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Nelson TM, Rogers TL, Brown MV. The gut bacterial community of mammals from marine and terrestrial habitats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83655. [PMID: 24386245 PMCID: PMC3875473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After birth, mammals acquire a community of bacteria in their gastro-intestinal tract, which harvests energy and provides nutrients for the host. Comparative studies of numerous terrestrial mammal hosts have identified host phylogeny, diet and gut morphology as primary drivers of the gut bacterial community composition. To date, marine mammals have been excluded from these comparative studies, yet they represent distinct examples of evolutionary history, diet and lifestyle traits. To provide an updated understanding of the gut bacterial community of mammals, we compared bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence data generated from faecal material of 151 marine and terrestrial mammal hosts. This included 42 hosts from a marine habitat. When compared to terrestrial mammals, marine mammals clustered separately and displayed a significantly greater average relative abundance of the phylum Fusobacteria. The marine carnivores (Antarctic and Arctic seals) and the marine herbivore (dugong) possessed significantly richer gut bacterial community than terrestrial carnivores and terrestrial herbivores, respectively. This suggests that evolutionary history and dietary items specific to the marine environment may have resulted in a gut bacterial community distinct to that identified in terrestrial mammals. Finally we hypothesize that reduced marine trophic webs, whereby marine carnivores (and herbivores) feed directly on lower trophic levels, may expose this group to high levels of secondary metabolites and influence gut microbial community richness.
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Nelson TM, Rogers TL, Carlini AR, Brown MV. Diet and phylogeny shape the gut microbiota of Antarctic seals: a comparison of wild and captive animals. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:1132-45. [PMID: 23145888 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota of mammals underpins the metabolic capacity and health of the host. Our understanding of what influences the composition of this community has been limited primarily to evidence from captive and terrestrial mammals. Therefore, the gut microbiota of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, and leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx, inhabiting Antarctica were compared with captive leopard seals. Each seal exhibited a gut microbiota dominated by four phyla: Firmicutes (41.5 ± 4.0%), Fusobacteria (25.6 ± 3.9%), Proteobacteria (17.0 ± 3.2%) and Bacteroidetes (14.1 ± 1.7%). Species, age, sex and captivity were strong drivers of the composition of the gut microbiota, which can be attributed to differences in diet, gut length and physiology and social interactions. Differences in particular prey items consumed by seal species could contribute to the observed differences in the gut microbiota. The longer gut of the southern elephant seal provides a habitat reduced in available oxygen and more suitable to members of the phyla Bacteroidetes compared with other hosts. Among wild seals, 16 'core' bacterial community members were present in the gut of at least 50% of individuals. As identified between southern elephant seal mother-pup pairs, 'core' members are passed on via vertical transmission from a young age and persist through to adulthood. Our study suggests that these hosts have co-evolved with their gut microbiota and core members may provide some benefit to the host, such as developing the immune system. Further evidence of their strong evolutionary history is provided with the presence of 18 shared 'core' members in the gut microbiota of related seals living in the Arctic. The influence of diet and other factors, particularly in captivity, influences the composition of the community considerably. This study suggests that the gut microbiota has co-evolved with wild mammals as is evident in the shared presence of 'core' members.
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Nelson TM, Nilsson TH, Piercey DJ, Johnson T, Frascara J, Silva Delano S, Susuki Sone E, Villalon Bravo M. Improving perception of letters and visual structure of language. Percept Mot Skills 1999; 88:515-30. [PMID: 10483645 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1999.88.2.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Information about letters and the physical structure of language printed in Roman characters was given to children beginning to read. Experimental investigations coupled three alternative graphic modes of printing upper- and lower-case letters with an instructional intervention termed "Alpha-Beta" which provides practice in letter sorting, matching of letters, associative matching, and memory matching. In respect to graphics, Mode A letters were in standard alphabet form. Mode B provided standard letters with each backed by a unique half-tone (Visually Stippled Alphabet); Mode C provided standard letters with each backed by a unique visual texture (Visually Patterned Alphabet). Pre-posttest change in reading readiness was measured using the Metropolitan Readiness Test. In the first study 224 English-speaking 5- to 6-yr.-old children were tested. In the second there were 158 Spanish-speaking girls and boys 6 to 7 years old. It was predicted that Alpha-Beta intervention involving visually patterned alphabet would lead to the greatest increases in readiness scores. This is confirmed in both studies for children low in reading readiness preexperiment. Children high in reading readiness are less affected. The second experiment involved Spanish-speaking children and investigated intervention by Alpha-Beta against a no-intervention control. This confirms the value of Alpha-Beta per se. Possible explanations for the improvements are identified.
