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Creutzig U, Semmler J, Kaspers GL, Reinhardt D, Zimmermann M. Re-induction with L-DNR/FLAG improves response after AML relapse, but not long-term survival. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2014; 226:323-31. [PMID: 25431865 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1385918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the results of the international study Relapsed AML 2001/01 response was better after re-induction with L-DNR/FLAG (liposomal daunorubicin, fludarabine, cytarabine, G-CSF) compared to FLAG only but survival rate was not improved. However, the findings might be group-specific. METHOD Patient characteristics, actual therapy given and long-term course of the disease in 155 pediatric patients (including non-randomized) with first relapse and 10 primary nonresponders treated in Germany were analyzed. RESULTS Overall 4-year survival rates after relapse were similar in the 2 treatment groups L-DNR/FLAG and FLAG (0.43 ± 0.05 vs. 0.47 ± 0.06, p(log-rank)=0.47). The rate of randomization was low (65%) and 5% of the 101 randomized patients changed the treatment arm. Therefore, induction was based in 40% patients on an individual decision with preference for L-DNR/FLAG. There were less patients with favorable cytogenetics and morphology in the L-DNR/FLAG-group (p<0.04). Response to the first re-induction course at day 28 tended to be more unfavorable with FLAG only. In this patient group protocol intensifications were more frequent as compared to the L-DNR/FLAG-group (p=0.07), and late CR could be achieved after intensification in 9/18 poor responding patients. CONCLUSION The initial selection bias of relapse patients with unfavorable risk factors to the disadvantage of the L-DNR/FLAG-group and the more drug- and time-intensive treatment after 1(st) re-induction given in the FLAG-group may have nullified the initial beneficial effect of L-DNR containing re-induction therapy and led to similar and relatively favorable survival rates in both treatment groups in Germany.
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Bachas C, Schuurhuis GJ, Reinhardt D, Creutzig U, Kwidama ZJ, Zwaan CM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, De Bont ESJM, Elitzur S, Rizzari C, de Haas V, Zimmermann M, Cloos J, Kaspers GJL. Clinical relevance of molecular aberrations in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia at first relapse. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:902-10. [PMID: 24962064 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Outcome for relapsed paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) remains poor. Strong prognostic factors at first relapse are lacking, which hampers optimization of therapy. We assessed the frequency of molecular aberrations (FLT3, NRAS, KRAS, KIT, WT1 and NPM1 genes) at first relapse in a large set (n = 198) of relapsed non-French-American-British M3, non-Down syndrome AML patients that received similar relapse treatment. We correlated molecular aberrations with clinical and biological factors and studied their prognostic relevance. Hotspot mutations in the analysed genes were detected in 92 out of 198 patients (46·5%). In 72 of these 92 patients (78%), molecular aberrations were mutually exclusive for the currently analysed genes. FLT3-internal tandem repeat (ITD) (18% of total group) mutations were most frequent, followed by NRAS (10·2%), KRAS (8%), WT1 (8%), KIT (8%), NPM1 (5%) and FLT3-tyrosine kinase domain (3%) mutations. Presence of a WT1 aberration was an independent risk factor for second relapse (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 2·74, P = 0·013). In patients who achieved second complete remission (70·2%), WT1 and FLT3-ITD aberrations were independent risk factors for poor overall survival (HR = 2·32, P = 0·038 and HR = 1·89, P = 0·045 respectively). These data show that molecular aberrations at first relapse are of prognostic relevance and potentially useful for risk group stratification of paediatric relapsed AML and for identification of patients eligible for personalized treatment.
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Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Dworzak MN, Gibson B, Tamminga R, Abrahamsson J, Ha SY, Hasle H, Maschan A, Bertrand Y, Leverger G, von Neuhoff C, Razzouk B, Rizzari C, Smisek P, Smith OP, Stark B, Reinhardt D, Kaspers GL. The prognostic significance of early treatment response in pediatric relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: results of the international study Relapsed AML 2001/01. Haematologica 2014; 99:1472-8. [PMID: 24763401 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic significance of early response to treatment has not been reported in relapsed pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. In order to identify an early and easily applicable prognostic factor allowing subsequent treatment modifications, we assessed leukemic blast counts in the bone marrow by morphology on days 15 and 28 after first reinduction in 338 patients of the international Relapsed-AML2001/01 trial. Both day 15 and day 28 status was classified as good (≤20% leukemic blasts) in 77% of patients. The correlation between day 15 and 28 blast percentages was significant, but not strong (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.49, P<0.001). Survival probability decreased in a stepwise fashion along with rising blast counts at day 28. Patients with bone marrow blast counts at this time-point of ≤5%, 6-10%, 11-20% and >20% had 4-year probabilities of survival of 52%±3% versus 36%±10% versus 21%±9% versus 14%±4%, respectively, P<0.0001; this trend was not seen for day 15 results. Multivariate analysis showed that early treatment response at day 28 had the strongest prognostic significance, superseding even time to relapse (< or ≥12 months). In conclusion, an early response to treatment, measured on day 28, is a strong and independent prognostic factor potentially useful for treatment stratification in pediatric relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. This study was registered with ISRCTN code: 94206677.
