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Thirupathi Kumara Raja S, Prakash T, Gnanamani A. Redox responsive albumin autogenic nanoparticles for the delivery of cancer drugs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 152:393-405. [PMID: 28157647 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores preparation and characterization of redox sensitive albumin autogenic nanoparticles (ANPs) for drug delivery applications. Human serum albumin nanoparticles are prepared by desolvation method. The particles are stabilized through self-crosslinking and no external stabilizers are involved in the preparation. ANPs are then subjected to Camptothecin (CPT) drug loading. Experiments on in vitro and in vivo release profile, cytotoxic and cytocompatability, hemocompatability, blood clearance, tracking and bio imaging are studied in detail. The redox sensitive and drug release properties of ANPs studied in the presence of glutathione. Results on the physical, chemical and instrumental characterization warrant the property of the nanoparticles. ANPs obtained in the present study is biocompatible, biodegradable, effectively entangle the chosen drug, release the drug in the controlled manner, sensitive to reducing environment, nil toxicity and appreciable uptake by cells. In the current scenario on the requirement of a drug carrier with redox sensitive property to encounter cancer cells, the results of the present study on albumin nanoparticles with redox sensitivity is smart and pave the way in the cancer therapeutics.
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Gupta S, Singh VP, Singh SP, Prakash T, Rathore NS. Elephant herding optimization based PID controller tuning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.19101/ijatee.2016.324005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Maya S, Prakash T, Madhu KD, Goli D. Multifaceted effects of aluminium in neurodegenerative diseases: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:746-754. [PMID: 27479193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is the most common metal and widely distributed in our environment. Al was first isolated as an element in 1827, and its use began only after 1886. Al is widely used for industrial applications and consumer products. Apart from these it is also used in cooking utensils and in pharmacological agents, including antacids and antiperspirants from which the element usually enters into the human body. Evidence for the neurotoxicity of Al is described in various studies, but still the exact mechanism of Al toxicity is not known. However, the evidence suggests that the Al can potentiate oxidative stress and inflammatory events and finally leads to cell death. Al is considered as a well-established neurotoxin and have a link between the exposure and development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia, Gulf war syndrome and Parkinsonism. Here, we review the detailed possible pathogenesis of Al neurotoxicity. This review summarizes Al induced events likewise oxidative stress, cell mediated toxicity, apoptosis, inflammatory events in the brain, glutamate toxicity, effects on calcium homeostasis, gene expression and Al induced Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation. Apart from these we also discussed animal models that are commonly used for Al induced neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration studies. These models help to find out a better way to treat and prevent the progression in Al induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Surapaneni S, Prakash T, Ansari M, Manjunath PM, Kotresha D, Goli D. Study on cerebroprotective actions of Clerodendron glandulosumleaves extract against long term bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:87-94. [PMID: 27133043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. The resulting burden on the society continues to grow, with increase in the incidence of stroke. Oxidative stress has been involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases including acute stroke.Focal and global cerebral ischemia represents diseases that are common in the human population.In recent years much attention is being paid towards the exploration of herbal preparation, antioxidant agents and combination therapies including COX-2 inhibitors in experimental model of stroke.Possible effect of a hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Clerodendron glandulosumColeb (C. glandulosum)on oxidant-antioxidant status in ischemia-hypoperfusion injury in the rat forebrain has been investigated.Healthy adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups (n=8). Group I was served as Sham control (normal saline 1ml/kg, orally), group II was served hypoperfusion control (normal saline 1ml/kg, orally), group III, group IV were served as hydroalcoholic extract treated (200 and 400mg/kg, orally) and group V was treated with Quercetin (10mg/kg, orally) for 14days to assess preventive and curative effects of C. glandulosum. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity, including antioxidant. C. glandulosum extract (200 and 400mg/kg, p.o) was administered orally, once daily for a period of 2 weeks after the occlusion of BCCA. After 14th days rats were subjected to behavioral studies. After behavioral studies animals were sacrificed and brain was removed and homogenized. Estimation of Lipid peroxidation (LPO) Myeloperoxidase (MPO), estimation of protein levels and the activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), were performed. Infarct size and histopathological changes were observed in treated groups.
