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McKechnie AE, Rushworth IA, Myburgh F, Cunningham SJ. Mortality among birds and bats during an extreme heat event in eastern South Africa. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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van Jaarsveld B, Bennett NC, Czenze ZJ, Kemp R, van de Ven TMFN, Cunningham SJ, McKechnie AE. How hornbills handle heat: sex-specific thermoregulation in the southern yellow-billed hornbill. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33504586 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bcc2fqzbq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
At a global scale, thermal physiology is correlated with climatic variables such as temperature and aridity. There is also evidence that thermoregulatory traits vary with fine-scale microclimate, but this has received less attention in endotherms. Here, we test the hypothesis that avian thermoregulation varies with microclimate and behavioural constraints in a non-passerine bird. Male and female southern yellow-billed hornbills (Tockus leucomelas) experience markedly different microclimates while breeding, with the female sealing herself into a tree cavity and moulting all her flight feathers during the breeding attempt, becoming entirely reliant on the male for provisioning. We examined interactions between resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL) and core body temperature (T b) at air temperatures (T a) between 30°C and 52°C in male and female hornbills, and quantified evaporative cooling efficiencies and heat tolerance limits. At thermoneutral T a, neither RMR, EWL nor T b differed between sexes. At T a >40°C, however, RMR and EWL of females were significantly lower than those of males, by ∼13% and ∼17%, respectively, despite similar relationships between T b and T a, maximum ratio of evaporative heat loss to metabolic heat production and heat tolerance limits (∼50°C). These sex-specific differences in hornbill thermoregulation support the hypothesis that avian thermal physiology can vary within species in response to fine-scale microclimatic factors. In addition, Q 10 for RMR varied substantially, with Q 10 ≤2 in some individuals, supporting recent arguments that active metabolic suppression may be an underappreciated aspect of endotherm thermoregulation in the heat.
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van Jaarsveld B, Bennett NC, Czenze ZJ, Kemp R, van de Ven TMFN, Cunningham SJ, McKechnie AE. How hornbills handle heat: sex-specific thermoregulation in the southern yellow-billed hornbill. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.232777. [PMID: 33504586 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
At a global scale, thermal physiology is correlated with climatic variables such as temperature and aridity. There is also evidence that thermoregulatory traits vary with fine-scale microclimate, but this has received less attention in endotherms. Here, we test the hypothesis that avian thermoregulation varies with microclimate and behavioural constraints in a non-passerine bird. Male and female southern yellow-billed hornbills (Tockus leucomelas) experience markedly different microclimates while breeding, with the female sealing herself into a tree cavity and moulting all her flight feathers during the breeding attempt, becoming entirely reliant on the male for provisioning. We examined interactions between resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL) and core body temperature (T b) at air temperatures (T a) between 30°C and 52°C in male and female hornbills, and quantified evaporative cooling efficiencies and heat tolerance limits. At thermoneutral T a, neither RMR, EWL nor T b differed between sexes. At T a >40°C, however, RMR and EWL of females were significantly lower than those of males, by ∼13% and ∼17%, respectively, despite similar relationships between T b and T a, maximum ratio of evaporative heat loss to metabolic heat production and heat tolerance limits (∼50°C). These sex-specific differences in hornbill thermoregulation support the hypothesis that avian thermal physiology can vary within species in response to fine-scale microclimatic factors. In addition, Q 10 for RMR varied substantially, with Q 10 ≤2 in some individuals, supporting recent arguments that active metabolic suppression may be an underappreciated aspect of endotherm thermoregulation in the heat.
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Sharif MO, Newton JT, Cunningham SJ. Assessing the Effectiveness and Acceptability of a Personalized Mobile Phone App in Improving Adherence to Oral Hygiene Advice in Orthodontic Patients: Protocol for a Feasibility Study and a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e18021. [PMID: 33439142 PMCID: PMC7840283 DOI: 10.2196/18021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orthodontic treatment is a common health care intervention; treatment duration can be lengthy (2-3 years on average), and adherence to treatment advice is therefore essential for successful outcomes. It has been reported that up to 43% of patients fail to complete treatment, and there are currently no useful predictors of noncompletion. Given that the National Health Service England annual expenditure on primary-care orthodontic treatment is in excess of £200 million (US $267 million), noncompletion of treatment represents a significant inefficient use of public resources.
