMID: 16508302 DOI: 10.1159/000090751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, Notch signaling has been reported to underscore the ability of neural stem cells (NSCs) to self-renew. Utilizing mice deficient in presenilin-1(PS1), we asked whether the function of Notch signaling in NSC maintenance was conserved. At embryonic day 14.5, all NSCs--both similar (cortex-, ganglionic eminence- and hindbrain-derived) and distinct (retinal stem cell)--require Notch signaling in a gene-dosage-sensitive manner to undergo expansionary symmetric divisions, as assessed by the clonal, in vitro neurosphere assay. Within the adult, however, Notch signaling modulates cell cycle time in order to ensure brain-derived NSCs retain their self-renewal property. At face value, the effects in the embryo and adult appear different. We propose potential hypotheses, including the ability of cell cycle to modify the mode of division, in order to resolve this discrepancy. Regardless, these findings demonstrate that PS1, and presumably Notch signaling, is required to maintain all NSCs.
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Naruse M, Nakahira E, Miyata T, Hitoshi S, Ikenaka K, Bansal R. Induction of oligodendrocyte progenitors in dorsal forebrain by intraventricular microinjection of FGF-2. Dev Biol 2006; 297:262-73. [PMID: 16782086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) originate from the ventral forebrain under the regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Shh controls the expression of transcription factor Olig2, which is strongly implicated in OLP generation. Studies of mice deficient in Shh expression suggest, however, that an alternative pathway for OLP generation may exist. The generation of OLPs in dorsal forebrain has been suggested since treatment of dorsal-neural progenitor cells in culture with fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) results in OLP induction. To ask if dorsal induction of OLPs in embryonic forebrain can occur in vivo and if FGF-2 could initiate an alternative pathway of regulation, we used in utero microinjection of FGF-2 into the lateral ventricles of mouse fetal forebrain. A single injection of FGF-2 at E13.5 resulted in the expression of the OLP markers Olig2 and PDGFRalpha mRNA in dorsal forebrain ventricular and intermediate zones. However, FGF-2 did not induce dorsal expression of Shh, Patched1 or Nkx2.1, and co-injection of FGF-2 and a Shh inhibitor did not attenuate the induction of Olig2 and PDGFRalpha, suggesting that Shh signaling was not involved in this FGF-2-mediated dorsal induction. These results demonstrate that the dorsal embryonic forebrain in vivo has the potential to generate OLPs in the presence of normal positional cues and that this can be driven by FGF-2 independent of Shh signaling.
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Sakuma K, Fujimoto I, Hitoshi S, Tanaka F, Ikeda T, Tanabe K, Toyokuni S, Wada H, Mio T, Mishima M, Ikenaka K. An N-glycan structure correlates with pulmonary metastatic ability of cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:829-35. [PMID: 16380076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Glycan structures on the surface of cancer cells have diverse structures and play significant roles in metastatic process. However, little is known about their roles in organ-selective metastasis. Our study revealed that an alpha1,6-fucosylated biantennary N-glycan structure designated A2G2F is characteristic of lungs, with far more abundant expression in normal human and murine lungs than in other organs. In this study, we further examined the role of A2G2F in pulmonary metastasis. We stained metastatic cancers by alpha1,6-fucose-specific Lens culinaris agglutinin lectin and revealed that pulmonary metastatic nodules more abundantly expressed alpha1,6-fucosylated N-glycans than hepatic metastatic nodules from common primary cancers. The most specific alpha1,6-fucosylated N-glycan structure in pulmonary metastatic cancer was identified to be A2G2F. Using a B16 melanoma cell metastasis model, we showed that A2G2F-rich B16 cells formed more pulmonary metastatic nodules than A2G2F-poor cells. Our results suggest that A2G2F plays a critical role in pulmonary metastasis.
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Hitoshi S, Seaberg RM, Koscik C, Alexson T, Kusunoki S, Kanazawa I, Tsuji S, van der Kooy D. Primitive neural stem cells from the mammalian epiblast differentiate to definitive neural stem cells under the control of Notch signaling. Genes Dev 2004; 18:1806-11. [PMID: 15289455 PMCID: PMC517401 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1208404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)-responsive definitive neural stem cells first appear in embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) mouse embryos, but not in earlier embryos, although neural tissue exists at E7.5. Here, we demonstrate that leukemia inhibitory factor-dependent (but not FGF2-dependent) sphere-forming cells are present in the earlier (E5.5-E7.5) mouse embryo. The resultant clonal sphere cells possess self-renewal capacity and neural multipotentiality, cardinal features of the neural stem cell. However, they also retain some nonneural properties, suggesting that they are the in vivo cells' equivalent of the primitive neural stem cells that form in vitro from embryonic stem cells. The generation of the in vivo primitive neural stem cell was independent of Notch signaling, but the activation of the Notch pathway was important for the transition from the primitive to full definitive neural stem cell properties and for the maintenance of the definitive neural stem cell state.