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Murmu PP, Kennedy J, Williams GVM, Prakash T, Leveneur J, Chong SV, Rubanov S. Synthesis and Compositional Analysis of Permalloy Powder Prepared by Arc-Discharge. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 15:9612-9616. [PMID: 26682386 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.10731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, compositional, structural and magnetic properties of permalloy powders prepared using an arc-discharge method under different atmospheres. Ion beam analysis results showed that powder prepared in air had a higher concentration of oxygen than those prepared under nitrogen or argon atmospheres. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that powders prepared in air contained magnetite (Fe3O4) and other phases, while powders prepared under nitrogen or argon predominately contained permalloy. The permalloy powders contained a broad range of particle sizes, and nanoparticles as small as 10 nm were evident from transmission electron microscopy data. The saturation magnetizations were significantly lower for the powders prepared in air than those prepared under nitrogen or argon. This can be attributed to oxidation, where the saturation magnetization is predominately from Fe3O4 for powders made in air. The coercive fields were also significantly larger for powders prepared in air, which is consistent with the powders containing different phases when compared with the permalloy powders. Our results show that permalloy powders can be made in nitrogen and argon, allowing for the production of low oxygen content permalloy powders for device applications. Our results also suggest that the use of an iron anode could result in Fe3O4 powders.
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Prakash T, Sivasankaran S, Sasikumar P. Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Friction-Stir-Processed Al 6061 Aluminium Sheet Metal Reinforced with $${{\rm Al}_{2}{\rm O}_{3}/0.5\,{\rm Gr}}$$ Al 2 O 3 / 0.5 Gr Hybrid Surface Nanocomposite. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-014-1518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saravanan R, Prakash T, Gupta V, Stephen A. Tailoring the electrical and dielectric properties of ZnO nanorods by substitution. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Banu AS, Devi SV, Prakash T. Interaction of sol-gel derived tiO2- and siO2-based bionanocomposites with erythrocytes and serum proteins. IET Nanobiotechnol 2013; 7:22-7. [PMID: 23705289 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2012.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoenabled drug carriers are emerging as alternatives to conventional small-molecule drugs and their in-vitro biocompatibility evaluation with blood components is a necessary part of early preclinical development. In the present study, Chitosan-based bionanocomposites of sol-gel derived TiO2 and SiO2 were synthesised by the ex situ process. Samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction techniques. The analysis reveals the formation of single-phase oxides and their bionanocomposites. Haemolysis (destruction of red blood cell) study was performed by spectrophotometer to assess the haemocompatibility nature as a function of different incubation time. Experimental results reveal the percentage of haemolysis increase with the increase of the incubation time, but it was found to be <2%. This confirms our bionanocomposites are more haemocompatible as compared with respective nanocrystalline ceramics. Also, the interaction of our bionanocomposites with serum proteins at various incubation periods (1-24 h) were investigated using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel experiment, the obtained results were discussed in details.
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Vimala Devi S, Prakash T. Kinetics of Cisplatin Release by In-Vitro Using Poly(D,L-Lactide) Coated ${\rm Fe}_{3}{\rm O}_{4}$ Nanocarriers. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2013; 12:60-3. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2012.2230024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Saravanan R, Gupta V, Prakash T, Narayanan V, Stephen A. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of novel Hg doped ZnO nanorods prepared by thermal decomposition method. J Mol Liq 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Prakash T, Taylor TD. Functional assignment of metagenomic data: challenges and applications. Brief Bioinform 2012; 13:711-27. [PMID: 22772835 PMCID: PMC3504928 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbs033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic sequencing provides a unique opportunity to explore earth's limitless environments harboring scores of yet unknown and mostly unculturable microbes and other organisms. Functional analysis of the metagenomic data plays a central role in projects aiming to explore the most essential questions in microbiology, namely 'In a given environment, among the microbes present, what are they doing, and how are they doing it?' Toward this goal, several large-scale metagenomic projects have recently been conducted or are currently underway. Functional analysis of metagenomic data mainly suffers from the vast amount of data generated in these projects. The shear amount of data requires much computational time and storage space. These problems are compounded by other factors potentially affecting the functional analysis, including, sample preparation, sequencing method and average genome size of the metagenomic samples. In addition, the read-lengths generated during sequencing influence sequence assembly, gene prediction and subsequently the functional analysis. The level of confidence for functional predictions increases with increasing read-length. Usually, the most reliable functional annotations for metagenomic sequences are achieved using homology-based approaches against publicly available reference sequence databases. Here, we present an overview of the current state of functional analysis of metagenomic sequence data, bottlenecks frequently encountered and possible solutions in light of currently available resources and tools. Finally, we provide some examples of applications from recent metagenomic studies which have been successfully conducted in spite of the known difficulties.