Improving adherence to treatment is therefore essential. This necessitates behavior change, and interventions that improve adherence and are designed to elicit behavioral change must address an individual’s capability, opportunity, and motivation. Mobile phones are potentially an invaluable tool in this regard, as they are readily available and can be used in a number of ways to address an individual’s capability, opportunity, and motivation. Objective This study will assess the effectiveness and acceptability of a personalized mobile phone app in improving adherence to orthodontic treatment advice by way of a randomized controlled trial. Methods This study will be conducted in 2 phases at the Eastman Dental Hospital, University College London Hospitals Foundation Trust.
Phase 1 is feasibility testing of the My Braces app. Participants will be asked to complete the user version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale. The app will be amended following analysis of the responses, if appropriate.
Phase 2 is a randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness and acceptability of the My Braces app. Results This study was approved by the London – Bloomsbury Research Ethics Committee on November 5, 2019 (reference 19/LO/1555). No patients have been recruited to date. The anticipated start date for recruitment to phase 1 is October 2020. Conclusions Given the availability, affordability, and versatility of mobile phones, it is proposed that they will aid in improving adherence to treatment advice and hence improve treatment completion rates. If effective, the applicability of this methodology to developing behavior change/modification interventions and improving adherence to treatment across health care provides an exciting opportunity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04184739; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04184739 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/18021
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Bourne AR, Ridley AR, McKechnie AE, Spottiswoode CN, Cunningham SJ. Dehydration risk is associated with reduced nest attendance and hatching success in a cooperatively breeding bird, the southern pied babbler Turdoides bicolor. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab043. [PMID: 34150211 PMCID: PMC8208672 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High air temperatures have measurable negative impacts on reproduction in wild animal populations, including during incubation in birds. Understanding the mechanisms driving these impacts requires comprehensive knowledge of animal physiology and behaviour under natural conditions. We used a novel combination of a non-invasive doubly labelled water (DLW) technique, nest temperature data and field-based behaviour observations to test effects of temperature, rainfall and group size on physiology and behaviour during incubation in southern pied babblers Turdoides bicolor, a cooperatively breeding passerine endemic to the arid savanna regions of southern Africa. The proportion of time that clutches were incubated declined as air temperatures increased, a behavioural pattern traditionally interpreted as a benefit of ambient incubation. However, we show that (i) clutches had a <50% chance of hatching when exposed to daily maximum air temperatures of >35.3°C; (ii) pied babbler groups incubated their nests almost constantly (99% of daylight hours) except on hot days; (iii) operative temperatures in unattended nests frequently exceeded 40.5°C, above which bird embryos are at risk of death; (iv) pied babblers incubating for long periods of time failed to maintain water balance on hot days; and (v) pied babblers from incubating groups lost mass on hot days. These results suggest that pied babblers might leave their nests during hot periods to lower the risk of dehydration associated with prolonged incubation at high operative temperatures. As mean air temperatures increase and extreme heat events become more frequent under climate change, birds will likely incur ever greater thermoregulatory costs of incubation, leading to compromised nest attendance and increased potential for eggs to overheat, with implications for nest success and, ultimately, population persistence.
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Ridley AR, Wiley EM, Bourne AR, Cunningham SJ, Nelson-Flower MJ. Understanding the potential impact of climate change on the behavior and demography of social species: The pied babbler (Turdoides bicolor) as a case study. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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du Toit CJ, Chinsamy A, Cunningham SJ. Cretaceous origins of the vibrotactile bill-tip organ in birds. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202322. [PMID: 33259758 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some probe-foraging birds locate their buried prey by detecting mechanical vibrations in the substrate using a specialized tactile bill-tip organ comprising mechanoreceptors embedded in densely clustered pits in the bone at the tip of their beak. This remarkable sensory modality is known as 'remote touch', and the associated bill-tip organ is found in probe-foraging taxa belonging to both the palaeognathous (in kiwi) and neognathous (in ibises and shorebirds) clades of modern birds. Intriguingly, a structurally similar bill-tip organ is also present in the beaks of extant, non-probing palaeognathous birds (e.g. emu and ostriches) that do not use remote touch. By comparison with our comprehensive sample representing all orders of extant modern birds (Neornithes), we provide evidence that the lithornithids (the most basal known palaeognathous birds which evolved in the Cretaceous period) had the ability to use remote touch. This finding suggests that the occurrence of the vestigial bony bill-tip organ in all modern non-probing palaeognathous birds represents a plesiomorphic condition. Furthermore, our results show that remote-touch probe foraging evolved very early among the Neornithes and it may even have predated the palaeognathous-neognathous divergence. We postulate that the tactile bony bill-tip organ in Neornithes may have originated from other snout tactile specializations of their non-avian theropod ancestors.