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Tallen G, Bielack S, Henze G, Horneff G, Korinthenberg R, Lawrenz B, Niehues T, Peitz J, Placzek R, Schmittenbecher P, Schönau E, Wessel L, Wirth T, Mentzel HJ, Creutzig U. Musculoskeletal Pain: A New Algorithm for Differential Diagnosis of a Cardinal Symptom in Pediatrics. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2014; 226:86-98. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1366989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rossig C, Juergens H, Schrappe M, Moericke A, Henze G, von Stackelberg A, Reinhardt D, Burkhardt B, Woessmann W, Zimmermann M, Gadner H, Mann G, Schellong G, Mauz-Koerholz C, Dirksen U, Bielack S, Berthold F, Graf N, Rutkowski S, Calaminus G, Kaatsch P, Creutzig U. Effective childhood cancer treatment: the impact of large scale clinical trials in Germany and Austria. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1574-81. [PMID: 23737479 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In Germany and Austria, more than 90% of pediatric cancer patients are enrolled into nationwide disease-specific first-line clinical trials or interim registries. Essential components are a pediatric cancer registry and centralized reference laboratories, imaging review, and tumor board assistance. The five-year overall survival rate in countries where such infrastructures are established has improved from <20% before 1950 to >80% since 1995. Today, treatment intensity is tailored to the individual patient's risk to provide the highest chances of survival while minimizing deleterious late effects. Multicenter clinical trials are internationalized and serve as platforms for further improvements by novel drugs and biologicals.
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Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Dworzak MN, Ritter J, Schellong G, Reinhardt D. Development of a curative treatment within the AML-BFM studies. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2013; 225 Suppl 1:S79-86. [PMID: 23700063 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1337968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The first multicenter treatment study for AML in childhood in Germany was performed from 1978 onwards. The therapy plan was designed similar to that for the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The drugs with the highest efficacy in AML, cytarabine cutting catara-bine and anthracyclines, were combined during induction and consolidation, followed by preventive cranial irradiation and maintenance therapy similar to that in ALL. The remission rate of the initial study was 80%, and the 5-year survival rate increased from less than 10% before 1970 to 40%. 5 subsequent trials have further increased the 5-year survival to now 70% and even 90% in the subgroup of core-binding factor leukaemias by using an intensified and optimised treatment schedule.The AML-BFM studies were the only prospective study sequence testing the benefit of cranial irradiation. Results from study -87 including the non-randomized patients showed an increased risk of CNS and/or bone marrow relapses in non-irradiated patients. Later on there was evidence that 12 Gy resulted in the same relapse rate as 18 Gy. The AML-BFM studies always used the experience from the previous study to optimize the next study. This approach was essential together with improved supportive treatment and experience of the medical staff for the step-wise and considerable increase of longterm survival within the 6 subsequent AML-BFM studies.
