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Rosenbaum S, Maldonado-Chaparro AA, Stoinski TS. Group structure predicts variation in proximity relationships between male-female and male-infant pairs of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Primates 2015; 57:17-28. [PMID: 26386711 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between conspecifics are influenced by both ecological factors and the social organization they live in. Systematic variation of both--consistent with predictions derived from socioecology models--is well documented, but there is considerable variation within species and populations that is poorly understood. The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei) is unusual because, despite possessing morphology associated with male contest competition (e.g., extreme sexual dimorphism), they are regularly observed in both single-male and multimale groups. Both male-female and male-infant bonds are strong because males provide protection against infanticide and/or predation. Risk of these threats varies with social structure, which may influence the strength of social relationships among group members (including females and offspring, if females with lower infant mortality risk are less protective of infants). Here, we investigate the relationship between group structure and the strength of proximity relationships between males and females, males and infants, and females and offspring. Data come from 10 social groups containing 1-7 adult males, monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund's Karisoke Research Center in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. After controlling for group size and infant age, association strength was similar for male-female pairs across group types with both dominant and nondominant males, but male-infant relationships were strongest in single-male groups where paternity certainty was high and animals had fewer social partners to choose from. The male:female and male:infant ratios better predicted both male-female and male-infant associations than the absolute number of males, females, or infants did. The fewer the number of males per female or infant, the more both pair types associated. Dominant males in groups containing fewer males had higher eigenvector centrality (a measure of importance in a social network) than dominant males in groups with more males. Results indicate that nondominant males are an important influence on relationships between dominant males and females/infants despite their peripheral social positions, and that relationships between males and infants must be considered an important foundation of gorilla social structure.
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Jones SL, Germé K, Graham MD, Roy P, Gardner Gregory J, Rosenbaum S, Parada M, Pfaus JG. Vaginocervical stimulation attenuates the sensitization of appetitive sexual behaviors by estradiol benzoate in the ovariectomized rat. Horm Behav 2015; 75:70-7. [PMID: 26278846 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The acute administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) to the ovariectomized (OVX) rat induces low levels of lordosis while sexually appetitive behaviors (e.g., hops, darts, solicitations) are absent, yet the repeated administration of EB results in a behavioral sensitization in which lordosis is potentiated and sexually appetitive behaviors are induced. We have shown that repeated copulation attenuates the sensitization of appetitive sexual behaviors. Here, we assessed which component of male stimulation during copulation is involved in the attenuation. On 8 occasions, sexually experienced OVX Long-Evans rats were treated with 10μgEB and 48h later assigned to one of six groups that differed in their experience on intermediates tests (2-7). One was given repeated access to a male (EB/Male), and another was placed in the copulation chamber alone (EB/Alone) on intermediate tests. Three groups were given one of three somatosensory stimuli by the experimenter: manual flank stimulation (FLS), clitoral stimulation (CLS), or vaginocervical stimulation (VCS). Finally, the control group was left undisturbed in the animal care facility (ACF). Sexual behaviors were measured on Tests 1 and 8. VCS received from the experimenter (VCS) or from the male during copulation (EB/Male) attenuated the magnitude of the sensitization of appetitive sexual behaviors compared with those that were not brought to the testing rooms (ACF), and the effect was most pronounced on sexual solicitations. These results suggest that VCS received during penile intromission inhibits the sensitization of sexually appetitive behaviors by repeated administration of EB. As such, repeated administration of EB may oppose those mechanisms that induce estrous termination, perhaps by sensitizing inhibitory processes within the ventromedial hypothalamus that typically prevent the display of sexual behaviors (i.e., by facilitating disinhibition).