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Mansoorali KP, Prakash T, Kotresha D, Prabhu K, Rama Rao N. Cerebroprotective effect of Eclipta alba against global model of cerebral ischemia induced oxidative stress in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1108-1116. [PMID: 22951390 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible cerebroprotective and antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba against global cerebral ischemia in the rat. Adult Wistar albino rats were treated with extract of Eclipta alba (250 and 500mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 days. The global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by occluding bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCA) for 30min, followed by 4h reperfusion. Quercetin (20mg/kg, i.p.) was used for the reference compound. After that, animals were sacrificed by decapitation, brain was removed, various biochemical estimations, cerebral edema, assessment of cerebral infarct size, and histopathological examinations were carried out. BCCA caused significant depletion in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutahione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione ruductase (GR) and significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain. Pretreatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba significantly reversed the levels of biochemical parameters and significantly reduced the edema and cerebral infarct size as compared to the ischemic control group. Eclipta alba at higher dose markedly reduced ischemia-induced neuronal loss of the brain. Reduction of cerebral edema, an early symptom of ischemia, is one of the most important remedies for reducing subsequent chronic neural damage in stroke. The results of the study show that Eclipta alba pretreatment ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and enhances the antioxidant defense against BCCA occlusion induced I/R in rats; so it exhibits cerebroprotective property. HPLC fingerprint of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba was performed for conforming the coumestan present in the plant extract.
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Prakash T. Influence of temperature on AC conductivity of nanocrystalline CuAlO2. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1186/2228-5326-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dixit P, Prakash T, Karki R, Kotresha D. Anti-obese activity of Butea monosperma (Lam) bark extract in experimentally induced obese rats. INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:476-483. [PMID: 22822527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To study the efficacy of ethanolic extract of B. monosperma bark in cafeteria and atherogenic diet fed rats and monosodium glutamate (MSG) obese rats, different doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of B. monosperma bark showed dose dependent decrease in body weight, daily food intake, glucose, lipids, internal organs' weight and fat pad weight in cafeteria and atherogenic diet fed rats and monosodium glutamate obese rats. The results suggested that B. monosperma has significant anti-obese activity.
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Sharma UR, Prakash T, Surendra V, Rama Rao RN, Goli D. Hepatoprotective Activity of Fumaria officinalis against CCl4-induced Liver Damage in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2012.9.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Prakash T, Kotresha D, Rama Rao N. Cerebroprotective activity of Wedelia calendulacea on global cerebral ischemia in rats. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2011; 62:361-75. [PMID: 22119866 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.62.2011.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was to investigate the effect of W. calendulacea on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Cerebral ischemia was induced by occluding right and left common carotid arteries (global cerebral ischemia) for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 1 h and 4 h individually. Various biochemical alterations, produced subsequent to the application of bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) followed by reperfusion viz. increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), level in the brain tissue, Western blot analysis (Cu-Zn-SOD and CAT) and assessment of cerebral infarct size were measured. All those enzymes are markedly reversed and restored to near normal level in the groups pretreated with W. calendulacea (250 and 500 mg/kg given orally in single and double dose/day for 10 days) in dose-dependent way. The effect of W. calendulacea had increased significantly the protein expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD) and CAT in cerebral ischemia. W. claendulacea was markedly decrease cerebral infarct damages but results are not statistically significant. It can be concluded that W. calendulacea possesses a neuroprotective activity against cerebral ischemia in rat.
