26
|
Qin S, Han H, Zhang K, Ding X, Bai S, Wang J, Zeng Q. Dietary fibre alleviates hepatic fat deposition via inhibiting lipogenic gene expression in meat ducks. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e736-e745. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
27
|
Sun C, Bai S, Li R, Xu Z, Duan W, Liu F. Total and near-total lower lip reconstruction — 20 years experience. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.02.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
28
|
Kim H, Lee K, Bai S, Kim M, Oh E, Yoo Y. Influence of head and neck position on ventilation using the air-Q ® SP airway in anaesthetized paralysed patients: a prospective randomized crossover study. Br J Anaesth 2017; 118:452-457. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
29
|
Loo C, Martin D, Ho KA, Alonzo A, Bai S, Dokos S. Prefrontal anodal tDCS as a Neuropsychiatric treatment –factors beyond prefrontal stimulation. Brain Stimul 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
30
|
Bai S, Gálvez V, Dokos S, Martin D, Bikson M, Loo C. Computational models of Bitemporal, Bifrontal and Right Unilateral ECT predict differential stimulation of brain regions associated with efficacy and cognitive side effects. Eur Psychiatry 2017; 41:21-29. [PMID: 28049077 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive clinical research has shown that the efficacy and cognitive outcomes of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are determined, in part, by the type of electrode placement used. Bitemporal ECT (BT, stimulating electrodes placed bilaterally in the frontotemporal region) is the form of ECT with relatively potent clinical and cognitive side effects. However, the reasons for this are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE This study used computational modelling to examine regional differences in brain excitation between BT, Bifrontal (BF) and Right Unilateral (RUL) ECT, currently the most clinically-used ECT placements. Specifically, by comparing similarities and differences in current distribution patterns between BT ECT and the other two placements, the study aimed to create an explanatory model of critical brain sites that mediate antidepressant efficacy and sites associated with cognitive, particularly memory, adverse effects. METHODS High resolution finite element human head models were generated from MRI scans of three subjects. The models were used to compare differences in activation between the three ECT placements, using subtraction maps. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this exploratory study on three realistic head models, Bitemporal ECT resulted in greater direct stimulation of deep midline structures and also left temporal and inferior frontal regions. Interpreted in light of existing knowledge on depressive pathophysiology and cognitive neuroanatomy, it is suggested that the former sites are related to efficacy and the latter to cognitive deficits. We hereby propose an approach using binarised subtraction models that can be used to optimise, and even individualise, ECT therapies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Qin S, Tian G, Zhang K, Ding X, Bai S, Wang J, Jia G, Zeng Q. Influence of dietary rapeseed meal levels on growth performance, organ health and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in meat ducks from 15 to 35 days of age. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 101:1297-1306. [PMID: 28133825 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary rapeseed meal (RSM) inclusion levels on growth performance, organ health and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) in meat ducks from 15 to 35 days of age. Six hundred and eighty 15-days-old ducks were randomly allotted to five treatments based on body weight. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis by replacing 0% (the control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (based on fresh) of protein from soya bean meal (SBM) with protein from RSM. The corresponding levels of RSM in experimental diets were 0%, 6.66%, 13.32%, 19.98% and 26.64% respectively. With increasing dietary RSM levels, body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) linearly decreased (p < 0.001), whereas feed-to-gain ratio (F: G) linearly increased (p = 0.0078). Ducks fed the diets with 13.32% or more RSM had significantly lower (p < 0.05) BW, ADG and ADFI, or higher F: G than ducks fed the control diet. The maximum limit of dietary RSM supplementation was estimated to range from 4.27% to maximize ADG for 15 to 35 days to 11.69% to maintain feed intake for 15 to 35 days on the basis of a broken-line model. At day35, the 4th primary wing feather length and SIAAD (except for Met, Thr and Val) linearly decreased (p < 0.001), and the thyroid glands weight (% of BW) linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary RSM levels. Ducks fed the RSM inclusion diets had significantly lower (p < 0.0001) serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities than ducks fed the control diet. These results suggested that the maximum limit of dietary RSM containing 7.57 μmol/g glucosinolates was estimated to be 4.27% to avoid growth reduction.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou L, Bai S, Zhang Y, Deng J. SU-E-J-10: Imaging Dose and Cancer Risk in Image-Guided Radiotherapy of Cancers. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4924098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