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Kaspers GJL, Zimmermann M, Reinhardt D, Gibson BES, Tamminga RYJ, Aleinikova O, Armendariz H, Dworzak M, Ha SY, Hasle H, Hovi L, Maschan A, Bertrand Y, Leverger GG, Razzouk BI, Rizzari C, Smisek P, Smith O, Stark B, Creutzig U. Improved outcome in pediatric relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: results of a randomized trial on liposomal daunorubicin by the International BFM Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:599-607. [PMID: 23319696 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.43.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In pediatric relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), optimal reinduction therapy is unknown. Studies suggest that liposomal daunorubicin (DNX; DaunoXome; Galen, Craigavon, United Kingdom) is effective and less cardiotoxic, which is important in this setting. These considerations led to a randomized phase III study by the International Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster Study Group. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with relapsed or primary refractory non-French-American-British type M3 AML who were younger than 21 years of age were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned to fludarabine, cytarabine, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (FLAG) or to FLAG plus DNX in the first reinduction course. The primary end point was status of the bone marrow (BM) sampled shortly before the second course of chemotherapy (the day 28 BM). Data are presented according to intention-to-treat for all 394 randomly assigned patients (median follow-up, 4.0 years). RESULTS The complete remission (CR) rate was 64%, and the 4-year probability of survival (pOS) was 38% (SE, 3%). The day 28 BM status (available in 359 patients) was good (≤ 20% leukemic blasts) in 80% of patients randomly assigned to FLAG/DNX and 70% for patients randomly assigned to FLAG (P = .04). Concerning secondary end points, the CR rate was 69% with FLAG/DNX and 59% with FLAG (P = .07), but overall survival was similar. However, core-binding factor (CBF) AML treated with FLAG/DNX resulted in pOS of 82% versus 58% with FLAG (P = .04). Grade 3 to 4 toxicity was essentially similar in both groups. CONCLUSION DNX added to FLAG improves early treatment response in pediatric relapsed AML. Overall long-term survival was similar, but CBF-AML showed an improved survival with FLAG/DNX. International collaboration proved feasible and resulted in the best outcome for pediatric relapsed AML reported thus far.
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Irandoust M, Alvarez Zarate J, Hubeek I, van Beek EM, Schornagel K, Broekhuizen AJF, Akyuz M, van de Loosdrecht AA, Delwel R, Valk PJ, Sonneveld E, Kearns P, Creutzig U, Reinhardt D, de Bont ESJM, Coenen EA, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Zwaan CM, Kaspers GJL, Cloos J, van den Berg TK. Engagement of SIRPα inhibits growth and induces programmed cell death in acute myeloid leukemia cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52143. [PMID: 23320069 PMCID: PMC3540026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies show the importance of interactions between CD47 expressed on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and the inhibitory immunoreceptor, signal regulatory protein-alpha (SIRPα) on macrophages. Although AML cells express SIRPα, its function has not been investigated in these cells. In this study we aimed to determine the role of the SIRPα in acute myeloid leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the expression of SIRPα, both on mRNA and protein level in AML patients and we further investigated whether the expression of SIRPα on two low SIRPα expressing AML cell lines could be upregulated upon differentiation of the cells. We determined the effect of chimeric SIRPα expression on tumor cell growth and programmed cell death by its triggering with an agonistic antibody in these cells. Moreover, we examined the efficacy of agonistic antibody in combination with established antileukemic drugs. RESULTS By microarray analysis of an extensive cohort of primary AML samples, we demonstrated that SIRPα is differentially expressed in AML subgroups and its expression level is dependent on differentiation stage, with high levels in FAB M4/M5 AML and low levels in FAB M0-M3. Interestingly, AML patients with high SIRPα expression had a poor prognosis. Our results also showed that SIRPα is upregulated upon differentiation of NB4 and Kasumi cells. In addition, triggering of SIRPα with an agonistic antibody in the cells stably expressing chimeric SIRPα, led to inhibition of growth and induction of programmed cell death. Finally, the SIRPα-derived signaling synergized with the activity of established antileukemic drugs. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that triggering of SIRPα has antileukemic effect and may function as a potential therapeutic target in AML.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Reinhardt D, Von Neuhoff C, Sander A, Creutzig U. [Genetic prognostic factors in childhood acute myeloid leukemia]. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2012; 224:372-6. [PMID: 22821298 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The survival rate of children and adolescents suffering acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been significantly improved within the last decades. This has been achieved by a continuously intensified therapy and progress in supportive care to prevent and treat complications. In Germany, the AML-BFM trials 98 (n=413) and 2004 (n=499) enrolled 912 children and adolescents as protocol patients (1998-2010). The 5-year-overall survival was 71±2%. In the previous studies prognosis and subsequent treatment stratification based on morphology, cytochemistry and white blood cell count. Today, the identification of new genetic aberrations in AML enables a genetically determined estimation of prognosis, although treatment response must be considered for treatment stratification. The group with a favorable prognosis summarized AML with t(8;21), inv(16), t(15;17), t(1;11), and AML with normal karyotype and NPM1-mutation (n=253; EFS 74±3%, OS 88±2%). A poor prognosis (HR-group) must be expected in AML with t(4;11), t(5;11), t(6;11), t(6;9), t(7;12), t(9;22), Monosomy 7, combined FLT3/WT1-mutation, and AML with der(12p)-aberration (n=101; EFS 30±5%; OS 56±5%). The intermediate group summarizes all other subgroups especially AML with normal karyotyp, AML with FLT3-ITD or t(9;11) (n=558; EFS 43±2%; OS 64±2%). The validation of the internationally identified, genetically determined prognostic factors within the AML-BFM (Germany) study population will support treatment recommendations.