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Patil S, Prakash T, Kotresha D, Rao NR, Pandy N. Antihyperlipidemic potential of Cedrus deodara extracts in monosodium glutamate induced obesity in neonatal rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:644-7. [PMID: 22144766 PMCID: PMC3229777 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.89818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the antihyperlipidemic effect of Cedrus deodara (C. deodara) against monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced obesity in neonatal rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studies were carried out on newborn neonatal rats and were injected intraperitoneally with 2 mg/g of MSG on the 2(nd) and 4(th) postnatal days and 4 mg/g on 6(th), 8(th) and 10(th) postnatal days. Ethanolic extract (EE) and acetone extract (AE) of C. deodara was administered in a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o./day at the age of 65 days. On day 60 of treatment, body weight, locomotor activity, body temperature, and various biochemical parameters like serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and organs weights were recorded. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in body weight, organs and increased body temperature, locomotor activity after treatment with extracts. C. deodara decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) significantly has compared to MSG-control rats. CONCLUSION C. deodara extracts exhibited antihyperlipidemic effect and it possesses anti-obesity properties in MSG induced obese rats.
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Krishnakumar T, Jayaprakash R, Prakash T, Sathyaraj D, Donato N, Licoccia S, Latino M, Stassi A, Neri G. CdO-based nanostructures as novel CO(2) gas sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:325501. [PMID: 21772074 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/32/325501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline Cd(OH)(2)/CdCO(3) nanowires, having lengths in the range from 0.3 up to several microns and 5-30 nm in diameter, were synthesized by a microwave-assisted wet chemical route and used as a precursor to obtain CdO nanostructures after a suitable thermal treatment in air. The morphology and microstructure of the as-synthesized and annealed materials have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry. The change in morphology and electrical properties with temperature has revealed a wire-to-rod transformation along with a decreases of electrical resistance. Annealed samples were printed on a ceramic substrate with interdigitated contacts to fabricate resistive solid state sensors. Gas sensing properties were explored by monitoring CO(2) in synthetic air in the concentration range 0.2-5 v/v% (2000-50 000 ppm). The effect of annealing temperature, working temperature and CO(2) concentration on sensing properties (sensitivity, response/recovery time and stability) were investigated. The results obtained demonstrate that CdO-based thick films have good potential as novel CO(2) sensors for practical applications.
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Sharma P, Prakash T, Kotresha D, Ansari MA, Sahrm UR, Kumar B, Debnath J, Goli D. Antiulcerogenic activity of Terminalia chebula fruit in experimentally induced ulcer in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:262-268. [PMID: 21323478 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.503709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) is a medium-sized tree that grows in the wild throughout India. T. chebula has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani, and homoeopathic medicine. The fruit has been used as a traditional medicine for a household remedy against various human ailments. Traditionally T. chebula is used to cure chronic ulcer, gastritis, and stomach cancers. OBJECTIVE The present study is to evaluate the antiulcer effect of hydroalcoholic (70%) extract of Terminalia chebula fruit. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aspirin, ethanol and cold restraint stress-induced ulcer methods in rats were used for the study. The effects of the extract on gastric secretions, pH, total and free acidity using pylorus ligated methods were also evaluated. RESULTS Animals pretreated with doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract showed significant reduction in lesion index, total affected area and percentage of lesion in comparison with control group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) in the aspirin, ethanol and cold restraint stress-induced ulcer models. Similarly extracts increased mucus production in aspirin and ethanol-induced ulcer models. At doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg of T. chebula extract showed antisecretory activity in pylorus ligated model, which lead to a reduction in the gastric juice volume, free acidity, total acidity, and significantly increased gastric pH. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings indicate that hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit T. chebula displays potential antiulcerogenic activity. This activity thus lends pharmacological credence to the suggested use of the plant as a natural remedy in the treatment or management of ulcer.
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Prakash T, Sharma VK, Adati N, Ozawa R, Kumar N, Nishida Y, Fujikake T, Takeda T, Taylor TD. Expression of conjoined genes: another mechanism for gene regulation in eukaryotes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13284. [PMID: 20967262 PMCID: PMC2953495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From the ENCODE project, it is realized that almost every base of the entire human genome is transcribed. One class of transcripts resulting from this arises from the conjoined gene, which is formed by combining the exons of two or more distinct (parent) genes lying on the same strand of a chromosome. Only a very limited number of such genes are known, and the definition and terminologies used for them are highly variable in the public databases. In this work, we have computationally identified and manually curated 751 conjoined genes (CGs) in the human genome that are supported by at least one mRNA or EST sequence available in the NCBI database. 353 representative CGs, of which 291 (82%) could be confirmed, were subjected to experimental validation using RT-PCR and sequencing methods. We speculate that these genes are arising out of novel functional requirements and are not merely artifacts of transcription, since more than 70% of them are conserved in other vertebrate genomes. The unique splicing patterns exhibited by CGs reveal their possible roles in protein evolution or gene regulation. Novel CGs, for which no transcript is available, could be identified in 80% of randomly selected potential CG forming regions, indicating that their formation is a routine process. Formation of CGs is not only limited to human, as we have also identified 270 CGs in mouse and 227 in drosophila using our approach. Additionally, we propose a novel mechanism for the formation of CGs. Finally, we developed a database, ConjoinG, which contains detailed information about all the CGs (800 in total) identified in the human genome. In summary, our findings reveal new insights about the functionality of CGs in terms of another possible mechanism for gene regulation and genomic evolution and the mechanism leading to their formation.
