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Karikas GA, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Kokotos G. An HPLC Method for the Measurement of Polyamines and Lipidic Amines Binding to DNA. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708006332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stephens D, Barbayianni E, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Peristeraki A, Six DA, Cooper J, Harkewicz R, Deems RA, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. Differential inhibition of group IVA and group VIA phospholipases A2 by 2-oxoamides. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2821-8. [PMID: 16640343 PMCID: PMC2544624 DOI: 10.1021/jm050993h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Group IVA phospholipase A(2) (GIVA cPLA(2)) and GVIA iPLA(2) are useful tools for defining the roles of these enzymes in cellular signaling and inflammation. We have developed inhibitors of GVIA iPLA(2) building upon the 2-oxoamide backbone that are uncharged, containing ester groups. Although the most potent inhibitors of GVIA iPLA(2) also inhibited GIVA cPLA(2), there were three 2-oxoamide compounds that selectively and weakly inhibited GVIA iPLA(2). We further show that several potent 2-oxoamide inhibitors of GIVA cPLA(2) containing free carboxylic groups (Kokotos et al. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 2891-2893) do not inhibit GVIA iPLA(2) and are, therefore, selective GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors.
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Barbayianni E, Fotakopoulou I, Schmidt M, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Bornscheuer UT, Kokotos G. Enzymatic Removal of Carboxyl Protecting Groups. 2. Cleavage of the Benzyl and Methyl Moieties. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8730-3. [PMID: 16238302 DOI: 10.1021/jo051004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Enzymes are versatile reagents for the efficient removal of methyl and benzyl protecting groups. An esterase from Bacillus subtilis (BS2) and a lipase from Candida antarctica (CAL-A) allow a mild and selective removal of these moieties in high yields without affecting other functional groups.
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Xynogalas P, Kanapitsas A, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Pissis P, Viras K. Phase transitions in crystals of racemic long chain 2-amino alcohols. Chem Phys Lipids 2005; 135:83-92. [PMID: 15854627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various techniques, namely differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, dielectric and Raman spectroscopy, all covering a wide range of temperatures, were used to study the thermodynamically stable phases and molecular mobility of crystals of long chain 2-amino alcohols. The results showed that two different crystal forms are present in each sample. The temperature behaviour of the phases is studied in details.
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Schmidt M, Barbayianni E, Fotakopoulou I, Höhne M, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Bornscheuer UT, Kokotos G. Enzymatic Removal of Carboxyl Protecting Groups. 1. Cleavage of thetert-Butyl Moiety. J Org Chem 2005; 70:3737-40. [PMID: 15845019 DOI: 10.1021/jo050114z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A recent discovery that a certain amino acid motif (GGG(A)X-motif) in lipases and esterases determines their activity toward tertiary alcohols prompted us to investigate the use of these biocatalysts in the mild and selective removal of tert-butyl protecting groups in amino acid derivatives and related compounds. An esterase from Bacillus subtilis (BsubpNBE) and lipase A from Candida antarctica (CAL-A) were identified as the most active enzymes, which hydrolyzed a range of tert-butyl esters of protected amino acids (e.g., Boc-Tyr-O(t)Bu, Z-GABA-O(t)Bu, Fmoc-GABA-O(t)Bu) in good to high yields and left Boc, Z, and Fmoc-protecting groups intact.
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Constantinou-Kokotou V, Peristeraki A, Kokotos CG, Six DA, Dennis EA. Synthesis and activity of 2-oxoamides containing long chain β-amino acids. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:431-5. [PMID: 15635664 DOI: 10.1002/psc.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
2-Oxoamides based on long chain beta-amino acids were synthesized. 1-Benzyl substituted long chain amines, needed for such synthesis, were synthesized starting from Boc-phenylalaninol. The oxidative conversion of a phenyl group to a carboxyl group was used as the key transformation synthetic step. The compounds synthesized were studied for their activity against GIVA PLA(2), and were proven to be weak inhibitors.