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Nilsson T, Nelson TM, Carlson D. Development of fatigue symptoms during simulated driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 1997; 29:479-488. [PMID: 9248506 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4575(97)00027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Why do people sometimes allow themselves to be overcome by fatigue? Ancient human survival may have depended on ignoring fatigue. Its modern occurrence in the absence of strain may further render us insensitive to its warning value. To test whether deliberate monitoring of certain symptoms may help drivers and other workers realize when they need to rest to avoid hazard, the development of fatigue while driving a simulator was objectively measured in terms of how many persons quit driving as a function of time. Some subjects asked to stop after 90 minutes; others lasted 240 minutes. Grouping data from an adapted Pearson [(1957) Journal of Applied Psychology, 44, 186-191] fatigue checklist revealed a curious phenomenon. No matter how long subjects drove before wanting to quit, they still developed much the same subjective level of fatigue at the end. This suggests that people do not differ greatly in how much fatigue they can tolerate but rather how quickly they reach a certain critical level of fatigue. Averaging fatigue scores backwards from the time subjects quit produced a function similar to the quitting function. Similar treatment of the other data revealed certain clusters of symptoms whose development also paralleled the development of fatigue.
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Nelson TM. Fatigue, mindset and ecology in the hazard dominant environment. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 1997; 29:409-415. [PMID: 9248499 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4575(97)00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ratings made by 47 experienced drivers to 18 items of a Fatigue Advisory are highly consistent. Every item is rated 'very' or 'extremely important' to the safety of inexperienced drivers. In contrast, 'adequacy of knowledge' about fatigue is rated consistently lower. This inconsistency may reflect a culturally based confusion about fatigue. Education and public awareness campaigns need to emphasize that 'immoderate indulgence of driving' is as dangerous to safety as 'immoderate indulgence of alcohol'. A basic challenge is to improve understanding of the manner in which the experience of fatigue emerges during driving. Study of perceptual/cognitive manifestations aided by operational definition of fatigue as a 'declarative state' renders driving fatigue a definite observable subjective condition arising from continuous operation of a vehicle. Specific cognitive symptoms of fatigue such as boredom, tiredness, inattention, etc. emerging with driving fatigue, are circumscribed within the activity of driving itself and also reflect the particular conditions in which driving fatigue occurs. This approach reveals ecological dimensions to the problem. The specific experiences of driving fatigue are seen to emerge as a function of the driver environment relationship in a particular driving environment. It is suggested that the concept of the 'hazard dominant environment' and the compensating landscape perceptions of 'prospect' and 'refuge' proposed by Appleton [(1995) The Experience of Landscape. Wiley, London] in concert with the concept of environmental 'affordances' provided by Gibson [(1979) An Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin, Boston] open promising possibilities for improving environmental education about driving fatigue.
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Nelson RL, Abcarian H, Nelson TM, Misumi A, Kako H, Rizk S, Sky-Peck H. The effect of dietary selenium deficiency on acute colorectal mucosal nucleotoxicity induced by several carcinogens in the rodent. Am J Surg 1996; 172:85-8. [PMID: 8686809 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(96)00067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium (SE) has been inversely associated with colon cancer risk. Two potential mechanisms of this effect were examined in a rodent short-term carcinogenesis assay: whether dietary SE deficiency altered the initiation aspect of carcinogenesis in the colon, and whether SE altered carcinogen metabolism. SETTING Animal laboratory. SUBJECTS 52 Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into a SE diet deficient group (0.002 parts per million; ppm) and a SE sufficient (0.2 ppm) group. ENDPOINTS Weight, serum SE concentration, and karryorhectic index (KI), which is a measure of acute carcinogen induced nuclear toxicity in the colonic mucosa. METHODS After three weeks of acclimation to the diets, eight animals from each dietary group were injected with one of the following: dimethylhydrazine (DMH), a colon specific carcinogen, its metabolite, methylazoxymethanol (MAM), or 0.9% sodium chloride. Twenty-four hours after injection the colons were removed, blood drawn, and the stained colons assayed for nuclear aberrations. RESULTS No weight differences were generated by the dietary variations. Low-dietary SE resulted in serum SE declining markedly in the study period to 6 ng/ml versus 33 ng/ml in the SE sufficient group. Diet alone, and variations in weight gain, did not alter the KI. Both carcinogens greatly increased the KI in both the left and right colon. A SE-deficient diet was associated with a higher KI in both carcinogen groups in the right colon, with statistical significance for both the left and right colon in the MAM injection group. CONCLUSIONS Dietary SE deficiency is associated with increased KI of the colon in MAM treated rats. SE, therefore, has a protective effect in the initiation phase of carcinogenesis.