33
|
Alkan F, Small T, Bai S, Dominowski A, Dybowski C. Ion pairing in H2O and D2O solutions of lead nitrate, as determined with 207Pb NMR spectroscopy. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476616020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
34
|
German P, Bai S, Liu XD, Sun M, Zhou L, Kalra S, Zhang X, Minelli R, Scott KL, Mills GB, Jonasch E, Ding Z. Phosphorylation-dependent cleavage regulates von Hippel Lindau proteostasis and function. Oncogene 2016; 35:4973-80. [PMID: 26973240 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss of von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein function is a key driver of VHL diseases, including sporadic and inherited clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Modulation of the proteostasis of VHL, especially missense point-mutated VHL, is a promising approach to augmenting VHL levels and function. VHL proteostasis is regulated by multiple mechanisms including folding, chaperone binding, complex formation and phosphorylation. Nevertheless, many details underlying the regulations of VHL proteostasis are unknown. VHL is expressed as two variants, VHL30 and VHL19. Furthermore, the long-form variant of VHL was often detected as multiple bands by western blotting. However, how these multiple species of VHL are generated and whether the process regulates VHL proteostasis and function are unknown. We hypothesized that the two major species are generated by VHL protein cleavage, and the cleavage regulates VHL proteostasis and subsequent function. We characterized VHL species using genetical and pharmacological approaches and showed that VHL was first cleaved at the N-terminus by chymotrypsin C before being directed for proteasomal degradation. Casein kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation at VHL N-terminus was required for the cleavage. Furthermore, inhibition of cleavage stabilized VHL protein and thereby promoted HIF downregulation. Our study reveals a novel mechanism regulating VHL proteostasis and function, which is significant for identifying new drug targets and developing new therapeutic approaches targeting VHL deficiency in VHL diseases.
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang H, Gilbert ER, Zhang K, Ding X, Luo Y, Wang J, Zeng Q, Bai S. Uptake of manganese from manganese-lysine complex in the primary rat intestinal epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 101:147-158. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
36
|
Zhou L, Bai S, Zhang Y, Ming X, Zhang Y, Deng J. Imaging Dose and Cancer Risk in Image Guided Radiation Therapy of Cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Zhao Y, Wang S, Xu Y, Wang J, Sun C, Zhu J, Ding Z, Wang Y, Huang M, Peng F, Bai S, Ren L, Lu Y, Gong Y. Dose Volume Histogram Parameters for Radiation Pneumonitis in Postoperation Radiation Therapy Among Lung Cancer Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
38
|
Zhang X, Bai S, Li H, Hu H, Duan X, Chen M, Wang D, Chen Y, Zhang F, Shen J. CT and MRI findings of radiation-induced external auditory canal carcinoma in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20140791. [PMID: 25827205 PMCID: PMC4628451 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the radiological and clinical features of radiation-induced external auditory canal carcinomas (RIEACCs) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) after radiation therapy. METHODS CT, MRI and clinical features in 16 patients with histologically proven RIEACCs were retrospectively reviewed. There were 2 females and 14 males, with a median age of 52.5 years at the time of diagnosis of RIEACC. Imaging parameters including lesion extent, size, margin, shape, bone destruction, adjacent structure invasion, density/signal intensity, and pattern and degree of enhancement were assessed. Clinical features including clinical staging, histological type, treatment and radiation dose (RD) of primary NPC as well as the histological type, staging of radiation-induced tumour and the latent period between NPC and RIT were recorded. RESULTS All patients had a single