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Reinhardt D, Reinhardt K, Neuhoff C, Sander A, Klusmann JH, Pekrun A, Sauerbrey A, von Stackelberg A, Rössig C, Creutzig U, Kolenova A. [GATA1-mutation associated leukemia in children with trisomy 21 mosaic]. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2012; 224:153-5. [PMID: 22513796 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1308988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA1 (GATA1s) are pathognomonic in newborn with transient leukemia and children with Down syndrome and myeloid leukemia (ML-DS). Both TL and ML-DS can also occur in children with trisomy 21 mosaic.Between 2002 and 2011, 15 newborns and infants were diagnosed with DS mosaic. 9 of them presented with TL and 8 children suffered from ML-DS; 2 of them with a history of TL. In children without stigmata the special morphology and immunophenotype of blasts triggered the screening for GATA1 mutation and trisomy 21 mosaic.All newborns with TL achieved complete remission (CR). Due to clinical symptoms caused by the leukemic blasts, in 3 children low-dose cytarabine was applied. 1 patient died due to cardiac defect. In all patients GATA 1 s was confirmed. 6 children with ML-DS were initially treated according the AML-BFM protocol. After ML-DS was confirmed, therapy was continued with the intensity reduced schedule according to the ML-DS 2006 protocol. All children are still in CR (follow-up 1.8-7 years, median 2.7 yrs). 2 children with unknown trisomy 21 mosaic were diagnosed as acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) and treated according the high risk arm of the AML-BFM 2004 including allogeneic stem cell transplantation in one child). GATA1 mutation was identified retrospectively. Both children are alive in CR.GATA1s associated leukemia has to be excluded in all young children with AMKL (<5 years old) to prevent overtreatment. Treatment with reduced intensity seems sufficient in children trisomy 21 mosaic and ML-DS.
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Calaminus G, Kaatsch P, Creutzig U, Langer T. VIVE - Langzeitbefragung ehemaliger Patienten mit Krebs im Kindes- und Jugendalter - Ein Verbundprojekt von TOS/DKKR/LESS/AG LQ. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Coenen EA, Zwaan CM, Meyer C, Marschalek R, Creutzig U, Pieters R, Bradtke J, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. Abl-interactor 2 (ABI2): a novel MLL translocation partner in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2012; 36:e113-5. [PMID: 22304832 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Bourquin JP, Dworzak MN, Fleischhack G, von Neuhoff C, Sander A, Schrauder A, von Stackelberg A, Ritter J, Starý J, Reinhardt D. CNS irradiation in pediatric acute myleoid leukemia: equal results by 12 or 18 Gy in studies AML-BFM98 and 2004. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:986-92. [PMID: 21480469 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of preventive central nervous system irradiation (CNS-RT) in childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still discussed. As results of study AML-BFM87 revealed an increased risk for relapse when CNS-RT was not performed, studies AML-BFM98 and -2004 randomized CNS-RT of 18 or 12 Gy in order to evaluate the efficacy of the lower dose and to reduce late effects. PROCEDURES To achieve a power of 80% for non-inferiority (range 11%) 240 patients per group were required. Out of 722 eligible patients, 486 patients <18 years were randomized to receive 12 Gy (n = 249) or 18 Gy (n = 237). Since this was a non-inferiority study, the analysis was performed for patients as treated (12 Gy: n = 252 and 18 Gy: n = 219). RESULTS Five-year survival, event-free survival and cumulative incidence of relapse were similar in patients who received 12 or 18 Gy, respectively (82 ± 3% vs. 79 ± 3%, 68 ± 3% vs. 63 ± 3%, and 30 ± 3% vs. 34 ± 3%). The lower limit of the one-sided confidence interval for the -5% difference in 5-years pEFS was 2%. There were six relapses with CNS involvement (one in the 12 Gy, and five in the 18 Gy group). CONCLUSION Results demonstrate no disadvantage for patients irradiated with a reduced CNS dose of 12 Gy.
