Population-Based Impact of Smoking, Drinking, and Genetic Factors on HDL-Cholesterol Levels in J-MICC Study Participants

BACKGROUND

Environmental and genetic factors are suggested to exhibit factor-based association with HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. However, the population-based effects of environmental and genetic factors have not been compared clearly. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study to evaluate the population-based impact of smoking, drinking, and genetic factors on low HDL-C.

METHODS

Data from 11,498 men and women aged 35-69 years were collected for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Sixty-five HDL-C-related SNPs with genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10^-8) were selected from the GWAS catalog, and seven representative SNPs were defined, and the population-based impact was estimated using population attributable fraction (PAF).

RESULTS

We found that smoking, drinking, daily activity, habitual exercise, egg intake, BMI, age, sex and the SNPs CETP rs3764261, APOA5 rs662799, LIPC rs1800588, LPL rs328, ABCA1 rs2575876, LIPG rs3786247, and APOE rs429358 were associated with HDL-C levels. The gene-environmental interactions on smoking and drinking were not statistically significant. The PAF for low HDL-C was the highest in men (63.2%) and in rs3764261 (31.5%) of the genetic factors, and the PAFs of smoking and drinking were 23.1% and 41.8%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study showed that the population-based impact of genomic factor CETP rs3764261 for low HDL-C was higher than that of smoking and lower than that of drinking.

Effects of polymorphic cytochrome P450 2A6 genotypes on chemoprevention against colorectal tumors in single Japanese cohort using daily low-dose aspirin: insights into future personalized treatments

BACKGROUND

A chemopreventive effect of low-dose aspirin against colorectal tumors was previously found in participants of two Japanese multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials investigating the effects of daily aspirin (100 mg/day) for 0.7-2 years on tumor recurrence in colorectal cancer patients whose tumors were excised endoscopically.

METHODS

In the current study, chemopreventive data from single-center subsets having daily aspirin (100 mg/day) were reanalyzed with respect to variations in polymorphic cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). From the J-CAPP study, 56 of 311 participants (47 men, 9 women; excluding patients with familial adenomatous polyposis) were genotyped for CYP2A6*1, *4 (whole-gene deletion), *7 (amino acid substitution), and *9 (upstream mutation), and from the J-FAPP IV study, 81 of 102 participants (43 men, 38 women; including patients with familial adenomatous polyposis) were also genotyped.

RESULTS

The chemopreventive effects of daily aspirin were found to be inversely dependent on the predicted enzyme activity of the CYP2A6 phenotype [based on normal genotypes (CYP2A6*1/*1,*7,*9) and impaired genotypes (CYP2A6*4,*7,*9/*4,*7,*9 and CYP2A6*1/*4)] among a nonsmoker Japanese cohort without familial adenomatous polyposis.

CONCLUSIONS

The CYP2A6 wild-type allele could be a candidate biomarker for reduced chemopreventive effects of daily aspirin in a population with wide-ranging CYP2A6 phenotypes with a high frequency of impaired activities resulting from variations and whole-gene deletions. The CYP2A6 genotypes could be applicable to future personalized treatments for colorectal tumor chemoprevention with daily aspirin.

Effect of Underlying Cardiometabolic Diseases on the Association Between Sedentary Time and All-Cause Mortality in a Large Japanese Population: A Cohort Analysis Based on the J-MICC Study

Background This study aimed to determine the association between sedentary time and mortality with regard to leisure-time physical activity with or without cardiometabolic diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Methods and Results Using data from the J-MICC (Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort) Study, 64 456 participants (29 022 men, 35 434 women) were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were used to characterize the relative risk of all-cause mortality to evaluate its association with sedentary time (categorical variables: <5, 5 to <7, 7 to <9, ≥9 h/d and 2-hour increments in exposure) according to the self-reported hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus using a Cox proportional hazards model. A total of 2257 participants died during 7.7 years of follow-up. The corresponding HRs for each 2-hour increment in sedentary time among participants with all factors, no factors, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were 1.153 (95% CI, 1.114-1.194), 1.125 (95% CI, 1.074-1.179), 1.202 (95% CI, 1.129-1.279), 1.176 (95% CI, 1.087-1.273), and 1.272 (95% CI, 1.159-1.396), respectively. Furthermore, when analyzed according to the combined different factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus), HRs increased with each additional factor, and participants reporting all 3 conditions had the highest HR of 1.417 (95% CI, 1.162-1.728) independently of leisure-time metabolic equivalents. Conclusions The association between sedentary time and increased mortality is stronger among patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus regardless of leisure-time physical activity in a large Japanese population.