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Hitoshi S. [The generation of neural stem cells: induction of neural stem cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2003; 43:827-9. [PMID: 15152476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells are considered the ultimate lineage precursors to all neurons and glia. Despite the significance of neural stem cells in the mammalian brain development, their ontogenesis remains unclear. We have established a colony-forming embryonic stem (ES) sphere assay, where ES cells were cultured in serum-free media in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to form floating spheres. LIF-dependent ES cell-derived sphere cells showed self-renewal and neural multipotentiality, cardinal features of the neural stem cell, but retained some non-neural properties and broader potential. We dabbed the cells in the ES cell-derived sphere of primitive neural stem cells. LIF-dependent sphere-forming cells were also present in the epiblast of embryonic day 5.5-7.5 mouse embryos. The generation of the in vivo primitive neural stem cell was independent of Notch signaling but the activation of Notch pathway was necessary for the transition from the primitive neural stem cell to the neural stem cell. We propose that the neural stem cell originates from the pluripotent inner cell mass/epiblast cell via the primitive neural stem cell stage under the control of Notch signaling.
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Kusunoki S, Morita D, Ohminami S, Hitoshi S, Kanazawa I. Binding of immunoglobulin G antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome sera to a mixture of GM1 and a phospholipid: possible clinical implications. Muscle Nerve 2003; 27:302-6. [PMID: 12635116 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anti-GM1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are frequently present in sera from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). A previous report on a patient who had a neuropathy with immunoglobulin M (IgM) M-protein binding to a conformational epitope formed by phosphatidic acid (PA) and gangliosides prompted us to investigate the binding of IgG antibodies in GBS sera to a mixture of GM1 and PA (GM1/PA). Of 121 GBS patients, 32 had anti-GM1 IgG antibodies. All 32 also had antibody activity against GM1/PA. Twenty-five (78%) of 32 patients had greater activity against GM1/PA than against GM1 alone. Twelve patients who had no anti-GM1 IgG antibodies had IgG antibody activity against GM1/PA. No GBS patient had IgG antibody against PA alone. In contrast, two rabbit anti-GM1 antisera had greater activity against GM1 alone than against GM1/PA. IgG antibody with greater binding activity against a mixture of GM1 and a phospholipid than against GM1 alone may have an important role in the pathogenesis of GBS and has implications for diagnosis.
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Hitoshi S, Alexson T, Tropepe V, Donoviel D, Elia AJ, Nye JS, Conlon RA, Mak TW, Bernstein A, van der Kooy D. Notch pathway molecules are essential for the maintenance, but not the generation, of mammalian neural stem cells. Genes Dev 2002; 16:846-58. [PMID: 11937492 PMCID: PMC186324 DOI: 10.1101/gad.975202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells, which exhibit self-renewal and multipotentiality, are generated in early embryonic brains and maintained throughout the lifespan. The mechanisms of their generation and maintenance are largely unknown. Here, we show that neural stem cells are generated independent of RBP-Jkappa, a key molecule in Notch signaling, by using RBP-Jkappa(-/-) embryonic stem cells in an embryonic stem cell-derived neurosphere assay. However, Notch pathway molecules are essential for the maintenance of neural stem cells; they are depleted in the early embryonic brains of RBP-Jkappa(-/-) or Notch1(-/-) mice. Neural stem cells also are depleted in embryonic brains deficient for the presenilin1 (PS1) gene, a key regulator in Notch signaling, and are reduced in PS1(+/-) adult brains. Both neuronal and glial differentiation in vitro were enhanced by attenuation of Notch signaling and suppressed by expressing an active form of Notch1. These data are consistent with a role for Notch signaling in the maintenance of the neural stem cell, and inconsistent with a role in a neuronal/glial fate switch.