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Göbel U, Creutzig U, Klingebiel T, Kaatsch P, Niehues T, Körholz D. [Adolescents with cancer - administrative, clinical and scientific implications]. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2011; 223:311-4. [PMID: 22052629 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1291235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Steinbach D, Wilhelm B, Kiermaier HR, Creutzig U, Schrappe M, Zimmermann M, Debatin KM, Gruhn B, von Stackelberg A, Jürgens H, Strahm B, Reinhardt D, Möricke A. Long term survival in children with acute leukaemia and complications requiring mechanical ventilation. Arch Dis Child 2011; 96:1026-32. [PMID: 21719441 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2010.205567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous reports have indicated that the short term prognosis for patients with malignant diseases and serious adverse events requiring mechanical ventilation (SAEV) is improving. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these patients can be cured of malignant disease or whether they survive SAEV only to subsequently relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS The authors report the outcome of children with SAEV treated in the multicentre studies ALL-BFM 95 and AML-BFM 98. Data from 1182 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 334 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were analysed. 88 patients (51 ALL and 37 AML) developed SAEV. RESULTS The prognosis was almost identical in ALL and AML patients (survival of SAEV patients: 48%, 95% CI 38% to 58%; overall survival after 5 years: 31%, 95% CI 21% to 41%). Prognosis was independent of the time between leukaemia diagnosis and SAEV. Approximately 20% of children who required haemodialysis (n=14) or cardiac resuscitation (n=16) achieved long term survival, but no patient who fulfilled more than three of six identified risk factors (age ≥10 years, high risk leukaemia, C reactive protein ≥150 mg/l, administration of inotropic infusion, cardiac resuscitation and haemodialysis) survived (n=16; 0%, 95% CI 0% to 20%). CONCLUSIONS Intensive care improves the short and long term survival of children with leukaemia. 64% (95% CI 50% to 78%) of children with acute leukaemia who survived SAEV achieved long term survival. Prognosis mainly depends on age and leukaemia risk group.
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Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Bourquin JP, Dworzak MN, Kremens B, Lehrnbecher T, von Neuhoff C, Sander A, von Stackelberg A, Schmid I, Starý J, Steinbach D, Vormoor J, Reinhardt D. Favorable outcome in infants with AML after intensive first- and second-line treatment: an AML-BFM study group report. Leukemia 2011; 26:654-61. [PMID: 21968880 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infants <1 year of age have a high prevalence of prognostically unfavorable leukemias and a presumed susceptibility to treatment-related toxicities. A total of 125 infants with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were treated in studies AML-BFM-98 (n = 59) and -2004 (n = 66). Treatment regimens of both studies were comparable, consisting of intensive induction followed by four courses (mainly high-dose cytarabine and anthracyclines). Allogeneic-hematopoietic stem-cell-transplantation (allo-HSCT) in 1st remission was optional for high-risk (HR) patients. Most infants (120/125=96%) were HR patients according to morphological, cytogenetic/molecular genetic and response criteria. Five-year overall survival was 66 ± 4%, and improved from 61 ± 6% in study-98 to 75 ± 6% in study-2004 (P(logrank) 0.14) and event-free survival rates were 44 ± 6% and 51 ± 6% (P(logrank) 0.66), respectively. Results in HR infants were similar to those of older HR children (1-<2- or 2-<10-year olds, P(logrank) 0.90 for survival). Survival rates of HSCT in 1st remission, initial partial response and after relapse were high (13/14, 2/8 and 20/30 patients, respectively). The latter contributes to excellent 5-year survival after relapse (50±8%). Despite more severe infections and pulmonary toxicities in infants, treatment-related death rate was identical to that of older children (3%). Our data indicate that intensive frontline and relapse AML treatment is feasible in infants, toxicities are manageable, and outcome is favorable.
