AMP-activated protein kinase regulates autophagic protection against cisplatin-induced tissue injury in the kidney

Although the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin has been well documented as a major side effect of chemotherapy, the exact mechanism by which prosurvival and apoptotic pathways interplay to determine renal pathology remains elusive. Recent studies suggested that autophagy might serve as an adaptive mechanism to promote cell survival during acute kidney injury (AKI). We have used AKI as a disease model to investigate the mechanism regulating the cytoprotective role of autophagy in cisplatin-induced tissue damage. Pharmacological inhibitors such as chloroquine were used to manipulate autophagy during AKI, and DNA damage was evaluated by using the cellular marker γH2AX. Cisplatin induced extensive DNA damage during AKI. Autophagy activation served as a survival strategy to suppress cisplatin-induced DNA damage in the pathology of AKI both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, in the kidney, cisplatin treatment can activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a signaling molecule that is also critical for p53-mediated inactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. As a result, inhibition or knockdown of AMPK can lead to repressed autophagy in cisplatin-induced AKI, resulting in more DNA damage. Activation of AMPK regulates autophagy during cisplatin-induced AKI. Given the fact that p53 can regulate autophagy by inactivating mTOR via AMPK, our results suggest that the p53 pathway may also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced renal damage. This study may further our understanding of the physiological roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis of renal injuries, and thus may have pathological implications in the clinical setting.

Prevalence and influencing factors of depressive symptoms among women of reproductive age in the rural areas of Hubei, China

OBJECTIVES

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders and a major public health problem in the Chinese population, especially among women. The current study aims to understand prevalence of depression symptoms and provide detailed epidemiological factors associated with depression among reproductive women in rural areas which was paid less attention in previous surveys.

STUDY DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

METHODS

Face-to-face household interviews were conducted on 1058 women (age: 15-49 years) in rural areas from July 2012 to August 2012. Questionnaires were used to investigate the influencing factors of depression among women. Pearson's χ(2), logistic regression analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) were applied to analyze the related factors.

RESULTS

The prevalence of depression among women was 30.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 27.9%-33.5%]. Compared with non-depressed individuals, those with depression were more likely to be short of social support [odd ratio (OR): 0.940, P < 0.001) and have no one to talk with (OR: 0.366, P < 0.001), to be dissatisfied with the house (OR: 2.673, P < 0.001) and economy (OR: 2.268, P < 0.01) of their family, and to have great pressure (OR: 2.099, P < 0.01), negative life events (OR: 1.485, P < 0.05) and physical diseases (OR: 1.364, P < 0.05). Pressure status, social support assessment, and socio-economic status were negatively related to depression (correlation coefficient: -0.57, -0.27 and 0.17).

CONCLUSIONS

The high prevalence of depression among reproductive women in rural areas is of particular concern. Factors associated with depression may assist health care administrations to identify and assess high-risk women and target strategies accordingly.

Orientation-dependent growth mechanisms of graphene islands on Ir(111)

Using low-energy electron microscopy, we find that the mechanisms of graphene growth on Ir(111) depend sensitively on island orientation with respect to Ir. In the temperature range of 750-900 °C, we observe that growing rotated islands are more faceted than islands aligned with the substrate. Further, the growth velocity of rotated islands depends not only on the C adatom supersaturation but also on the geometry of the island edge. We deduce that the growth of rotated islands is kink-nucleation-limited, whereas aligned islands are kink-advancement-limited. These different growth mechanisms are attributed to differences in the graphene edge binding strength to the substrate.

Association between IRF5 polymorphisms and autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis

In this study, we investigated the association between 5 interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF5) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and autoimmune diseases using the Medline citation index. Twenty-eight studies with 74 comparisons, including 16 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 43 systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), 2 juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 6 multiple sclerosis (MS), and 5 systemic sclerosis (SSc) studies, were examined in the meta-analysis. The SNP rs2004640 was significantly associated with SLE, MS, and SSc, but not with JIA [odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.90-1.24, P=0.48] or RA (OR=1.03, 95%CI=0.95-1.11, P=0.44). A significant association was observed between rs2280714 and SLE, MS, and SSc, but not RA (OR=1.01, 95%CI=0.94-1.09, P=0.80). Rs10954213 was associated with the pathogenesis of SLE, RA, MS, and SSc. rs2070197 and the exon 6 insertion were significantly associated with SLE. Haplotypes containing rs2004640T and rs2280714T were significantly associated with an increased risk of SLE, but not with RA. This meta-analysis certified that IRF5 polymorphisms confer susceptibility to SLE, MS, and SSc. To further confirm the correlations between polymorphisms of IRF5 and autoimmune disease susceptibility, studies involving a larger number of patients worldwide are necessary.