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Hitoshi S, Tropepe V, Ekker M, van der Kooy D. Neural stem cell lineages are regionally specified, but not committed, within distinct compartments of the developing brain. Development 2002; 129:233-44. [PMID: 11782416 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.1.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regional patterning in the developing mammalian brain is partially regulated by restricted gene expression patterns within the germinal zone, which is composed of stem cells and their progenitor cell progeny. Whether or not neural stem cells, which are considered at the top of the neural lineage hierarchy, are regionally specified remains unknown. Here we show that the cardinal properties of neural stem cells (self-renewal and multipotentiality) are conserved among embryonic cortex, ganglionic eminence and midbrain/hindbrain, but that these different stem cells express separate molecular markers of regional identity in vitro, even after passaging. Neural stem cell progeny derived from ganglionic eminence but not from other regions are specified to respond to local environmental cues to migrate ventrolaterally, when initially deposited on the germinal layer of ganglionic eminence in organotypic slice cultures. Cues exclusively from the ventral forebrain in a 5 day co-culture paradigm could induce both early onset and late onset marker gene expression of regional identity in neural stem cell colonies derived from both the dorsal and ventral forebrain as well as from the midbrain/hindbrain. Thus, neural stem cells and their progeny are regionally specified in the developing brain, but this regional identity can be altered by local inductive cues.
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Tropepe V, Hitoshi S, Sirard C, Mak TW, Rossant J, van der Kooy D. Direct neural fate specification from embryonic stem cells: a primitive mammalian neural stem cell stage acquired through a default mechanism. Neuron 2001; 30:65-78. [PMID: 11343645 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how neural stem cells are formed initially during development. We investigated whether a default mechanism of neural specification could regulate acquisition of neural stem cell identity directly from embryonic stem (ES) cells. ES cells cultured in defined, low-density conditions readily acquire a neural identity. We characterize a novel primitive neural stem cell as a component of neural lineage specification that is negatively regulated by TGFbeta-related signaling. Primitive neural stem cells have distinct growth factor requirements, express neural precursor markers, generate neurons and glia in vitro, and have neural and non-neural lineage potential in vivo. These results are consistent with a default mechanism for neural fate specification and support a model whereby definitive neural stem cell formation is preceded by a primitive neural stem cell stage during neural lineage commitment.
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Kusunoki S, Hitoshi S, Kaida KI, Arita M, Kanazawa I. Monospecific anti-GD1b IgG is required to induce rabbit ataxic neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(199903)45:3<400::aid-ana19>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Kusunoki S, Hitoshi S, Kaida K, Murayama S, Kanazawa I. Degeneration of rabbit sensory neurons induced by passive transfer of anti-GD1b antiserum. Neurosci Lett 1999; 273:33-6. [PMID: 10505645 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic infusion of high-titer anti-GD1b antiserum to two rabbits pre-inoculated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin and Freund's complete adjuvant was performed. The two rabbits had low-titer anti-GD1b antibody in sera. Although no apparent clinical signs were observed, pathological examinations showed vacuolar degeneration with macrophage infiltration in a few axons in the dorsal columns of the spinal cords from the two rabbits. No such pathological changes were observed in the other two pre-inoculated rabbits infused with normal rabbit sera. Anti-GD1b antibody therefore may cause degeneration in rabbit sensory neurons with central axons extending to the dorsal column.
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Kusunoki S, Hitoshi S, Kaida K, Arita M, Kanazawa I. Monospecific anti-GD1b IgG is required to induce rabbit ataxic neuropathy. Ann Neurol 1999; 45:400-3. [PMID: 10072058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Of 22 rabbits sensitized with GD1b, 12 developed experimental sensory ataxic neuropathy. The affected rabbits had a higher level of serum IgG monospecific to GD1b than the unaffected ones. The GD1b-positive neuronal cytoplasms of rabbit dorsal root ganglia had larger diameters than the negative ones. IgG antibody monospecific to GD1b may preferentially bind to large primary sensory neurons, causing sensory ataxic neuropathy.
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Hitoshi S, Kusunoki S, Murayama S, Tsuji S, Kanazawa I. Rabbit experimental sensory ataxic neuropathy: anti-GD1b antibody-mediated trkC downregulation of dorsal root ganglia neurons. Neurosci Lett 1999; 260:157-60. [PMID: 10076891 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported experimental sensory neuropathy in rabbit induced by the immunization of ganglioside GD1b. The major pathological change in diseased rabbits was degeneration of primary sensory neurons with central axons extending to the dorsal column of the spinal cord. The loss of primary sensory neurons that mediate proprioceptive sensation prompted us to investigate the expression of trkC in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) because this type of neuron is thought depend mainly on neurotrophin-3-mediated trkC signaling. Northern blotting analysis revealed markedly reduced expression of trkC in DRG of diseased rabbits in acute phase. This result together with the absence of lymphocytic infiltration in DRG of diseased rabbits at any stage suggests the anti-GD1b antibody-mediated downregulation of trkC expression could be one of the pathogenesis of this experimental sensory ataxic neuropathy.
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