RIEACC. The lesions had a size of 3.5 ± 1.4 cm and were localized (n = 7) or extensive (n = 9). Most of the lesions were partially or ill defined with an irregular shape and had an intermediate density/signal pattern and moderate homogeneous enhancement. The latent period of RIEACCs ranged from 10 to 20 years in nine patients with a RD of 68-70 Gy; from 2 to 10 years in five patients with a RD of 68-74 Gy; and more than 20 years in two patients with a RD of 70 or 72 Gy. CONCLUSION An external auditory canal (EAC) mass with homogeneous, intermediate CT density or signal intensity in patients with NPC after radiotherapy is highly suggestive of RIEACC, which should be included in the routine surveillance for patients with NPC after radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE RIEACCs could occur as short as 2 years after radiotherapy in patients with NPC and have distinct features from otitis media and sarcomas. This EAC malignancy should be included in routine surveillance for patients with NPC after radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cui H, Bai S, Huo Z, Li J, Sun J, An X. A cluster of rotavirus enteritis in pediatric liver recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:477-80. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
40
|
Loo C, Bai S, Lovell N, Dokos S. Comparison of novel transcranial electrical stimulation montages using a computational modelling approach. Brain Stimul 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
41
|
Wang G, Wang P, Huang J, Tan H, Liu W, Zhang J, Liao Z, Yu L, Mao Y, Ye S, Feng L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li W, Luan X, Wang S, Bai S. ASSA14-10-01 Haemodynamic effects of short-term infusion of recombinant human atrial natriuretic peptide (rhANP) for acute decompensated heart failure: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307109.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
42
|
Liu X, Hoang A, Zhou L, Kalra S, Sun M, Ding Z, Bai S, German P, Zhang X, Tamboli P, Rao P, Karam J, Wood C, Matin S, Tannir N, Sircar K, Jonasch E. Anti-Angiogenic Therapy Induces T-Lymphocyte Infiltration Associated with Poor Survival in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients. Ann Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu342.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
43
|
Li G, Bai S, Li Y. Daily Delivery Accuracy of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Treatments Using Linac Log Files. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
44
|
Wang X, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Li Z, Bai S, Xu F. Long-Term Follow-Up Results of Simultaneous Integrated or Late Course Accelerated Boost With EBRT to Vaginal Stump in Intermediate-Risk Cervical Cancer Patients After Radical Hysterectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
45
|
Zhou L, Bai S, Zhang Y, Ming X, Zhang Y, Deng J. SU-D-9A-07: Imaging Dose and Cancer Risk in Image-Guided Radiotherapy of Cancers. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4887923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
46
|
Han F, Liu S, Liu X, Pei Y, Bai S, Zhao H, Lu Q, Ma F, Kaplan DL, Zhu H. Woven silk fabric-reinforced silk nanofibrous scaffolds for regenerating load-bearing soft tissues. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:921-30. [PMID: 24090985 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although three-dimensional (3-D) porous regenerated silk scaffolds with outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability and low inflammatory reactions have promising application in different tissue regeneration, the mechanical properties of regenerated scaffolds, especially suture retention strength, must be further improved to satisfy the requirements of clinical applications. This study presents woven silk fabric-reinforced silk nanofibrous scaffolds aimed at dermal tissue engineering. To improve the mechanical properties, silk scaffolds prepared by lyophilization were reinforced with degummed woven silk fabrics. The ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break and suture retention strength of the scaffolds were significantly improved, providing suitable mechanical properties strong enough for clinical applications. The stiffness and degradation behaviors were then further regulated by different after-treatment processes, making the scaffolds more suitable for dermal tissue regeneration. The in vitro cell culture results indicated that these scaffolds maintained their excellent biocompatibility after being reinforced with woven silk fabrics. Without sacrifice of porous structure and biocompatibility, the fabric-reinforced scaffolds with better mechanical properties could facilitate future clinical applications of silk as matrices in skin repair.