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Amin N, Cunningham SJ, Jones EM, Ryan FS. Investigating perceptions of patient-centred care in orthodontics. J Orthod 2020; 47:320-329. [DOI: 10.1177/1465312520952802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To assess and compare patient and clinician perceptions of patient-centredness for adults about to commence active orthodontic treatment, and to assess whether the following variables affected perceptions of patient-centredness: patient gender and age; clinician gender and grade; and stage of treatment. Design: A prospective, cross-sectional questionnaire study. Setting: Eastman Dental Hospital, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust. Participants: A total of 112 adult patients and 30 clinicians completed 224 questionnaires (112 patient and 112 clinician questionnaires). Methods: A validated, dyadic questionnaire, the ‘9-Item Patient Perception of Patient-Centredness’ (PPPC), was used to collect data from both patients and their corresponding clinicians after initial assessment or records/treatment planning consultations. Total PPPC scores (possible score range = 9–36) were calculated for each patient and clinician to ascertain the extent to which they perceived they were engaging in patient-centredness, where higher scores corresponded with better performance. Results: Patients and clinicians perceived high engagement in patient-centredness with median scores of 32/36 and 29/36, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between total scores with patients perceiving consultations to be more patient-centred than clinicians ( P < 0.001). None of the variables (patient gender and age, clinician gender and grade, stage of treatment) were statistically significant. Conclusion: Patients and clinicians both perceived high engagement in patient-centredness. Patients perceived consultations to be significantly more patient-centred than clinicians ( P < 0.001).
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Cunningham SJ. The Sheldon Friel Memorial Lecture 2020 It's not just about the teeth: Patient-centred Orthodontics. Eur J Orthod 2020; 42:472-477. [PMID: 32918442 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The provision of high-quality health care involves many different aspects, including safety, effectiveness, efficiency, and patient centredness. In order for care to be truly patient centred requires patients' views being sought and considered, and this may be achieved through patient-centred research. Patient-centred research is fundamentally important in contemporary health care and has many benefits; for example, it ensures that research is relevant, identifies those aspects of care that are important to patients, provides information that is important to current and future patients, and allows the integration of patients' views regarding how services may be enhanced in the future. This paper provides an overview of how we currently involve patients in orthodontic research, what this means to the specialty and how we can enhance patient involvement in the future.
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Bourne AR, Cunningham SJ, Spottiswoode CN, Ridley AR. Hot droughts compromise interannual survival across all group sizes in a cooperatively breeding bird. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1776-1788. [PMID: 32945068 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting animal populations around the world and one relatively unexplored aspect of species vulnerability is whether and to what extent responses to environmental stressors might be mitigated by variation in group size in social species. We used a 15-year data set for a cooperatively breeding bird, the southern pied babbler Turdoides bicolor, to determine the impact of temperature, rainfall and group size on body mass change and interannual survival in both juveniles and adults. Hot and dry conditions were associated with reduced juvenile growth, mass loss in adults and compromised survival between years in both juveniles (86% reduction in interannual survival) and adults (60% reduction in interannual survival). Individuals across all group sizes experienced similar effects of climatic conditions. Larger group sizes may not buffer individual group members against the impacts of hot and dry conditions, which are expected to increase in frequency and severity in future.