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Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Probst M, Soundy A, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, Stubbs B. Promotion of cardiorespiratory fitness in schizophrenia: a clinical overview and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:131-43. [PMID: 25740655 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We conducted a clinical overview to highlight the reduced CRF expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (or predicted) or peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) in people with schizophrenia compared to the general population. We also aimed to identify correlates of and clinical strategies to improve CRF. METHOD We systematically searched major electronic databases from inception until November 2014. A meta-analysis calculating the standardised mean difference (SMD) was employed. RESULTS CRF was significantly reduced in people with schizophrenia (n = 154) with a SMD of -0.96 (95% CI -1.29 to -0.64) (N = 5) compared to controls (n = 182). Negative symptoms, increased body mass index and female gender were negatively associated with CRF. Promoting physical activity may improve CRF in people with schizophrenia by up to 4-4.5 ml/kg/min following a 6-8 weeks programme (N = 4, n = 98). CONCLUSION People with schizophrenia have a large and significantly reduced CRF. Given the overwhelming evidence for physical activity as the cornerstone of preventing and managing CVD in the general population, incorporating such interventions in the treatment of people with schizophrenia is justified and urgently required. We present clear practical strategies of how this can be achieved within clinical settings.
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Rosenbaum S, Hirwa J, Silk J, Vigilant L, Stoinski T. Male rank, not paternity, predicts male–immature relationships in mountain gorillas, Gorilla beringei beringei. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 131:350-9. [PMID: 25443996 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of a 12-week exercise programme in addition to usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD An assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted among 81 participants with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of primary PTSD. Participants were recruited after admission to an in-patient programme at a private hospital. Participants were randomized to receive either usual care (n=42), or exercise in addition to usual care (n=39). The exercise intervention involved three, 30-min resistance-training sessions/week and a pedometer-based walking programme. Usual care involved psychotherapy, pharmaceutical interventions, and group therapy. Primary outcome was PTSD symptoms assessed via the PTSD checklist-civilian version (PCL-C). Secondary outcomes included symptoms of depression, anthropometry, physical activity, mobility, strength, and sleep quality. RESULTS Participants had a mean (SD) age of 47.8 years (12.1), 84% male. PTSD symptoms in the intervention group significantly reduced compared with the usual care group (mean difference=-5.4, 95% CI -10.5 to -0.3, P=0.04, n=58). There were significant between-group differences at follow-up for depressive symptoms, waist circumference, sleep quality, and sedentary time. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that an exercise intervention is associated with reduced PTSD and depressive symptoms, reduced waist circumference, and improved sleep quality.
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Gessner DK, Gröne B, Rosenbaum S, Most E, Hillen S, Becker S, Erhardt G, Reiner G, Eder K. Effect of dietary fish oil on the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle of lactating sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:337-47. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Stubbs B, Eggermont L, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, Correll CU, Soundy A, Rosenbaum S, Vancampfort D. The prevalence of pain in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and large-scale meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 131:75-88. [PMID: 25098864 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a meta-analysis investigating the prevalence of pain in people with bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD A systematic review and random effects meta-analysis searching major electronic databases from inception till 01/2014 in accordance with the PRISMA statement. We included articles reporting quantitative data on the prevalence of pain in people with BD with or without a healthy control group. Two independent authors conducted searches, extracted data, and completed methodological quality assessment. RESULTS Twenty two cross-sectional studies were included, representing 12,375,644 individuals (BD n=171,352, n controls=12,204,292). The prevalence of pain in people with BD was 28.9% (95% CI=16.4-43.4%, BD n=171,352). The relative risk (RR) of pain in BD compared to controls was 2.14 (95% CI=1.67-2.75%, n=12,342,577). The prevalence of migraine was 14.2% (95% CI=10.6-18.3%, BD n=127,905), and the RR was 3.30 (95% CI=2.27-4.80%, n=6,732,220).About 23.7% (95% CI=13.1-36.3%, n=106,214) of people with BD experienced chronic pain. Age, percentage of males, methodological quality, and method of BD classification did not explain the observed heterogeneity. CONCLUSION People with BD experience significantly increased levels of pain (particularly chronic pain and migraine). The assessment and treatment of pain should form an integral part of the management of BD.