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Klusmann JH, Reinhardt D, Zimmermann M, Kremens B, Vormoor J, Dworzak M, Creutzig U, Klingebiel T. The role of matched sibling donor allogeneic stem cell transplantation in pediatric high-risk acute myeloid leukemia: results from the AML-BFM 98 study. Haematologica 2011; 97:21-9. [PMID: 21933851 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.051714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in post-remission management of children with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia remains controversial. In the multi-center AML-BFM 98 study we prospectively evaluated the impact of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission. DESIGN AND METHODS HLA-typed patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia, who achieved first complete remission (n = 247), were included in this analysis. All patients received double induction and consolidation. Based on the availability of a matched-sibling donor, patients were allocated by genetic chance to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (n = 61) or chemotherapy-only (i.e. intensification and maintenance therapy; n = 186). The main analysis was done on an intention-to-treat basis according to this allocation. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis did not show a significantly different 5-year disease-free survival (49 ± 6% versus 45 ± 4%, P(log rank) = 0.44) or overall survival (68 ± 6% versus 57 ± 4%, P(log rank) = 0.17) between the matched-sibling donor and no-matched-sibling donor groups, whereas late adverse effects occurred more frequently after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (72.5% versus 31.8%, P(Fischer)<0.01). These results were confirmed by as-treated analysis corrected for the time until transplantation (5-year overall survival: 72 ± 8% versus 60 ± 4%, P(Mantel-Byar) 0.21). Subgroup analysis demonstrated improved survival rates for patients with 11q23 aberrations allocated to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (5-year overall survival: 94 ± 6% versus 52 ± 7%, P(log-rank) = 0.01; n = 18 versus 49) in contrast to patients without 11q23 aberrations (5-year overall survival: 58 ± 8% versus 55 ± 5%, P(log-rank) = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS Our analyses defined a genetic subgroup of children with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia who benefited from allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the prospective multi-center AML-BFM 98 study. For the remainder of the pediatric high-risk acute myeloid leukemia patients the prognosis was not improved by allogeneic stem cell transplantation, which was, however, associated with a higher rate of late sequelae.
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Balgobind BV, Hollink IHIM, Arentsen-Peters STCJM, Zimmermann M, Harbott J, Beverloo HB, von Bergh ARM, Cloos J, Kaspers GJL, de Haas V, Zemanova Z, Stary J, Cayuela JM, Baruchel A, Creutzig U, Reinhardt D, Pieters R, Zwaan CM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. Integrative analysis of type-I and type-II aberrations underscores the genetic heterogeneity of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2011; 96:1478-87. [PMID: 21791472 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.038976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia have described the various type-I or type-II aberrations and their relationship with clinical outcome. However, there has been no recent comprehensive overview of these genetic aberrations in one large pediatric acute myeloid leukemia cohort. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied the different genetic aberrations, their associations and their impact on prognosis in a large pediatric acute myeloid leukemia series (n=506). Karyotypes were studied, and hotspot regions of NPM1, CEPBA, MLL, WT1, FLT3, N-RAS, K-RAS, PTPN11 and KIT were screened for mutations of available samples. The mutational status of all type-I and type-II aberrations was available in 330 and 263 cases, respectively. Survival analysis was performed in a subset (n=385) treated on consecutive acute myeloid leukemia Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Study Group and Dutch Childhood Oncology Group treatment protocols. RESULTS Genetic aberrations were associated with specific clinical characteristics, e.g. significantly higher diagnostic white blood cell counts in MLL-rearranged, WT1-mutated and FLT3-ITD-positive acute myeloid leukemia. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the distribution of these aberrations between children below and above the age of two years. Non-random associations, e.g. KIT mutations with core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia, and FLT3-ITD with t(15;17)(q22;q21), NPM1- and WT1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia, respectively, were observed. Multivariate analysis revealed a 'favorable karyotype', i.e. t(15;17)(q22;q21), t(8;21)(q22;q22) and inv(16)(p13q22)/t(16;16)(p13;q22). NPM1 and CEBPA double mutations were independent factors for favorable event-free survival. WT1 mutations combined with FLT3-ITD showed the worst outcome for 5-year overall survival (22±14%) and 5-year event-free survival (20±13%), although it was not an independent factor in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Integrative analysis of type-I and type-II aberrations provides an insight into the frequencies, non-random associations and prognostic impact of the various aberrations, reflecting the heterogeneity of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. These aberrations are likely to guide the stratification of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia and may direct the development of targeted therapies.