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Prakash T, Kotresha D, Karki R, Surendra V, Goli D, Ghule S. Anti-diabetic activity of Celosia argentea root in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4103/0973-8258.69183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sharma VK, Kumar N, Prakash T, Taylor TD. MetaBioME: a database to explore commercially useful enzymes in metagenomic datasets. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:D468-72. [PMID: 19906710 PMCID: PMC2808964 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial enzymes have many known applications as biocatalysts in biotechnology, agriculture, medical and other industries. However, only a few enzymes are currently employed for such commercial applications. In this scenario, the current onslaught of metagenomic data provides a new unexplored treasure trove of genomic wealth that can not only enhance the enzyme repertoire by the discovery of novel commercially useful enzymes (CUEs) but can also reveal better functional variants for existing CUEs. We prepared a catalogue of CUEs using text mining of PubMed abstracts and other publicly available information, and manually curated the data to identify 510 CUEs. Further, in order to identify novel homologues of these CUEs, we identified potential ORFs in publicly available metagenomic datasets from 10 diverse sources. Using this strategy, we have developed a resource called MetaBioME (http://metasystems.riken.jp/metabiome/) that comprises (i) a database of CUEs and (ii) a comprehensive platform to facilitate homology-based computational identification of novel homologous CUEs from metagenomic and bacterial genomic datasets. Using MetaBioME, we have identified several novel homologues to known CUEs that can potentially serve as leads for further experimental verification.
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Prakash T, Ramasamy S. Grain boundary effect on the dielectric properties of nanocrystalline beta-CuSCN. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 9:5537-5540. [PMID: 19928259 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2009.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The physics of grain boundaries in semiconductors is of interest both from a fundamental as well as technical point of view because they play crucial role in controlling properties. The grain boundary effect in the nanocrystalline materials are more because the volume fraction of atoms lying at the grain boundaries of the nanocrystalline materials are more as compared with conventional coarse-grained polycrystalline materials. The most attractive hole transporting electrolyte material of dye sensitized solar cell is CuSCN because of its band gap, valence band edge position and p-type semiconducting nature. We have synthesised nanocrystalline beta phase of CuSCN using co-precipitation technique. The grain boundary effect on the dielectric behaviour has been investigated using impedance spectroscopy in a wide frequency range 1 Hz to 1 MHz under dc bias voltages 0 V to -4.2 V. The results are analyzed with double (or back-to-back) Schottky grain boundary barrier model and discussed in detail.
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Hongoh Y, Sharma VK, Prakash T, Noda S, Toh H, Taylor TD, Kudo T, Sakaki Y, Toyoda A, Hattori M, Ohkuma M. Genome of an endosymbiont coupling N2 fixation to cellulolysis within protist cells in termite gut. Science 2008; 322:1108-9. [PMID: 19008447 DOI: 10.1126/science.1165578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Termites harbor diverse symbiotic gut microorganisms, the majority of which are as yet uncultivable and their interrelationships unclear. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the uncultured Bacteroidales endosymbiont of the cellulolytic protist Pseudotrichonympha grassii, which accounts for 70% of the bacterial cells in the gut of the termite Coptotermes formosanus. Functional annotation of the chromosome (1,114,206 base pairs) unveiled its ability to fix dinitrogen and recycle putative host nitrogen wastes for biosynthesis of diverse amino acids and cofactors, and import glucose and xylose as energy and carbon sources. Thus, nitrogen fixation and cellulolysis are coupled within the protist's cells. This highly evolved symbiotic system probably underlies the ability of the worldwide pest termites Coptotermes to use wood as their sole food.
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