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Nelson TM, Pearl RK, Prasad ML, Abcarian H. Perineal sigmoidectomy for sigmoid procidentia: report of a case. Am Surg 1995; 61:320-1. [PMID: 7893095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although rectal procidentia is not an uncommon disease, presentation of more proximal segments of the large bowel through the anus is extremely rare. We report a male patient with an acute sigmoid prolapse secondary to a large villous adenoma acting as the lead point. Since the prolapsed segment was irreducible and exhibited signs of vascular compromise, an intraoperative colonoscopy and perineal sigmoidectomy with a primary anastomosis was carried out. Postoperatively, the patient did well and was discharged 5 days after his operation. Recognition of the difference between sigmoid and rectal procidentia should influence the surgeon's choice of operation, along with the viability of the prolapsed bowel and overall condition of the patient.
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Nelson TM, Evelyn B, Taylor R. Experimental intercomparisons of younger and older driver perceptions. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1993; 36:239-53. [PMID: 1302246 DOI: 10.2190/tag8-9wa4-yx0m-9t17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drivers over sixty-five years of age and drivers under twenty-one years of age have the highest relative frequency of crashes resulting in injury and death. Attitudes of these two groups were investigated using questionnaires. One hundred twenty-seven (127) younger and one hundred eight (108) older drivers who had voluntarily registered in driving education courses satisfactorily completed questionnaires about attitudes and behaviors pertinent to safe driving. Half of each sample rated the average driver in their age group and the average driver in the opposite age group as regarded thirty-three attitudes promoting safe driving, twenty courteous safe driving behaviors and eleven discourteous, unsafe driving behaviors. Data shows that younger drivers viewed older drivers as overly cautious, too slow to act and apt to cause accidents, and rated their peers as overly aggressive and discourteous. Older drivers characterized younger drivers as deficient in courtesy and safe driving practices, and they rated their peers as cautious, courteous, and aware of age-related limitations. The findings indicate that each group was aware that safety hazards are created by drivers in their age group. It also shows that both groups had a positive impression of some driving practices of their age group, and that the other group was depreciated. The outcome confirms and expands upon conclusions derived from less formal studies about how drivers perceive other roadway users. It also specifies the extent to which particular attitudes and driving practices are attributed to the peer group and to the opposite age group.
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Abstract
Comfort and related perceptions are important in respect to use of outdoor public places. In a laboratory, 170 persons viewed four such places on slides and rated them on 10 dimensions, namely, "comfortable," "playful," "serious," "active," "unsafe," "good," "tense," "interesting," "gloomy," and "pleasing." Instructions were used to vary time of day and the number of people present at the location. It was found that women (n = 96) regard outdoor environments as more threatening than do men (n = 74) which suggests that women feel more vulnerable to untoward acts and that public places are rated less desirous at dusk than at dawn, presumably because dusk is followed by night and dawn by day. It was also discovered that such public environments are rated better than deserted places when occupied by two or more persons. Some of these results are consistent with the Prospect-Refuge Theory of Appleton.
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence of beneficial effects from physical exertion must be balanced against increased risk of cardiac arrest during performance. There is evidence that, by using such cues as heart rate, individuals can monitor their level of exertion perceptually. We undertook experiments to discover whether temperature and heart rate interact to affect self-perception when the effective temperature is moved downard from the comfort zone. In the first pilot study, 36 males practiced a new game, SwedeBall, for a period of 20 minutes. Twelve were randomly assigned to play at a temperature of 22 degrees C, another 12 to play at 0 degrees C, and the remaining 12 to play at -7 degrees C. The players showed tendencies toward an overall improvement in self-evaluations after brief practice, with more favorable responses when the temperatures were lower. In a second experiment on different days, 8 men pedaled a standard bicycle mounted as a wind trainer in a controlled environment chamber where the effective temperature was set at 26 degrees C, 8 degrees C, or -10 degrees C. The first 5-minute ride at each temperature was at a heart rate of 120 beats per minute (bpm), the second at 140 bpm, and a third at 160 bpm. We measured ratings of perceived effort (RPE), thermal impression, discomfort, perceived rate of speed, and projected endurance. The result confirmed that RPE was lowered by temperature when heart rate was constant. The data also showed that the lowered temperatures uniformly produced more favorable self-perceptions on the other four scales. The outcome is related to physiological problems that might arise when temperature depresses heart rate and reduces the experience of effort.