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis

To evaluate the relationship of Helicobacter pylori and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) positive strains with esophageal neoplasm, including esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the authors conducted a meta-analysis using a predefined protocol. PubMed, Web of Science, China biology medical literature database, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for relevant articles from the first available year to April 8, 2013. The fixed or random effect pooled measure was selected based on heterogeneity among studies, which was evaluated using Q test and the I(2) of Higgins and Thompson. Metaregression was used to explore the sources of between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias was analyzed by Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test. The association was assessed by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 28 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant inverse association between H. pylori infection (pooled OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.44-0.73) and EAC; CagA-positive H. pylori strains were less likely to be associated with EAC compared with CagA-negative strains (pooled OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.52-0.79). However, there was no statistically significant association between H. pylori/CagA-positive H. pylori strains infection and ESCC, and the pooled ORs were 1.16 (95% CI, 0.83-1.60) and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.79-1.19). But significant associations between CagA-positive H. pylori strains infection and ESCC risk were found in the stratified analysis of the study location (Asian and non-Asian), and the summary ORs were 0.74 (95% CI, 0.57-0.97) and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.02-1.94). H. pylori infection and CagA-positive strains are associated with decreased risk of EAC in the overall population. No significant association was found between H. pylori infection/CagA-positive strains and ESCC. But CagA-positive strains might have a positive association with ESCC in non-Asian population and an inverse association in Asian population.

Chinese urban-rural disparity in pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination coverage rate and associated determinants: a cross-sectional telephone survey

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed to examine the differences in pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination coverage rate between urban and rural areas in China, and to explore factors associated with any urban-rural differences.

STUDY DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

METHODS

Data were derived from a cross-sectional telephone survey performed in seven urban and two rural areas soon after the pandemic peak in China, concerning pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination and associated knowledge, attitudes and practices among the general population in China. A total of 10 669 participants aged 18 years and above participated in the study.

RESULTS

Vaccination amongst rural residents was less than urban residents (8.9% vs 11.2%, P = 0.002). Among those who have not been immunized, 82.2% of rural respondents showed a willingness to get vaccinated against A/H1N1, significantly higher than that of urban respondents (55.3%). The major barrier to vaccination was reported as 'not being informed to get vaccination', of which there was a greater proportion in rural than urban population (71.9% vs 68.8%, P = 0.009). The analysis revealed a number of factors which contribute to this disparity: previous experience of vaccination against flu, degree of awareness of the free vaccination policy, and sociodemographic differences between urban and rural areas.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant discrepancies existed in the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination coverage rate and associated determinants, as well as the intention to get vaccinated between urban and rural residents. To improve the effectiveness of similar vaccination programmes in the future, campaigns for rural people need to be specifically tailored to address disparities in uptake.

Gonococcal endocarditis: a case report and literature review

Gonococcal endocarditis is rarely encountered in the post-antibiotic era. This case report describes a case of a previously healthy male who presented with double quotidian fever, chills, cough, and urethral symptoms. The presence of a cardiac mitral valvular vegetation along with positive blood cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae were diagnostic for gonococcal endocarditis. This case was, to our knowledge, the first reported gonococcal endocarditis case in China.

Sex differences in stroke case fatality: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

In recent years, there were great controversies about gender disparities in stroke outcome. The study was aimed to investigate sex differences in stroke case fatality on all published studies based in a comprehensive meta-analysis.

METHODS

A systematic search of Pubmed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted for the included papers between 1992 and 2009. For the pooled group and subgroup analysis, fixed effects or random effects model were used to find sex differences in case fatality of stroke with a Mantel-Haenszel method. Meta-regression analysis was performed to study methodological heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Thirty-six population-based studies, together with three randomized clinical trials (RCTs), were included in the present study. For the pooled group, there was an overall hazard risk of 1.13 for women compared with men. A hazard risk of 1.27 was observed for women in RCTs subgroup and 1.12 for women in population-based subgroup. The regression analysis found no significant correlation between methodological variables and heterogeneity.