Chemoprevention with low-dose aspirin, mesalazine, or both in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis without previous colectomy (J-FAPP Study IV): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, two-by-two factorial design trial

BACKGROUND

The only established treatment for preventing colorectal cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is colectomy, which greatly reduces patient quality of life. Thus, an alternative method is warranted. In this trial, we aimed to clarify the individual and joint effects of low-dose aspirin and mesalazine on the recurrence of colorectal polyps in Japanese patients with FAP.

METHODS

This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial with a two-by-two factorial design done in 11 centres in Japan. Eligible patients were aged 16-70 years and had a history of more than 100 adenomatous polyps in the large intestine, without a history of colectomy. Before the study, patients underwent endoscopic removal of all colorectal polyps of at least 5·0 mm in diameter. Randomisation was done with a minimisation method with a random component to balance the groups with respect to the adjustment factors of sex, age (<30 years vs ≥30 years), or smoking status at the time of entry. Patients and researchers were masked to the treatment group. There were four groups: aspirin (100 mg per day) plus mesalazine (2 g per day), aspirin (100 mg per day) plus mesalazine placebo, aspirin placebo plus mesalazine (2 g per day), or aspirin placebo plus mesalazine placebo. Treatment was continued until 1 week before 8 month colonoscopy. The primary endpoint was the incidence of colorectal polyps of at least 5·0 mm at 8 months and was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in the ITT population. We also did a per-protocol analysis including only patients who took at least 70% of the allocated study drug. This trial is registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, number UMIN000018736, and is complete.

FINDINGS

Between Sept 25, 2015, and March 13, 2017, 104 patients were randomly assigned to receive either aspirin or aspirin placebo (n=52) or mesalazine or mesalazine placebo (n=52). Two patients withdrew from the aspirin plus mesalazine placebo group. 26 (50%) of 52 patients who received no aspirin had colorectal polyps of at least 5·0 mm at 8 months, as did 15 (30%) of the 50 patients who received any aspirin, 21 (42%) of the 50 patients who received no mesalazine, and 20 (38%) of the 52 patients who received any mesalazine. The adjusted odds ratio for polyp recurrence was 0·37 (95% CI 0·16-0·86) in the patients who received any aspirin and 0·87 (95% CI 0·38-2·00) in any who received mesalazine. The most common adverse events were grade 1-2 upper gastrointestinal symptoms in three (12%) of 26 patients who received aspirin plus mesalazine, one (4%) of 24 patients who received aspirin plus mesalazine placebo, and one (4%) of 26 patients who received mesalazine plus aspirin placebo. There was one grade 4 event in the mesalazine plus aspirin placebo group, but not related to the treatment.

INTERPRETATION

Low-dose aspirin safely suppressed the recurrence of colorectal polyps larger than 5·0 mm in patients with FAP. These results suggest an effect of low-dose aspirin for FAP and could be an alternative method for preventing colorectal cancer in FAP.

FUNDING

Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development.

The Impact of Job Conditions on Health-Related Quality of Life among Working Japanese Older Adults: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study Using J-MICC Okazaki Study Data

OBJECTIVES

The number of older adults who continue working after retirement is increasing in Japan. Little is known about how job conditions affect older adults' health. We examined the association between job conditions and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) during a five-year follow-up study.

METHODS

This study included participants aged 65 years or older from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study in the Okazaki area recruited at baseline between 2007 and 2011 and followed up five years later. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire on the physical and mental health aspects of HRQOL (SF-8™), employment status, and job conditions (job satisfaction, skill use, and job suitability).

RESULTS

Data of 1,146 men and 522 women were analyzed (mean age: 69.1 and 68.6 years, respectively). Generalized mixed linear regression analysis revealed that, compared to the not-working group, skill use was positively associated with mental health aspects among men (skill use × time: β = 0.16, SE = 0.08, p < 0.05), while poor job satisfaction and job suitability were negatively associated with mental health aspects among women (job satisfaction, not satisfied × time: β = -0.93, SE = 0.47, p < 0.05; job suitability, not suitable × time: β = -1.06, SE = 0.50, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Regarding job conditions among older adults, skill use in men was marginally associated with mental health, and poor job satisfaction and suitability in women were negatively associated with mental health. Considering the job conditions of older workers is necessary to protect their mental health.