Collapse
|
47
|
White GR, Ainsworth R, Akagi T, Alabau-Gonzalvo J, Angal-Kalinin D, Araki S, Aryshev A, Bai S, Bambade P, Bett DR, Blair G, Blanch C, Blanco O, Blaskovic-Kraljevic N, Bolzon B, Boogert S, Burrows PN, Christian G, Corner L, Davis MR, Faus-Golfe A, Fukuda M, Gao J, García-Morales H, Geffroy N, Hayano H, Heo AY, Hildreth M, Honda Y, Huang JY, Hwang WH, Iwashita Y, Jang S, Jeremie A, Kamiya Y, Karataev P, Kim ES, Kim HS, Kim SH, Kim YI, Komamiya S, Kubo K, Kume T, Kuroda S, Lam B, Lekomtsev K, Liu S, Lyapin A, Marin E, Masuzawa M, McCormick D, Naito T, Nelson J, Nevay LJ, Okugi T, Omori T, Oroku M, Park H, Park YJ, Perry C, Pfingstner J, Phinney N, Rawankar A, Renier Y, Resta-López J, Ross M, Sanuki T, Schulte D, Seryi A, Shevelev M, Shimizu H, Snuverink J, Spencer C, Suehara T, Sugahara R, Takahashi T, Tanaka R, Tauchi T, Terunuma N, Tomás R, Urakawa J, Wang D, Warden M, Wendt M, Wolski A, Woodley M, Yamaguchi Y, Yamanaka T, Yan J, Yokoya K, Zimmermann F. Experimental validation of a novel compact focusing scheme for future energy-frontier linear lepton colliders. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:034802. [PMID: 24484144 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.034802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel scheme for the focusing of high-energy leptons in future linear colliders was proposed in 2001 [P. Raimondi and A. Seryi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3779 (2001)]. This scheme has many advantageous properties over previously studied focusing schemes, including being significantly shorter for a given energy and having a significantly better energy bandwidth. Experimental results from the ATF2 accelerator at KEK are presented that validate the operating principle of such a scheme by demonstrating the demagnification of a 1.3 GeV electron beam down to below 65 nm in height using an energy-scaled version of the compact focusing optics designed for the ILC collider.
Collapse
|
48
|
Thanikachalam M, Bai S, Harivanzan V, Shoben A, Baliga R, Thanikachalam S. Gender-Specific Plasma Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration Ratio Levels to Identify Insulin Resistance and Associated Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in a South Asian Population. Can J Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.07.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
49
|
Zhou L, Liu J, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Bai S, Lu Y. Radiation Pneumonitis Following Simplified Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
50
|
Guo H, Gao M, Lu Y, Liang J, Lorenzi PL, Bai S, Hawke DH, Li J, Dogruluk T, Scott KL, Jonasch E, Mills GB, Ding Z. Coordinate phosphorylation of multiple residues on single AKT1 and AKT2 molecules. Oncogene 2013; 33:3463-72. [PMID: 23912456 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant AKT activation is prevalent across multiple human cancer lineages providing an important new target for therapy. Twenty-two independent phosphorylation sites have been identified on specific AKT isoforms likely contributing to differential isoform regulation. However, the mechanisms regulating phosphorylation of individual AKT isoform molecules have not been elucidated because of the lack of robust approaches able to assess phosphorylation of multiple sites on a single AKT molecule. Using a nanofluidic proteomic immunoassay (NIA), consisting of isoelectric focusing followed by sensitive chemiluminescence detection, we demonstrate that under basal and ligand-induced conditions that the pattern of phosphorylation events is markedly different between AKT1 and AKT2. Indeed, there are at least 12 AKT1 peaks and at least 5 AKT2 peaks consistent with complex combinations of phosphorylation of different sites on individual AKT molecules. Following insulin stimulation, AKT1 was phosphorylated at Thr308 in the T-loop and Ser473 in the hydrophobic domain. In contrast, AKT2 was only phosphorylated at the equivalent sites (Thr309 and Ser474) at low levels. Further, Thr308 and Ser473 phosphorylation occurred predominantly on the same AKT1 molecules, whereas Thr309 and Ser474 were phosphorylated primarily on different AKT2 molecules. Although basal AKT2 phosphorylation was sensitive to inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), basal AKT1 phosphorylation was essentially resistant. PI3K inhibition decreased pThr451 on AKT2 but not pThr450 on AKT1. Thus, NIA technology provides an ability to characterize coordinate phosphorylation of individual AKT molecules providing important information about AKT isoform-specific phosphorylation, which is required for optimal development and implementation of drugs targeting aberrant AKT activation.
Collapse
|