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Christensen LM, Krieger DW, Højberg S, Pedersen OD, Karlsen FM, Jacobsen MD, Worck R, Nielsen H, AEgidius K, Jeppesen LL, Rosenbaum S, Marstrand J, Christensen H. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation occurs often in cryptogenic ischaemic stroke. Final results from the SURPRISE study. Eur J Neurol 2014; 21:884-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bentsen L, Nygård A, Ovesen C, Christensen A, Rosenbaum S, Havsteen I, Christensen H. Vascular pathology in the extracranial vertebral arteries in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2014; 4:19-27. [PMID: 24575111 PMCID: PMC3934683 DOI: 10.1159/000357663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vascular pathology in the extracranial vertebral arteries remains among the possible causes in cryptogenic stroke. However, the diagnosis is challenged by the great variety in the anatomy of the vertebral arteries, clinical symptoms and difficulties in the radiological assessments. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of CT angiography (CTA)-detected pathological findings in the extracranial vertebral arteries in an acute stroke population and secondly to determine the frequency of posterior pathology as probable cause in patients with otherwise cryptogenic stroke. Method The analysis was based on 657 consecutive patients with symptoms of acute stroke and a final diagnosis of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. On admission, a noncontrast CT cerebrum and CTA were performed. A senior consultant neuroradiologist, blinded to clinical data, reviewed all CTA scans systematically, assessing the four segments of the extracranial vertebral arteries. First, the frequency of pathological findings including stenosis, plaques, dissection, kinked artery and coiling was assessed. Subsequently, we explored the extent of the pathological findings that were the most plausible causes of stroke, namely either a possible dissection or a kinked artery. Results Findings in the extracranial vertebral arteries included significant stenosis (0.8%), atherosclerotic plaque types (3.8%), possible dissections (2.6%), kinked arteries (2.6%) and coiling (32.0%). Eighteen patients (2.8%) with pathological findings had an unknown cause of stroke, likely posterior symptoms and no clinical stroke symptoms from the anterior circuit. Of these, 3 cases were kinked arteries (0.5%) and 15 cases (2.3%) were possible dissections. Conclusion We found that in approximately 3% of the study population, the most plausible cause of the cryptogenic strokes was due to a pathological finding in the posterior extracranial vertebral arteries, being either a possible dissection or a kinked artery. In general, posterior vascular pathology is not uncommon, and CTA is a useful modality in the detection of changes based on characteristics and locations of findings in the extracranial vertebral arteries. Ultrasound examination can be a useful supplementary tool in deciding the consequence of vascular findings on CTA.
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Rosenbaum S, Harten T, Pope L, Swartz D, Koenigsknecht C, Rudin S, Ionita C. SU-E-I-17: Micro CT Analysis of Results of Protein Deficiency On Rat Offspring. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Harten T, Rosenbaum S, Ionita C, Bednarek D, Rudin S. SU-E-I-23: X-Ray Attenuation Comparison for Four Head Phantoms at the Circle of Willis. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Rosenbaum S, van der Ploeg H, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C. Physical activity levels amongst inpatients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Is self-report a valid measure? J Sci Med Sport 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rosenbaum S, Silk JB, Stoinski TS. Male-immature relationships in multi-male groups of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Am J Primatol 2010; 73:356-65. [PMID: 21328594 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined the pattern and possible functions of social interactions between adult males and immatures in three free-ranging, multi-male groups of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Previous studies conducted during the 1970s when groups contained one to three adult males concluded that male-immature relationships were likely to be a form of low-cost paternal investment [Stewart, Mountain gorillas: three decades of research at Karisoke. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001]. We evaluated whether this hypothesis still held in groups containing six to nine adult males, or if male-immature relationships might serve other functions (e.g. mating effort, kin selection, or alliance building). Overall, we found that immatures spent the most time near, and interacted most with, the alpha silverback. These behaviors peaked during the period when infants were still quite vulnerable but increasing their independence from their mothers. Such findings suggest that parenting effort remains the primary function of male-immature relationships; however, there is some evidence for the mating effort hypothesis as well.