[A Case of Pathological Complete Response of Colon Cancer after Systemic Chemotherapy with mFOLFOX6]

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is a standard mode of therapy for rectal cancer but not colon cancer. A 74-year-old man undergoing treatment for prostate cancer was found to have a tumor in both the sigmoid colon and liver. Colonoscopy showed a type 2 tumor of the sigmoid colon, with a biopsy confirming a diagnosis of well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Computed tomography demonstrated a tumor of the sigmoid colon with metastasis to the liver. As there was a high suspicion of invasion of the left ureter, we decided to administer mFOLFOX6 as neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to tumor resection. After 8 courses of mFOLFOX6, both the primary lesion and liver metastasis significantly decreased in size. Subsequently, the patient underwent a sigmoidectomy and partial hepatectomy. Histopathological examination revealed pathological complete response(Grade 3). It is important to reveal effective cases of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the appropriate treatment regime and timing of surgical intervention so as to advance therapeutic strategies for the treatment of colon cancer.

The impact of marital transitions on vegetable intake in middle-aged and older Japanese adults: a five-year longitudinal study

Background

Marital transitions are associated with adverse health events, such as mortality and cardiovascular disease. Since marital transitions (eg, becoming widowed) are unavoidable life events, it is necessary to identify modifiable intermediate outcomes. Thus, we examined the association between marital transitions and vegetable intake among middle-aged and older Japanese adults.

Methods

This longitudinal study included Japanese adults aged 40–79 years who received an annual health checkup between 2007 and 2011 (baseline) and 5 years later (follow-up). Marital transitions were classified as whether and what type of transition occurred during the 5-year period and comprised five groups: consistently married, married to widowed, married to divorced, not married to married, and remained not married. Changes in total vegetable, green and yellow vegetable, and light-colored vegetable intake from baseline to follow-up were calculated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire.

Results

Data from 4,813 participants were analyzed (mean age, 59.4 years; 44.1% women). Regarding marital transitions, 3,960 participants were classified as “consistently married,” 135 as “married to widowed,” 40 as “married to divorced,” 60 as “not married to married,” and 529 as “remained not married.” Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that compared to consistently married, married to widowed was inversely associated with the change in total vegetable intake (β = −16.64, SE = 7.68, P = 0.030) and light-colored vegetable intake (β = −11.46, SE = 4.33, P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that being widowed could result in a reduced intake of vegetables. Hence, dietary counseling according to marital situation is necessary.

Long-Term Trends in Respiratory Function After Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Esophagectomy for esophageal cancer is known to lead to deterioration in respiratory function (RF). The aim of this study was to assess long-term trends in RF after esophagectomy and the impact of different operative procedures.

METHODS

A total of 52 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who were scheduled for esophagectomy from 2003 to 2012 were enrolled. We prospectively evaluated patients for vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), and 6-min walk distance (6MWD) before and after esophagectomy at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 60 mo.

RESULTS

Patients had mostly recovered their VC and FEV1.0 after 12 mo. After that point, VC and FEV1.0 declined again, reaching levels lower than baseline at 60 mo, with a median change ratio of 0.85 and 0.86, respectively. Although the 6MWD after open esophagectomy declined, patients treated with transhiatal esophagectomy and minimally invasive esophagectomy maintained above baseline levels throughout the follow-up period. Furthermore, we identified transhiatal esophagectomy (odds ratio [OR] = 0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.002-0.43, P = 0.01) and minimally invasive esophagectomy (OR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.02-0.94, P = 0.04) as favorable factors and postoperative pulmonary complication (OR = 9.14, 95% CI 1.22-68.6, P = 0.03) as an unfavorable factor for RF after 12 mo. Operative procedures had no significant impact on RF after 60 mo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results support the notion that RF does not recover to the baseline level, and operative procedures have no significant impact on RF at late phase after esophagectomy.

Postmortem computed tomographic features in the diagnosis of drowning: a comparison of fresh water and salt water drowning cases

PURPOSE

To investigate the effectiveness of postmortem computed tomography in the diagnosis of drowning, focusing on the comparison of fresh water and salt water cases using three-dimensionally (3D) reconstructed data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We examined features of drowning in 25 fresh water drowning cases (FWDCs; 13 men, 12 women; mean age 73.1 years; range 43-95 years), and compared these with 12 salt water drowning cases (SWDCs; 5 men, 7 women; mean age 66.0 years; range 55-77 years). Pulmonary opacities, volume and density (CT number) of accumulated fluid in the paranasal sinuses and central airways, volume of the stomach/stomach contents, and cardiac blood density were examined.