CONCLUSIONS

Due to the limited data about sex differences in stroke case fatality, the findings should be treated cautiously as preliminary. More large multicenter clinical trials should be performed to verify the reliability of the results.

Neural crest specification: tissues, signals, and transcription factors

The neural crest is a transient population of multipotent and migratory cells unique to vertebrate embryos. Initially derived from the borders of the neural plate, these cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to leave the central nervous system, migrate extensively in the periphery, and differentiate into numerous diverse derivatives. These include but are not limited to craniofacial cartilage, pigment cells, and peripheral neurons and glia. Attractive for their similarities to stem cells and metastatic cancer cells, neural crest cells are a popular model system for studying cell/tissue interactions and signaling factors that influence cell fate decisions and lineage transitions. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms required for neural crest formation in various vertebrate species, focusing on the importance of signaling factors from adjacent tissues and conserved gene regulatory interactions, which are required for induction and specification of the ectodermal tissue that will become neural crest.

Using neural network as a screening and educational tool for abnormal glucose tolerance in the community

Background

Accurate, simple and non-invasive tools are needed for efficient screening of abnormal glu-cose tolerance (AGT) and educating the general public.

Aim

To develop a neural network-based initial screening and educational model for AGT.

Data and methods

230 subjects with AGT and 3,243 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were allocated into training, validation and test sets using stratified randomization. The ratios of AGT versus NGT in three groups were 150:50, 30:570 and 50:950, respectively. A feed-forward neural network (FFNN) was trained to predict 2-hour plasma glucose of 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) using age, family history of diabetes, weight, height, waist and hip circumference. The screening performance was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and the partial AUC (in the range of false positive rates between 35 and 65%) and compared to those from logistic regression, linear regression and ADA Risk Test.

Results

Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and percentage that needed further testing at 7.2 mmol/L in test group were 90.0%(95%CI: 78.6 to 95.7%), 47.7% (95%CI: 44.5 to 50.9%), 49.8% (95%CI: 46.7 to 52.9%) and 54.2% (95%CI: 51.1 to 57.3%) respectively. The entire and partial AUCs were 0.70 (95%CI: 0.62 to 0.78) and 0.26 (95%CI: 0.22 to 0.30). The partial AUC of the NN was higher than those of logistic regression (p = 0.06), linear regression (p = 0.06) and ADA Risk Test (P = 0.006).

Conclusion

NN can be used as a high-sensitive and non-invasive initial screening and educational tool for AGT.

Pentagons and heptagons in the first water layer on Pt(111)

Scanning tunneling topography of long-unexplained "square root of 37" and "square root of 39" periodic wetting arrangements of water molecules on Pt(111) reveals triangular depressions embedded in a hexagonal H2O-molecule lattice. Remarkably, the hexagons are rotated 30° relative to the "classic bilayer" model of water-metal adsorption. With support from density functional theory energetics and image simulation, we assign the depressions to clusters of flat-lying water molecules. 5- and 7-member rings of H2O molecules separate these clusters from surrounding "H-down" molecules.

Improving emergency preparedness capability of rural public health personnel in China

OBJECTIVES

Since the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza, improving the emergency preparedness capability of rural public health personnel has become a new priority in building the infrastructure needed to address public health emergencies. The Chinese Government has carried out a series of emergency preparedness education and training programmes to improve the emergency preparedness capability of rural public health personnel nationwide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and develop a participatory emergency preparedness training programme for rural public health personnel.

STUDY DESIGN

The research emphasizes the major components of instructional design, including assessing, designing, delivering and evaluating training. The approach is an integrated system with results from one phase influencing the next, so that a series of steps are followed when developing, implementing and evaluating emergency preparedness training.

METHODS

The 226 participants were rural public health personnel from 84 different rural centres for disease control and prevention in China. The programme was evaluated by anonymous questionnaires and semi-structured interviews held prior to training, immediately post-training and 12-months after training (follow-up).

RESULTS

The emergency preparedness training resulted in positive shifts in knowledge and skills for rural public health personnel. At follow-up, the knowledge and skill scores of participants declined slightly compared with the post-test levels (P>0.05). However, there was a significant increase compared with the pre-test levels (P<0.01). Moreover, more than 90% of participants reported that this training provided a valuable learning experience and reinforced the importance of emergency preparedness.