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Rat M, Mathe‐Hubert H, McKechnie AE, Sueur C, Cunningham SJ. Extreme and variable environmental temperatures are linked to reduction of social network cohesiveness in a highly social passerine. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bourne AR, Cunningham SJ, Spottiswoode CN, Ridley AR. High temperatures drive offspring mortality in a cooperatively breeding bird. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201140. [PMID: 33043866 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.31.126862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of life-history responses to current environmental variability is required to predict species-specific responses to anthopogenic climate change. Previous research has suggested that cooperation in social groups may buffer individuals against some of the negative effects of unpredictable climates. We use a 15-year dataset on a cooperative breeding arid zone bird, the southern pied babbler Turdoides bicolor, to test (i) whether environmental conditions and group size correlate with survival of young during three development stages (egg, nestling, fledgling) and (ii) whether group size mitigates the impacts of adverse environmental conditions on survival of young. Exposure to high mean daily maximum temperatures (mean Tmax) during early development was associated with reduced survival probabilities of young in all three development stages. No young survived when mean Tmax > 38°C, across all group sizes. Low survival of young at high temperatures has broad implications for recruitment and population persistence in avian communities given the rapid pace of advancing climate change. Impacts of high temperatures on survival of young were not moderated by group size, suggesting that the availability of more helpers in a group is unlikely to buffer against compromised offspring survival as average and maximum temperatures increase with rapid anthropogenic climate change.
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Bourne AR, Cunningham SJ, Spottiswoode CN, Ridley AR. High temperatures drive offspring mortality in a cooperatively breeding bird. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201140. [PMID: 33043866 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of life-history responses to current environmental variability is required to predict species-specific responses to anthopogenic climate change. Previous research has suggested that cooperation in social groups may buffer individuals against some of the negative effects of unpredictable climates. We use a 15-year dataset on a cooperative breeding arid zone bird, the southern pied babbler Turdoides bicolor, to test (i) whether environmental conditions and group size correlate with survival of young during three development stages (egg, nestling, fledgling) and (ii) whether group size mitigates the impacts of adverse environmental conditions on survival of young. Exposure to high mean daily maximum temperatures (mean Tmax) during early development was associated with reduced survival probabilities of young in all three development stages. No young survived when mean Tmax > 38°C, across all group sizes. Low survival of young at high temperatures has broad implications for recruitment and population persistence in avian communities given the rapid pace of advancing climate change. Impacts of high temperatures on survival of young were not moderated by group size, suggesting that the availability of more helpers in a group is unlikely to buffer against compromised offspring survival as average and maximum temperatures increase with rapid anthropogenic climate change.
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Barber SK, Ryan F, Cunningham SJ. Knowledge of, and attitudes to, shared decision-making in orthodontics in the UK. J Orthod 2020; 47:294-302. [PMID: 32693666 DOI: 10.1177/1465312520941526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish UK orthodontic treatment providers' knowledge of, and attitudes to, shared decision-making (SDM). SDM involves patients as equal partners in decisions about treatment. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Online survey across the UK. POPULATION Dentists and orthodontists providing orthodontic treatment in the UK. METHODS Potential participants were contacted through the British Orthodontic Society mailing lists. An online survey was developed to examine knowledge of, and attitudes to, SDM using a combination of evidence-based statements and free text boxes. Questions regarding previous training in SDM and preferences for further training were also included. RESULTS The survey was completed by 210 respondents, yielding an approximate response rate of 15%. Respondents were mainly consultants (34%) and specialist orthodontists (42%). SDM was well described in terms of the people involved in this process, how it is approached, the components and topics of discussion, and the overall purpose of SDM. Generally, there was consistency in attitudinal responses, with the largest variance in responses to questions about the professional-patient partnership, the interface between SDM and clinical guidelines, and accepting a decision that is discordant with the professional's opinion. Fifty-one respondents reported having some previous teaching/training in SDM, with the majority (87%) indicating that they would like more training. CONCLUSION Clinicians providing orthodontic treatment in the UK have a good understanding of the meaning of shared decision-making. Concerns raised about using SDM and knowledge gaps suggest there is value in providing SDM training for the orthodontic team and that orthodontic providers would welcome it.