RESULTS

In SWDCs, pulmonary ground-glass opacities with wholly thickened interstitium was frequently identified (P = 0.0274). Whereas in FWDCs, a significantly larger volume and lower density of fluid in the paranasal sinuses (P = 0.0195 and P = 0.0104, respectively), lower density of fluid in the central airways (P = 0.0077), lower stomach content density (P = 0.0216), lower density in the left atrium (P = 0.0029), and a difference of density between the atria (P = 0.0247) were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

A lower density in the left atrium was observed in FWDCs compared to SWDCs. This finding may be helpful in differentiating between FWDCs and SWDCs.

[Chemoresistance in Microsatellite Instability-High Gastric Cancer-A Case Report]

A 74-year-old woman with cT4aN2M0, cStage ⅢB gastric cancer underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy comprising 2 courses of S-1 plus cisplatin, and the clinical response was determined as non-CR/non-PD according to RECIST ver 1.1. Although distal gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy was planned, the tumor was considered as unresectable with peritoneal metastases during laparotomy. After the subsequent chemotherapy with 1 course of capecitabine plus cisplatin, tumor bleeding, and obstruction due to rapid tumor progression occurred. We performed palliative distal gastrectomy; however, the patient died 17 days after gastrectomy. A comprehensive genomic analysis using cancer-gene panel identified the tumor as a microsatellite instability-high(MSI-H). Recently post hoc analysis of the large-scale clinical trials showed no clinical benefit of perioperative chemotherapy in MSI-H gastric cancer. MSI status has a potential to optimize the perioperative treatment strategy in gastric cancer.

[Staged Laparoscopy-Assisted Surgery Including Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery for Rectal Cancer with Synchronous Liver Metastases-A Case Report]

Here, we reported a case of a 39-year-old woman having rectal cancer with multiple liver metastases who underwent staged laparoscopic resection. She was diagnosed with low rectal cancer and multiple liver metastases; thus, she underwent low anterior resection and diverting colostomy. Following the neoadjuvant chemotherapy, she underwent colostomy closure and subsequent hand-assisted laparoscopic partial hepatectomy using the operative site during the colostomy closure. The postoperative course was uneventful, and adjuvant chemotherapy with CapeOX was performed 3 weeks post-surgery. Minimally invasive surgery was performed using hand-assisted laparoscopy.

Exploring predictive biomarkers from clinical genome-wide association studies via multidimensional hierarchical mixture models

Although the detection of predictive biomarkers is of particular importance for the development of accurate molecular diagnostics, conventional statistical analyses based on gene-by-treatment interaction tests lack sufficient statistical power for this purpose, especially in large-scale clinical genome-wide studies that require an adjustment for multiplicity of a huge number of tests. Here we demonstrate an alternative efficient multi-subgroup screening method using multidimensional hierarchical mixture models developed to overcome this issue, with application to stroke and breast cancer randomized clinical trials with genomic data. We show that estimated effect size distributions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with outcomes, which could provide clues for exploring predictive biomarkers, optimizing individualized treatments, and understanding biological mechanisms of diseases. Furthermore, using this method we detected three new SNPs that are associated with blood homocysteine levels, which are strongly associated with the risk of stroke. We also detected six new SNPs that are associated with progression-free survival in breast cancer patients.

Reversal of Methotrexate-Induced Folate Pool Depletion by Thymidine in a Human Leukemia Cell Line in Vitro

In an In vitro study using a human monocytic leukemia cell line, U-937, the effects of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in combination with the antifolate methotrexate and the role of thymidine introduced as a biochemical modulator were investigated. Methotrexate alone or in combination with INF-γ was found to enhance the induction of morphologic and functional monocytic differentiation in the U-937 cell line. Various cellular effects with the addition of thymidine to the medium with methotrexate and IFN-γ were studied. Enhanced inhibition of cell growth and perturbation of the cell cycle were noted when methotrexate and IFN-γ were used in combination, but not when methotrexate was used alone. The reduction of cellular folate by methotrexate was also enhanced in combination with IFN-γ. Cell cycle delay, resulting in cell growth inhibition of folate depletion, caused the induction of differentiation in U-937 cells, which was found to be greater with methotrexate + IFN-γ than with methotrexate alone. Cellular differentiation, as assessed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay, indirect immunofluorescence and morphology, showed better effects towards the differentiation of U-937 cells when the agents were used in combination. However, addition of thymidine to the medium was found to cancel all the aforementioned effects. The addition of thymidine to the medium also caused reversal of the inhibitory effect of methotrexate and IFN-γ on cell growth and repletion of the endogenous folate level. Repletion of the folate level by exogenous thymidine is a new possibility for the role of the thymidine in cellular growth.