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Göbel U, Creutzig U, Klingebiel T. 20 Jahre deutsch-russische Zusammenarbeit auf dem Gebiet der pädiatrischen Hämatologie und Onkologie. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2011; 223:107-9. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1275348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bachas C, Schuurhuis GJ, Zwaan CM, den Boer ML, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, de Bont ES, Kwidama ZJ, de Haas V, Reinhardt D, Creutzig U, Kaspers GJ, Cloos J. Abstract 3209: Gene expression micro array analysis of diagnosis and matched relapse pediatric AML samples indicates that immune regulatory pathways and epigenetic factors are involved in disease progression. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to optimization of induction treatment, approximately 90% of AML pediatric patients achieve a complete remission. However, relapses still occur in 30-40% of patients, with dismal outcome. In order to find new options for targeted treatment, we aim to identify key molecules and signaling pathways involved in the development of relapses. To this end we use gene expression profiling.
Total mRNA of initial diagnosis and matched relapse bone marrow samples (>80% blasts) was obtained from 27 pediatric AML patients and used for Affymetrix HGU 133 plus 2.0 microarrays. For statistical analyses we used BioConductor packages, Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and BRB Arraytools. Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA).
Analysis of paired diagnosis and relapse samples revealed large inter-patient differences in the number of genes that were differentially expressed. Unsupervised cluster analysis showed that for 47% of patients the diagnosis and relapse sample cluster next to each other. The remaining paired samples clustered more distant and interestingly the majority of these pairs also showed changes in mutation status of FLT3 or RAS. The former have been described by us to be associated with shorter time to relapse (Bachas et al, Blood, 2010). Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes (> 1.5 fold) revealed molecular pathways implicated in cancer, inflammatory disease, hematopoietic development and genetic disorders. Involved biological processes were related to the immune system, nuclear organization and intracellular trafficking.
We performed in silico class prediction and found 31 genes to be differentially expressed and discriminative for diagnosis or relapse samples with an accuracy of more than 80%, as determined by ‘leave-one-out’ cross validation. Of the 31 genes, 29 showed a lowered expression in the relapse sample when compared to the initial diagnosis sample (median intensity ratio diagnosis/relapse = 1.74, range=1.47-2.33, P29th gene=0.032) and 7 of these 29 genes have functions in the maintenance of chromatin structure. Preliminary RT-PCR results confirmed this for an independent set of patient samples. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments on primary patient material using relevant experimental drugs are underway.
In conclusion, we identified genes and pathways that were significantly differentially expressed between diagnosis and relapse samples. The majority of discrimative genes are down-regulated at relapse with an important contribution of genes involved in maintenance of chromatin structure. Our efforts are directed to determine if these findings will be instrumental to design therapies aimed at preventing relapses. Financially supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (VU 2005-3666, J.C.)
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3209. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3209
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Pritchard-Jones K, Lewison G, Camporesi S, Vassal G, Ladenstein R, Benoit Y, Predojevic JS, Sterba J, Stary J, Eckschlager T, Schroeder H, Doz F, Creutzig U, Klingebiel T, Kosmidis HV, Garami M, Pieters R, O'Meara A, Dini G, Riccardi R, Rascon J, Rageliene L, Calvagna V, Czauderna P, Kowalczyk JR, Gil-da-Costa MJ, Norton L, Pereira F, Janic D, Puskacova J, Jazbec J, Canete A, Hjorth L, Ljungman G, Kutluk T, Morland B, Stevens M, Walker D, Sullivan R. The state of research into children with cancer across Europe: new policies for a new decade. Ecancermedicalscience 2011; 5:210. [PMID: 22276053 PMCID: PMC3223943 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2011.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming childhood cancers is critically dependent on the state of research. Understanding how, with whom and what the research community is doing with childhood cancers is essential for ensuring the evidence-based policies at national and European level to support children, their families and researchers. As part of the European Union funded EUROCANCERCOMS project to study and integrate cancer communications across Europe, we have carried out new research into the state of research in childhood cancers. We are very grateful for all the support we have received from colleagues in the European paediatric oncology community, and in particular from Edel Fitzgerald and Samira Essiaf from the SIOP Europe office. This report and the evidence-based policies that arise from it come at a important junction for Europe and its Member States. They provide a timely reminder that research into childhood cancers is critical and needs sustainable long-term support.