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Sayers MS, Cunningham SJ, Newton JT. How do you identify the patient with 'high expectations' of orthodontic treatment: An empirical approach. J Orthod 2020; 47:289-293. [PMID: 32662318 DOI: 10.1177/1465312520939970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify an empirical method for identifying patients with 'high expectations' of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances using a questionnaire-based approach. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from four studies which collected data on patients' expectations of orthodontic treatment using the same questionnaire. SETTING Secondary care orthodontic services. PARTICIPANTS All four datasets comprised new patients aged 12-15 years, with no history of orthodontic treatment, who fulfilled the criteria for NHS treatment using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Unpublished dataset 1 comprised 100 participants, while dataset 2 had 70 participants, dataset 3 had 67 participants and dataset 4 comprised 40 participants. METHODS The questionnaire utilised in all studies had a question which asked respondents to rate seven different expectations of outcome relating to straight teeth, better smile, ease of eating, speaking, cleaning teeth, improved career prospects and social confidence. Dataset 1 was analysed to determine the proportion of patients who had rated all seven outcome expectation items at a maximum score. Similar analyses were performed for the other three datasets to explore the trend in the proportion of patients with high expectations over time. RESULTS For dataset 1, 2.0% of participants had high expectations, as defined by their scores on the questionnaire. The proportions for the datasets 2, 3 and 4 were 4.0%, 4.5% and 2.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION The method outlined provides an empirical basis for identifying patients with statistically infrequent high expectations. This can potentially help clinicians in the management of such patients.
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Bamashmous N, Cunningham SJ, Parekh S. Information seeking behaviour of dental trauma patients and their parents. Dent Traumatol 2020; 36:590-597. [PMID: 32573937 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Dental trauma is a common public health issue that can be associated with high costs and lifelong treatment. Children and parents should have the correct information regarding its management to reduce the potential long-term sequelae. Understanding their information seeking behaviour is therefore important to ensure that they are able to access, understand and retain the relevant information. The aim of this study was to investigate (a) the different ways that patients undertaking treatment for dental trauma, and their parents, look for relevant information, (b) their information needs, and (c) their preferred format of information. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a two-phase study: Phase I involved in-depth interviews with 10 patients who were currently undergoing treatment for dental trauma, and 11 parents. In phase II, the themes and sub-themes identified from the interviews were used to develop patient and parent questionnaires, which were distributed to all trauma patients and parents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and who were attending the dental clinics from March to May 2014. RESULTS Patients and parents had different concerns immediately following the trauma, during treatment and in the long term, and they wanted different forms of information to answer their concerns. Reliability was the main issue about trusting the information available in the Internet, social media and other online sources. Therefore, patients preferred to obtain information verbally from their dentist, while parents preferred written information. CONCLUSION Patients and parents have different information needs, and these also vary at different stages of treatment. It is therefore important to customize the way information is provided for each group accordingly.
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Bourne AR, Cunningham SJ, Spottiswoode CN, Ridley AR. Compensatory Breeding in Years Following Drought in a Desert-Dwelling Cooperative Breeder. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To qualitatively explore, and analyse, patients' expectations before the start of fixed appliance orthodontic treatment and determine whether typologies exist. DESIGN A prospective cross-sectional qualitative study, which involved 13 patients (aged 12-15 years). SETTING NHS Hospital Orthodontic Department (UK). MATERIALS AND METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted with patients who consented to participate before the start of fixed appliance orthodontic treatment. The in-depth interview data were transcribed and then managed using a framework approach, followed by associative analysis. RESULTS The in-depth interviews revealed two major themes and associated subthemes which were: first, patients' expectations about the treatment process and outcome; and second, patients' expectations of themselves during and after treatment. Three typologies related to patients' expectations of the orthodontic treatment process were also identified. The first group of participants had minimal expectations of the treatment process, did not anticipate discomfort or pain and did not anticipate that treatment would cause disruption to their daily life. The second group of participants had expectations that treatment would involve arch wire changes, dental extractions and result in some discomfort/pain, which would cause some limited disruption to their daily life (moderate expectations). The third type of participant had expectations of the treatment process involving arch wire changes and dental extractions, and anticipated that the discomfort and pain experienced would significantly affect their daily life (marked expectations). CONCLUSIONS These results provide the clinician with information about patient typologies and provide the clinician with some direction when communicating with their patients and managing their expectations before the start of treatment.