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Kokotos G, Six DA, Loukas V, Smith T, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Kotsovolou S, Chiou A, Beltzner CC, Dennis EA. Inhibition of Group IVA Cytosolic Phospholipase A2by Novel 2-Oxoamides in Vitro, in Cells, and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2004; 47:3615-28. [PMID: 15214789 DOI: 10.1021/jm030485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (GIVA PLA(2)) is a particularly attractive target for drug development because it is the rate-limiting provider of proinflammatory mediators. We previously reported the discovery of novel 2-oxoamides that inhibit GIVA PLA(2) [Kokotos, G.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 2891-2893]. In the present work, we have further explored this class of inhibitors and found that the 2-oxoamide functionality is more potent when it contains a long 2-oxoacyl residue and a free carboxy group. Long-chain 2-oxoamides based on gamma-aminobutyric acid and gamma-norleucine are potent inhibitors of GIVA PLA(2). Such inhibitors act through a fast and reversible mode of inhibition in vitro, are able to block the production of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E(2) in cells, and demonstrate potent in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.
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Magrioti V, Verger R, Constantinou-Kokotou V. Triacylglycerols based on 2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)oleic acid are potent inhibitors of pancreatic lipase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:288-91. [PMID: 14711301 DOI: 10.1021/jm034202s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of potent human pancreatic lipase (HPL) inhibitors was developed. Triacylglycerol analogues containing 2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino) fatty acids were synthesized, and their ability to form stable films at the air/water interface was studied. The inhibition of human digestive lipases by the compounds synthesized was studied by the monolayer technique, and the triesters of glycerol and 2-methylglycerol with 2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)oleic acid were found to be potent inhibitors of HPL.
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Constantinou-Kokotou V, Magrioti V, Verger R. Sterically Hindered Triacylglycerol Analogues as Potent Inhibitors of Human Digestive Lipases. Chemistry 2004; 10:1133-40. [PMID: 15007804 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200305573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of inhibitors of human digestive lipases have been developed. Various sterically hindered triacylglycerols based on 2-methyl- and 2-butylglycerol, and/or 2-methyl fatty acids were synthesized. The triacylglycerol analogues were tested for their ability to form stable monomolecular films at the air/water interface by recording their surface-pressure/molecular-area compression isotherms. The inhibition of human pancreatic and gastric lipases by the sterically hindered triacylglycerol analogues was studied by using the monolayer technique with mixed films of 1,2-dicaprin, which contained variable proportions of each inhibitor. Triolein analogues that contain a butyl group at the 2-position of the glycerol backbone or methyl groups both at the 2-position of glycerol, and the alpha-position of each oleic acid residue were potent inhibitors; this caused a 50% decrease in HPL activity at 0.003 molar fraction.
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Constantinou-Kokotou V, Magrioti V. Synthesis and use of N, N-di-Boc-glutamate gamma-semialdehydes and related aldehydes. Amino Acids 2003; 24:231-43. [PMID: 12707805 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-002-0403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review article focuses on the synthesis and reactions of N, N-di-Boc glutamate and aspartate semialdehydes as well as related aldehydes. These building blocks are prepared according to various strategies from glutamic and aspartic acids and find interesting synthetic applications. In the first part, the methods for the synthesis of N, N-di-Boc-amino aldehydes are summarized. The applications of these chiral synthons for the synthesis of unnatural amino acids and other bioactive compounds are discussed in the second section.
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Magrioti V, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Constantinou-Kokotou V. Synthesis and In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of long-chain 2-amino-alcohols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:375-7. [PMID: 12565932 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of optically pure long-chain 2-amino-alcohols and 1-O-dodecyl-2-deoxy-2-amino-sn-glycerol was carried out starting from L- or D-Boc-Ser(OBn)-ol by oxidation and consecutive Wittig reaction or etherification reaction. 2-Amino-oleyl alcohol was synthesized by reduction of the corresponding 2-amino-oleic acid. All the long chain amino-alcohols presented interesting inhibition of carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats (ED(50) from 0.017 to 0.010 mmol/kg).
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Kokotos G, Kotsovolou S, Six DA, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Beltzner CC, Dennis EA. Novel 2-oxoamide inhibitors of human group IVA phospholipase A(2). J Med Chem 2002; 45:2891-3. [PMID: 12086476 DOI: 10.1021/jm025538p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of potent human cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (GIVA PLA(2)) inhibitors was developed. These inhibitors were designed to contain the 2-oxoamide functionality and a free carboxyl group. Among the compounds tested, a long-chain 2-oxoamide containing L-gamma-norleucine was the most potent inhibitor, causing a 50% decrease in GIVA PLA(2) activity at 0.009 mole fraction.