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Hollink IHIM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Arentsen-Peters STCJM, Zimmermann M, Peeters JK, Valk PJM, Balgobind BV, Sonneveld E, Kaspers GJL, de Bont ESJM, Trka J, Baruchel A, Creutzig U, Pieters R, Reinhardt D, Zwaan CM. Characterization of CEBPA mutations and promoter hypermethylation in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2010; 96:384-92. [PMID: 21134981 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.031336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctioning of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) in acute myeloid leukemia can be caused, amongst others, by mutations in the encoding gene (CEBPA) and by promoter hypermethylation. CEBPA-mutated acute myeloid leukemia is associated with a favorable outcome, but this may be restricted to the case of double mutations in CEBPA in adult acute myeloid leukemia. In pediatric acute myeloid leukemia, data on the impact of these mutations are limited to one series, and data on promoter hypermethylation are lacking. Our objective was to investigate the characteristics, gene expression profiles and prognostic impact of the different CEBPA aberrations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS We screened a large pediatric cohort (n=252) for CEBPA single and double mutations by direct sequencing, and for promoter hypermethylation by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we determined the gene-expression profiles (Affymetrix HGU133 plus 2.0 arrays) of this cohort (n=237). RESULTS Thirty-four mutations were identified in 20 out of the 252 cases (7.9%), including 14 double-mutant and 6 single-mutant cases. CEBPA double mutations conferred a significantly better 5-year overall survival compared with single mutations (79% versus 25%, respectively; P=0.04), and compared with CEBPA wild-type acute myeloid leukemia excluding core-binding factor cases (47%; P=0.07). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the double mutations were an independent favorable prognostic factor for survival (hazard ratio 0.23, P=0.04). The combination of screening for promoter hypermethylation and gene expression profiling identified five patients with silenced CEBPA, of whom four cases relapsed. All cases characteristically expressed T-lymphoid markers. Moreover, unsupervised clustering of gene expression profiles showed a clustering of CEBPA double-mutant and silenced cases, pointing towards a common hallmark of abrogated C/EBPα-functioning in these acute myeloid leukemias. CONCLUSIONS We showed the independent favorable outcome of patients with CEBPA double-mutant acute myeloid leukemia in a large pediatric series. This molecular marker may, therefore, improve risk-group stratification in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. For the first time, CEBPA-silenced cases are suggested to confer a poor outcome in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia, indicating that further investigation of this aberration is needed. Furthermore, clustering of gene expression profiles provided insight into the biological similarities and diversities of the different aberrations in CEBPA in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.
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Creutzig U, Herold R, Henze G. [Results of the Competence Net Pediatric Oncology and Haematology--a view back]. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2010; 222:333-6. [PMID: 21058219 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1265223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hollink IH, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Zimmermann M, Balgobind BV, Arentsen-Peters ST, Alders M, Willasch A, Kaspers GJJ, Trka J, Baruchel A, Creutzig U, Pieters R, Reinhardt D, Zwaan CM. No Prognostic Impact of the WT1 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs16754 in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:e523-6; author reply e527-e528. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.29.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Balgobind BV, Zwaan CM, Reinhardt D, Arentsen-Peters TJCM, Hollink IHIM, de Haas V, Kaspers GJL, de Bont ESJM, Baruchel A, Stary J, Meyer C, Marschalek R, Creutzig U, den Boer ML, Pieters R, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. High BRE expression in pediatric MLL-rearranged AML is associated with favorable outcome. Leukemia 2010; 24:2048-55. [PMID: 20861917 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Translocations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene, localized at 11q23, frequently occur in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We recently reported differences in prognosis between the different translocation partners, suggesting differences in biological background. To unravel the latter, we used microarrays to generate gene expression profiles of 245 pediatric AML cases, including 53 MLL-rearranged cases. Thereby, we identified a specific gene expression signature for t(9;11)(p22;q23), and identified BRE (brain and reproductive organ expressed) to be discriminative for t(9;11)(p22;q23) (P<0.001) when compared with other MLL subtypes. Patients with high BRE expression showed a significantly better 3-year relapse-free survival (pRFS) (80±13 vs 30±10%, P=0.02) within MLL-rearranged AML cases. Moreover, multivariate analysis identified high BRE expression as an independent favorable prognostic factor within pediatric AML for RFS (HR=0.2, P=0.04). No significant differences were identified for 3-year event-free survival or for 3-year overall survival. Forced expression of BRE did not result in altered cell proliferation, apoptosis or drug sensitivity, which could explain the favorable outcome. In conclusion, overexpression of the BRE gene is predominantly found in MLL-rearranged AML with t(9;11)(p22;q23). Although further investigation for the role of BRE in leukemogenesis and outcome is warranted, high BRE expression is an independent prognostic factor for pRFS in pediatric AML.
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