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McIntyre JW, Nelson TM. Application of automated human voice delivery to warning devices in an intensive care unit: a laboratory study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MONITORING AND COMPUTING 1989; 6:255-62. [PMID: 2628514 DOI: 10.1007/bf01733631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental concerns about the delivery of warning messages in intensive care units exist in the belief that conventional non-verbal alarm signals are perceived to be threatening by some patients. There is also a significant opportunity for error in interpretation by fatigued or anxious personnel. A laboratory study was undertaken to determine whether human subjects made fewer errors when messages regarding ICU related tasks were delivered by tape recorded human voice than by the non-verbal signals derived from devices in the ICU. Results demonstrated a statistically significant superiority of human voice messages over non-verbal signals. It is concluded that taped human voice messages merit field trials in intensive care units.
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Nelson TM. Contributions to the history of psychology: LX. Remarks about S. Howard Bartley, as a scholar, scientist, and human being. Percept Mot Skills 1989; 69:251-7. [PMID: 2674883 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1989.69.1.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The scholarly record of S. Howard Bartley (1902-1988) evokes respect because it shows quality, diversity, and quantity. Bartley's publications are well known and have been frequently cited in the literature of psychology, physiology, and optometry. His contributions to encyclopedias, handbooks, and other summative records of knowledge are legion. Notwithstanding his acknowledged eminence, unusual factors in his early upbringing worked to limit ability to gain full recognition for his work. Acting as a person, Bartley exhibited major talent in artistic areas and created endless delights for friends and colleagues in work and social settings.
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Irish EE, Nelson TM. Development of maize plants from cultured shoot apices. PLANTA 1988; 175:9-12. [PMID: 24221623 DOI: 10.1007/bf00402876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/1987] [Accepted: 02/10/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Excised shoot apices of maize (Zea mays L.), comprising the apical meristem and one or two leaf primordia, have been cultured and can form rooted plantlets. The plantlets, derived from meristems that had previously formed 7-10 nodes, develop into mature, morphologically normal plants with as many nodes as seed-grown plants. These culture-derived plants exhibited the normal pattern of development, with regard to the progression of leaf lengths along the plant and position of axillary buds and aar shoots. Isolation of the meristem from previously formed nodes reinitiates the pattern and number of nodes formed in the new plant. Thus, cells of the meristem of a maize plant at the seedling stage are not determined to form a limited number of nodes.
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Stanford LM, McIntyre JW, Nelson TM, Hogan JT. Affective responses to commercial and experimental auditory alarm signals for anaesthesia delivery and physiological monitoring equipment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MONITORING AND COMPUTING 1988; 5:111-8. [PMID: 3397612 DOI: 10.1007/bf02919652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The affective response of subjects to the sounds of commercial and experimental auditory alarm signals was tested using a standard experimental protocol for measuring mood states and changes. Both types of signal evoked affective response. The commercial signals, however, evoked more response than the experimental signals, and that response was more negative in affect. A subset of the experimental signals, distinguished by specific acoustic characteristics, evoked particularly low levels of affect. The implications of low-affect alarms for the operating room are discussed.
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Nelson TM, Nilsson TH, Johnson M. Interaction of temperature, illuminance and apparent time on sedentary work fatigue. ERGONOMICS 1984; 27:89-101. [PMID: 6142820 DOI: 10.1080/00140138408963466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Nilsson TH, Nelson TM. Delayed monochromatic hue matches indicate characteristics of visual memory. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1981. [PMID: 6452491 DOI: 10.1037//0096-1523.7.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Short-term memory for 16 monochromatic hues from 425 to 640 nm was measured after six delays from .1 to 24.3 sec by means of an iterative, momentary stimulus-matching technique. Small shifts were revealed in the remembered hue produced by certain wavelengths at some delays. These shifts did not follow trends consistent with a storage dependent on sensory pathway characteristics, perceptually unique hues, or semantic encoding but may reflect entropic effects in a storage that is remarkably unbiased. By indicating the discriminability of hues in memory, standard deviations of the delayed matches reveal other characteristics of what is stored: Their smooth, exponential growth questions the existence of "levels" and permits estimating the half-life of hue memory; their continued resemblance to the discrimination function for simultaneously perceived hues suggests that the stored activity; closely resembled the sensory response of color. The results also indicate how successive comparisons may be corrected in applied color work.