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Abstract
An efficient synthesis of (S)-alpha-amino oleic acid was developed. The fully protected FA derivative was obtained in four steps starting from methyl (2S)-2-[bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-oxopentanoate. These steps are (i) olefination of the starting aldehyde with the appropriate phosphonate anion, (ii) hydrogenation of the double bonds, (iii) controlled reduction of omega-ethyl ester to an aldehyde in the presence of alpha-methyl ester, and (iv) a Wittig reaction of the latter aldehyde with the suitable ylide. Free alpha-amino oleic acid was prepared after deprotection of the amino group followed by saponification in a total yield of 24%. N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-protected amino oleic acid and the corresponding amino alcohol were prepared in high yield. The structures of the products have been established by various spectroscopic techniques.
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Constantinou-Kokotou V, Magrioti V, Markidis T, Kokotos G. Synthesis of enantiopure non-natural alpha-amino acids using tert-butyl (2S)-2-[bis-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-oxopentanoate as key-intermediate:the first synthesis of(S)-2-amino-oleic acid. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2001; 58:325-31. [PMID: 11606217 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A general method for the synthesis of enantiopure non-natural alpha-amino acids is described. The key intermediate tert-butyl (2S)-2-[bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-oxopentanoate was obtained from l-glutamic acid after suitable protection and selective reduction of the gamma-methyl ester group by DIBALH. Wittig reaction of this chiral aldehyde with various ylides led to a variety of delta,epsilon-unsaturated alpha-amino acids. This methodology was applied to the synthesis of (S)-2-amino-oleic acid.
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Kokotos G, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Padrón JM, Peters GJ. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of novel long chain busulphan analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:861-3. [PMID: 11277538 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Two novel long chain alkanediol dimethanesulphonates, analogues of busulphan, were synthesized. Their in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated against six solid tumor cell lines (A2780, H322, LL, WiDr, C26-10 and UMSCC-22B). 2-Tetradecylbutane-1,4-diol dimethanesulphonate was proved to be the most active compound exhibiting IC50 values between 20.82 and 26.36 microM.
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Kokotos G, Kotsovolou S, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Wu G, Olivecrona G. Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by alkanesulfonyl fluorides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2803-6. [PMID: 11133096 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of alkanesulfonyl halides (chlorides and fluorides) and esters were synthesized and their effect on the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was studied. Sulfonyl fluorides proved to be efficient inhibitors of LPL when the enzyme was incubated with a 10-fold molar excess of the inhibitors in a buffer containing bile salts (deoxycholate). Hexadecane- and dodecanesulfonyl fluorides caused 50% inhibition of LPL activity at concentrations of 10 to 20 microM.
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Chiou A, Markidis T, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Verger R, Kokotos G. Synthesis and study of a lipophilic alpha-keto amide inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. Org Lett 2000; 2:347-50. [PMID: 10814319 DOI: 10.1021/ol991295s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A lipophilic alpha-keto amide, inhibitor of pancreatic lipase, was synthesized using a lipidic 2-amino alcohol as backbone. The chiral key intermediate 2-(tert-butyloxycarbonylamino)-D-undecen-5-ol was synthesized starting from D-glutamic acid. The inhibitor formed a stable monomolecular film at the air/water interface as shown by a force/area curve. Inhibition studies using the monomolecular film technique with mixed films of 1,2-dicaprin containing variable proportions of the inhibitor showed a 50% decrease in lipase activity at a 0.14 molar fraction.
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Constantinou-Kokotou V, Kokotos G. Synthesis of optically active lipidic alpha-amino acids and lipidic 2-amino alcohols. Amino Acids 1999; 16:273-85. [PMID: 10399016 DOI: 10.1007/bf01388172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipidic alpha-amino acids (LAAs) are a class of compounds combining structural features of amino acids with those of fatty acids. They are non-natural alpha-amino acids with saturated or unsaturated long aliphatic side chains. Synthetic approaches to optically active LAAs and lipidic 2-amino alcohols (LAALs) are summarized in this review. A general approach to enantioselective synthesis of saturated LAAs is based on the oxidative cleavage of 3-amino-1,2-diols obtained by the regioselective opening of enantiomerically enriched long chain 2,3-epoxy alcohols. Unsaturated LAAs are prepared in their enantiomeric forms by Wittig reaction via methyl (S)-2-di-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-5-oxo-pentanoate. This key intermediate aldehyde is obtained by selective reduction of dimethyl N,N-di-Boc glutamate with DIBAL. (R) or (S) LAALs may be prepared starting from D-mannitol or L-serine. LAAs are converted into LAALs by chemoselective reduction of their fluorides using sodium borohydride with retention of optical purity. Replacement of the hydroxyl group of LAALs by the azido group, followed by selective reduction leads to unsaturated optically active lipidic 1,2-diamines.