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Schnell F, Benton J, Critz F, Gargus J, Gregory S, Levitt C, Merlin M, Rosenbaum S, Shrake P, Stillwagon G. 10-Year Biochemical (PSA) Control of Early Stage Gleason Score 4+4=8 Prostate Cancer Treated with I-125 Brachytherapy + Local External Beam Radiation Therapy is Improved with Lower Volume Disease on Biopsy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kuehl H, Eggebrecht H, Boes T, Antoch G, Rosenbaum S, Ladd S, Bockisch A, Barkhausen J, Erbel R. Detection of inflammation in patients with acute aortic syndrome: comparison of FDG-PET/CT imaging and serological markers of inflammation. Heart 2008; 94:1472-7. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2007.127282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Kalowska E, Rostrup E, Rosenbaum S, Petersen P, Paulson O. Acute MRI Changes in Progressive Ischemic Stroke. Eur Neurol 2008; 59:229-36. [DOI: 10.1159/000115636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kühl H, Antoch G, Rosenbaum S, Stattaus J, Veit P, Stergar H, Bockisch A, Forsting M. Vergleich von CT, PET/CT und MRI in der Verlaufskontrolle nach RF-Ablation colorektaler Lebermetastasen. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kühl H, Eggebrecht H, Veit P, Rosenbaum S, Antoch G, Erbel R, Barkhausen J. Radiologische Diagnostik bei akutem Aortensyndrom – Was bringt die kombinierte Bildgebung mit PET/CT? ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-940896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kühl H, Antoch G, Rosenbaum S, Veit P, Stergar H, Bockisch A, Barkhausen J. Postinterventionelle Kontrolle des Ablationserfolges von malignen Lebertumoren: Vergleich von PET/CT und MRI. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-940563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kühl H, Veit P, Rosenbaum S, Bockisch A, Antoch G, Forsting M, Barkhausen J. Ganzkörper-PET/CT bei Patienten mit malignen Lebertumoren - Einfluss auf die Therapieentscheidung bei geplanter RF-Ablation. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-867628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sloan F, Berman S, Rosenbaum S, Chalk R, Giffin R. The fragility of the U.S. vaccine supply. Am J Ophthalmol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Biermann M, Pixberg MK, Dörr U, Dietlein M, Schlemmer H, Grimm J, Zajic T, Nestle U, Ladner S, Sepehr-Rezai S, Rosenbaum S, Puskás C, Fostitsch P, Heinecke A, Schuck A, Willich N, Schmid KW, Dralle H, Schober O. Guidelines on radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: impact on clinical practice. Nuklearmedizin 2005; 44:229-34, 236-7. [PMID: 16400382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM For the examination of the impact on clinical practice of the guidelines for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), treatment data from the ongoing Multicenter Study Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (MSDS) were analyzed. PATIENTS, METHODS Patients were randomized to adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (RTx) or no RTx in addition to standard therapy in TNM stages pT4 pN0/1/x M0/x (UICC, 5th ed. 1997). All patients were to receive the same treatment regimen consisting of thyroidectomy, ablative radioiodine therapy (RIT), and a diagnostic 131I whole-body scintigraphy (WBS) 3-4 months after RIT. RESULTS Of 339 eligible patients enrolled between January 2000 and March 2004, 273 could be analyzed. Guideline recommendations by the German Society for Nuclear Medicine from 1999 and 1992 were complied with within 28% and 82% with regard to the interval between surgery and RIT (4 vs. 4-6 weeks), in 33% and 84% with regard to 131I activity for RIT (1-3 vs. 1-4 GBq; +/- 10%), and in 16% and 60% with regard to 131I activity for WBS (100-300 vs. 100-400 MBq; +/- 10%). CONCLUSIONS The 1999 guideline revision appears to have had little impact on clinical practice. Further follow-up will reveal if guideline compliance had an effect on outcomes.
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Bockisch A, Beyer T, Antoch G, Veit P, Müller S, Pink R, Rosenbaum S, Kühl H. Grundlagen und klinischer Nutzen von PET-CT. Radiologe 2004; 44:1045-54. [PMID: 15517140 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-004-1122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Medicine today imposes high demands on diagnosing disease. Techniques should be preferably noninvasive, identify the disease at an early stage, and be quick and accurate. Frequently, these demands can only be met by employing various diagnostic modalities. Consequently, the integration of two imaging modalities, such as the combination of PET and CT, increases the quality of coregistration and facilitates a timely diagnosis. However, complex imaging procedures require a judicious choice of the areas of application. If, for example, both PET and CT are indicated then a combined PET/CT exam results in improved diagnosis, whereby the actual benefit will depend upon the clinical problem. Typically we expect an advantage of 10% with PET/CT compared to separate examinations with CT and PET. In addition, PET/CT allows for new indications and applications, which cannot be performed satisfactorily with independent examinations and retrospective image alignment. One example is the application of PET/CT in radiation therapy planning.
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