CONCLUSIONS

The emergency preparedness training programme was effective and feasible in improving the performance of rural public health personnel on emergency response. Further studies are needed to test the efficacy of the training approach for competency improvement.

Observation of surface self-diffusion on ice

To determine the role of surface diffusion on the morphology of ice surfaces we track the evolution with STM of 2D ice-island arrays on the basal surface of ice films on Pt(111) between 115 and 135 K. In contrast with previous measurements at higher temperatures, we find that the evolution is dominated by surface diffusion. The extracted surface self-diffusion coefficient has an activation energy of 0.4+/-0.1 eV, much less than the value previously measured for bulk diffusion.

Multifunctional and multiplexed nanoparticles for molecular imaging and treatment of breast cancer

Abstract #6003

Multifunctional nanoparticles with the ability to target tumors, provide molecular imaging and to deliver therapeutic agents hold great promise for improving the survival of cancer patients. We have developed multifunctional nanoparticles targeted to cellular receptors that are highly expressed in breast cancer and tumor stromal cells. Fluorescent quantum dot (QD) or magnetic iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles are conjugated to either the amino-terminal fragment (ATF) of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) or to a single chain antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (ScFvEGFR), resulting in uPAR or EGFR targeted nanoparticles. Since the binding of ATF peptides or ScFvEGFR to their receptors results in blocking receptor function and internalization of the receptor-ligand complex, these targeted imaging probes can also inhibit tumor growth and deliver drugs. Using near infrared fluorescence (NIR) dye-labeled targeting peptides, we demonstrate specificity of these targeting ligands in an orthotopic human breast cancer model in nude mice. We found that tail vein injection of a mixture of Cy5.5 dye-ATF and IRDye 800-ScFvEGFR peptides leads to the selective accumulation of both probes in human breast cancer xenografts and NIR optical imaging of the tumors in the mammary fat pad of nude mice (Fig. A).&#x2028; &#x2028; We show that uPAR- and EGFR-targeted nanoprobes display different patterns of intratumoral distribution with EGFR probes in the central area and uPAR probes in the peripheral and central regions of the tumor, which may be the results of expressing uPAR in the invasive edge of tumor cells and tumor stromal cells and EGFR only in tumor cells. In vivo optical imaging using ATF-nanoparticles is also demonstrated in human breast cancer xenograft (Fig. B) and in mouse mammary tumor lung metastatic models. Furthermore, magnetic Cy5.5-ATF IO nanoparticles are multimodality imaging probes for both optical and MR tumor imaging. Since magnetic IO nanoparticles are biodegradable and relatively safe for human use, we have developed a therapeutic imaging nanoparticle by encapsulating doxorubicin into the polymer coating of the nanoparticles and have shown selective delivery of the drug and cytotoxic effect in breast cancer cells in vitro. Results of our study show that multifunctional and multiplexed nanoparticles have great potential for the development of novel tumor imaging and therapeutic approaches.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6003.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor polymorphism and ischemic stroke: a case-control study in Chinese population

OBJECTIVES

Low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are associated with atherosclerosis, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) polymorphisms can change plasma levels of IGF-1 and may alter the function of the receptor. Whether there is any association of genetic variation in IGF-1R gene with ischemic stroke (IS) is presently unknown.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

A 1:1 case-control study was conducted. The G --> A polymorphism of IGF-1R gene (rs2229765) were analyzed by TaqMan SNP genotyping technique in Chinese patients with IS (n = 309) and old subjects without IS (n = 309).

RESULTS

The frequency of A allele in the patients and controls was 45.79% and 39.64%, respectively. The AA genotype distribution of IGF-1R gene was significantly higher in the patients (27.51%) than controls (18.23%; P = 0.022). Conditional logistic regression revealed that the AA genotype of IGF-1R was associated with IS (OR = 1.641, P = 0.022). After adjustment for smoking, alcohol drinking, history of hypertension, and body mass index, IGF-1R AA genotype was still significantly associated with an increased risk of IS (OR = 1.787, P = 0.029), compared with IGF-1R GG.

CONCLUSIONS

The G --> A polymorphism in IGF-1R gene may affect the susceptibility to IS in Chinese population.