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Oswald KN, Smit B, Lee AT, Cunningham SJ. Behaviour of an alpine range-restricted species is described by interactions between microsite use and temperature. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ireland AJ, Atack NE, Cunningham SJ, House K, Cobourne MT, Hunt NP, Sherriff M, Sandy JR. National British Orthodontic Society (BOS) Orthognathic Audit 2017–2018. J Orthod 2019; 46:287-296. [DOI: 10.1177/1465312519879934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To carry out a UK national clinical audit of orthognathic acceptance criteria and information provided to orthognathic patients before treatment. Design: National clinical audit. Setting: Data collected using Bristol Online Surveys. Participants: Sixty-nine UK hospital orthodontic departments submitted data. Methods: Data were collected at two time points using Bristol Online Surveys over a period of 12 months. These were before treatment at the first multidisciplinary clinic (MDT) and immediately after surgery. The data collected included: Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need (IOFTN); Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN); age; previous orthodontic treatment; attendance at an MDT; treatment times; and information provision. Results: Eighty-five units agreed to take part in the audit with 69 submitting data, giving a response rate of 81%. The data from 3404 patients were uploaded, 2263 before treatment and 1141 immediately after surgery. Of patients, 91.07% had an IOFTN score of 4 or 5 and 88.73% had an IOTN score of 4 or 5. The mean age at the first MDT was 22 years in the first cohort and 21 years and 4 months in the second immediate post-surgery cohort. Of patients, 37.93% had undergone some form of previous orthodontic treatment, but only 0.28% had undergone previous orthognathic treatment; 96.93% had an MDT confirm that orthodontic treatment by itself was insufficient to adequately correct their functional symptoms. The average treatment time from bond up to surgery was 2 years and 6 months. With respect to information provision, patients received information from a number of sources, principally the British Orthodontic Society (BOS) patient information leaflets and the BOS website Your Jaw Surgery. Conclusions: In the UK, the majority of orthognathic cases fulfil the criteria for acceptance for NHS-funded orthognathic treatment, as outlined by the Chief Dental Officer’s interim guidance on orthognathic treatment. This suggests any prior approval process would not be a good use of NHS resources in the commissioning of orthognathic treatment.
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Sharif MO, Newton T, Cunningham SJ. A systematic review to assess interventions delivered by mobile phones in improving adherence to oral hygiene advice for children and adolescents. Br Dent J 2019; 227:375-382. [DOI: 10.1038/s41415-019-0660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van de Ven TMFN, McKechnie AE, Cunningham SJ. The costs of keeping cool: behavioural trade-offs between foraging and thermoregulation are associated with significant mass losses in an arid-zone bird. Oecologia 2019; 191:205-215. [PMID: 31420741 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian responses to high environmental temperatures include retreating to cooler microsites and/or increasing rates of evaporative heat dissipation via panting, both of which may affect foraging success. We hypothesized that behavioural trade-offs constrain the maintenance of avian body condition in hot environments, and tested predictions arising from this hypothesis for male Southern Yellow-billed Hornbills (Tockus leucomelas) breeding in the Kalahari Desert. Operative temperatures experienced by the hornbills varied by up to 13 °C among four microsite categories used by foraging males. Lower prey capture rates while panting and reductions associated with the occupancy of off-ground microsites, resulted in sharp declines in foraging efficiency during hot weather. Consequently, male body mass (Mb) gain between sunrise and sunset decreased with increasing daily maximum air temperature (Tmax), from ~ 5% when Tmax < 25 °C to zero when Tmax = 38.4 °C. Overnight Mb loss averaged ~ 4.5% irrespective of Tmax, creating a situation where nett 24-h Mb loss approached 5% on extremely hot days. These findings support the notion that temperature is a major determinant of body condition for arid-zone birds. Moreover, the strong temperature dependence of foraging success and body condition among male hornbills provisioning nests raises the possibility that male behavioural trade-offs translate into equally strong effects of hot weather on female condition and nest success. Our results also reveal how rapid anthropogenic climate change is likely to substantially decrease the probability of arid-zone birds like hornbills being able to successfully provision nests while maintaining their own condition.
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AlQuraini N, Shah R, Cunningham SJ. Perceptions of outcomes of orthodontic treatment in adolescent patients: a qualitative study. Eur J Orthod 2019; 41:294-300. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Shah R, AlQuraini N, Cunningham SJ. Parents’ perceptions of outcomes of orthodontic treatment in adolescent patients: a qualitative study. Eur J Orthod 2019; 41:301-307. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjy072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bourne AR, McKechnie AE, Cunningham SJ, Ridley AR, Woodborne SM, Karasov WH. Non‐invasive measurement of metabolic rates in wild, free‐living birds using doubly labelled water. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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