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Nilsson TH, Nelson TM. Delayed monochromatic hue matches indicate characteristics of visual memory. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1981; 7:141-50. [PMID: 6452491 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.7.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Short-term memory for 16 monochromatic hues from 425 to 640 nm was measured after six delays from .1 to 24.3 sec by means of an iterative, momentary stimulus-matching technique. Small shifts were revealed in the remembered hue produced by certain wavelengths at some delays. These shifts did not follow trends consistent with a storage dependent on sensory pathway characteristics, perceptually unique hues, or semantic encoding but may reflect entropic effects in a storage that is remarkably unbiased. By indicating the discriminability of hues in memory, standard deviations of the delayed matches reveal other characteristics of what is stored: Their smooth, exponential growth questions the existence of "levels" and permits estimating the half-life of hue memory; their continued resemblance to the discrimination function for simultaneously perceived hues suggests that the stored activity; closely resembled the sensory response of color. The results also indicate how successive comparisons may be corrected in applied color work.
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Corbin S, Nelson TM. Using Angels and Devils: a board game developed for play in nursing homes. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1980; 11:243-50. [PMID: 7203665 DOI: 10.2190/ubc0-3geh-32bh-12m5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of perceptual deprivation and social isolation effects, possible correlates of such effects, and the potential for remediation of effects was studied for thirty-two nursing home residents through playing a discussion-stimulating board game called Angels and Devils. Results indicate a high incidence of sensory deprivation and social isolation effects in the population, as measured by resident response to questionnaire items. These do not correlate with length of institutionalization, amount of social contact, or degree of medical restriction, and may be reduced by stimulating resident-staff discussion. Findings are interpreted as indicating the need for more research in application of board games to ameliorate negative effects emerging in institutional environments.
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Nelson TM, Ladan CJ, Carlson D. Perceptions of fatigue as related to alcohol ingestion. WAKING AND SLEEPING 1979; 3:115-35. [PMID: 494643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An experiment is reported in which the role of alcohol in the emergence of fatigue was studied. Eleven (11) participants were requested to operate a driver trainer until they found the task too adverse to continue under conditions of high blood alcohol (BACL greater than 0.08%), low blood alcohol (BACL less than 0.08%), and no blood alcohol. Skill and heart rate were monitored and any personal distresses or observations made about performance were reported to an experimenter who acted in the role of 'passenger'. Results show decline in endurance as blood alcohol increases, but that a higher level of personal distress is endured by drivers who have imbibed, as compared to those who have not. Systematic discrepancies occur between the impressions gained by the experimenter (passenger) from verbal reports made by the driver, and the kinds of self-ratings drivers provide. Features of fatigue are analyzed theoretically as perceptual phenomena as related to alcohol and accidents.
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Nelson TM, Ladan CJ, Epps J. Perception of weight and volume of functional objects as judged by the sighted and blind. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1978; 40:53-64. [PMID: 635074 DOI: 10.1007/bf00308463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nelson TM, Sinha BK, Olson WM. Short-term memory for hue in chronic alcoholics. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS 1977; 72:301-7. [PMID: 272195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1977.tb00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nilsson TH, Richmond CF, Nelson TM. Flicker adaptation shows evidence of many visual channels selectively sensitive to temporal frequency. Vision Res 1975; 15:621-4. [PMID: 1136178 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(75)90313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ladan CJ, Heron RM, Nelson TM. A signal-detection evaluation of flat vs curved marker performance. Percept Mot Skills 1974; 39:355-8. [PMID: 4420630 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1974.39.1.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Driving decisions based on traffic markers placed at acute-angled intersections are considered within the framework of the theory of signal detectability. The implied task requires a binary decision based on sensory information having some uncertainty and thus is amenable to analysis within this framework. The ability to separate the psychological and sensory components of performance can extend analyses from previous research with curved and flat markers. Data from prior laboratory studies rendered d' values of 1.08 and 2.25 for the flat and curved targets respectively, thus lending strong support to the hypothesis that slant is more accurately discriminated when a curved marker is viewed.
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Ladan CJ, Nelson TM. Intermittent thermal fusion. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 1974; 28:176-91. [PMID: 4426008 DOI: 10.1037/h0081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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