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Padrón JM, Martin VS, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Noula C, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Peters GJ, Kokotos G. Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of long chain 3-amino-1,2-diols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:821-6. [PMID: 10206543 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of long chain 3-amino-1,2-diols was carried out based on Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of long chain allylic alcohols and regioselective nucleophilic ring opening by azido group. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds prepared was evaluated against six solid tumor cell lines (A2780, H322, LL, WiDr, C26-10, UMSCC-22B). Free 3-amino-1,2-diols exhibited IC50 values between 1.45 microM and 32 microM. These compounds also presented interesting inhibition of carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats (85.3% - 79.6% at a concentration of 0.15 mmol/kg).
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Kokotos G, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Noula C, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Synthetic routes to lipidic diamines and amino alcohols: a class of potential antiinflammatory agents. Lipids 1999; 34:307-11. [PMID: 10230726 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple and efficient methods for the synthesis of lipidic amino alcohols and diamines are described in this paper. Lipidic 2-amino alcohols and 1,3-diamines can be synthesized starting from synthetic lipidic alpha-amino acids. Alternatively, commercially available lipidic 1,2-diols may be used as starting material for the synthesis of 2-amino alcohols. Initial experiments on the in vivo antiinflammatory activity of the compounds synthesized gave promising results.
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Constantinou-Kokotou V, Kokotos G, Roussakis C. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of lipidic alcohols and amines. Anticancer Res 1998; 18:3439-42. [PMID: 9858921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
General methods for the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids into alcohols and amines and the preparation of lipidic 1,2-diamines were developed. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the synthetic lipidic compounds was tested against two different cell lines (P388 and NSCLCN6). Oleyl amine was the most active among the lipidic alcohols and monoamines. However, the saturated lipidic 1,2-hexadecanediamine exhibited the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 0.1 microgram/ml and 1.1 micrograms/ml).
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Kotretsou SI, Constantinou-Kokotou V. Mass spectrometric studies on the fragmentation and structural characterization of aminoacyl derivatives of kanamycin A. Carbohydr Res 1998; 310:121-7. [PMID: 9794076 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Described herein are the fragmentation pathways of kanamycin A and its 6'-N- and 1-N-acyl derivatives, as well as the determination of their positional isomers by FABMS and ESIMS in combination with tandem mass spectrometry. The presence or absence of key ions and the difference in abundance of common ions are correlated with the position of the substitution.
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Kokotos G, Theodorou V, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Gibbons WA, Roussakis C. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of lipophilic platinum(II) complexes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1525-30. [PMID: 9873383 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of lipophilic platinum(II) complexes of the general structures cis-[Pt(LA)2Cl2] and [Pt(LD)Cl2] were synthesised. Long chain amines (LA) and diamines (LD), prepared from lipidic amino acids, were used as ligands. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated against four cell lines (P388, NSCLC-N6, E39, M96). cis-Dichloro-bis(2-aminohexadecanol)platinum(II) was the most active against P388, NSCLC-N6 and E39 (IC50: 11 micrograms/ml, 25 micrograms/ml, 31 micrograms/ml), while dichloro(1,3-heptadecanediamine)platinum(II) presented the highest activity against M96 (IC50: 13 micrograms/ml).
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Nicolaou A, Kokotos G, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Charitos C, Noula C, Verger R, Gibbons WA. Synthesis and properties of novel lipopeptides and lipid mimetics. J Pept Sci 1997; 3:291-8. [PMID: 9262648 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1387(199707)3:4<291::aid-psc120>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mimetics, synthetic molecules that resemble natural lipids either structurally or functionally, have been developed as potential medicinal substances. They have been successfully applied in the development of drug and peptide delivery systems and for the development of inhibitors or lipid metabolizing enzymes. Phospholipase A2 is considered to be involved as the rate-limiting step in the production of lipid mediators of inflammatory responses and, as such, it has been a target for drug design. A series of lipid mimetics including lipopeptides, amides and alcohols of lipidic alpha-amino acids, have been tested by bulk and monolayer assay techniques. The findings suggested the direct interaction of the tested compounds with porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. The inactivation of the enzyme occurred in a competitive manner. The most active compound I (2-amino-N-hexadecyl-L-hexanamide) showed an apparent IC50 of 12 microM and inhibitory power Z = 13 in the monolayer assay.
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