Re-assessment of multiple testing strategies for more efficient genome-wide association studies

Although enormous costs have been dedicated to discovering relevant disease-related genetic variants, especially in genome-wide association studies (GWASs), only a small fraction of estimated heritability can be explained by these results. This is the so-called missing heritability problem. The conventional use of overly conservative multiple testing strategies based on controlling the familywise error rate (FWER), in particular with a genome-wide significance threshold of P <5 × 10^-8, is one of the most important issues from a statistical perspective. To help resolve this problem, we performed comprehensive re-assessments of currently available strategies using recently published, extremely large-scale GWAS data sets of rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia (>50,000 subjects). The estimates of statistical power averaged for all disease-related genetic variants of the standard FWER-based strategy were only 0.09% for the rheumatoid arthritis data and 0.04% for the schizophrenia data. To design more efficient strategies, we also conducted an extensive comparison of multiple testing strategies by applying false discovery rate (FDR)-controlling procedures to these data sets and simulations, and found that the FDR-based procedures achieved higher power than the FWER-based strategy, even at a strict FDR level (e.g., FDR = 1%). We also discuss a useful alternative measure, namely "partial power," which is an averaged power for detecting the clinically and biologically meaningful genetic factors with the largest effects. Simulation results suggest that the FDR-based procedures can achieve sufficient partial power (>80%) for detecting these factors (odds ratios of >1.05) with 80,000 subjects, and thus this may be a useful measure for defining realistic objectives of future GWASs.

Mid-trimester residual cervical length and the risk of preterm birth in pregnancies after abdominal radical trachelectomy: a retrospective analysis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between mid-trimester residual cervical length (CL) and the risk of preterm birth in pregnancies after abdominal radical trachelectomy (RT).

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

University hospital.

POPULATION

A total of 33 deliveries after 22 weeks' gestation in 30 women who underwent abdominal RT including prophylactic cervical cerclage and perinatal care between January 2002 and May 2016.

METHODS

The association between mid-trimester residual CL (the distance between the cerclage and the external cervical os) and gestational age at delivery was investigated. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed to estimate the optimal cut-off values of the mid-trimester residual CL for the prediction of preterm birth.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation.

RESULTS

Mid-trimester residual CL showed a significant correlation with gestational age at delivery (r = 0.36, P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in residual CL between women who did and those who did not give birth before 34 weeks (P < 0.05). Mid-trimester residual CL < 13 mm was a good predictor of birth before 34 weeks, with a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 55% and negative predictive value of 86% (area under ROC curve, 0.75).

CONCLUSIONS

Mid-trimester residual CL is significantly correlated with gestational age at delivery. Residual CL assessment could be used to reassure physicians and women that there is only a small chance of preterm birth in pregnancies after abdominal RT.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT

Mid-trimester residual cervical length is a good predictor of preterm birth after radical trachelectomy.

An efficient and flexible test for rare variant effects

Since it has been claimed that rare variants with extremely small allele frequency play a crucial role in complex traits, there is great demand for the development of a powerful test for detecting these variants. However, due to the extremely low frequencies of rare variants, common statistical testing methods do not work well, which has motivated recent extensive research on developing an efficient testing procedure for rare variant effects. Many studies have suggested effective testing procedures with reasonably high power under some presumed assumptions of parametric statistical models. However, if the parametric assumptions are violated, these tests are possibly under-powered. In this paper, we develop an optimal, powerful statistical test called the aggregated conditional score test (ACST) for simultaneously testing M rare variant effects without restrictive parametric assumptions. The proposed test uses a test statistic aggregating the conditional score statistics of effect sizes of M rare variants. In simulation studies, ACST generally performed well compared with the two most commonly used tests, the optimal sequence kernel association test (SKAT-O) and Kullback-Leibler distance test. Finally, we demonstrate the performance and practical utility of ACST using the Dallas Heart Study data.

[A Case of Simultaneous Multiple Gastric Cancers Showing Differences of Response after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with Docetaxel, CDDP, and S-1]

A 63-year-old man with epigastralgia was referred to our hospital and diagnosed with simultaneous multiple gastric cancers. One lesion was type 2 advanced and the other was type 0- II c early gastric cancer. CT examination revealed 4 regional lymph node metastases. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)with docetaxel/CDDP/S-1was administered. After 2 courses of NAC, total gastrectomy with D2(-No. 10), lymphadenectomy was performed. The pathological response to NAC was judged to be Grade 3 for advanced gastric cancer and Grade 0 for early gastric cancer. The patient is alive with no evidence of disease during the 10 months after the operation.