[Infection and distribution characteristics of HPV of middle-aged and elderly women from a certain hospital in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from 2018 to 2020]

Objectives: To analyze the type and distribution characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection along with cervical cytology in middle-aged and elderly women in Guangxi and to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in elderly women. Methods: 21 subtypes of HPV and cervical cytology of women over 45-year-old visiting the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 2019 to December 2020 were collected. They were divided into two groups by age, 45-64 years group and over 65 years group. The HPV, HR-HPV, and multiple HPV infection prevalence were analyzed, as well as HPV genotypes, the age distribution of HPV infection rate, and cervical cytology. Results: A total of 6 657 eligible women were included. 6 238 women were in the 45-64 years group, with a HPV prevalence about 20.86% (1 301), while 419 women were in the over 65 years group, with a HPV prevalence about 32.94% (138). The age-associated HPV and HR-HPV prevalence increased with the age, peaking at the age group of 70-74 years (P<0.001). The most prevalent genotype was HPV52, and the infection rate was 5.3% (353), followed by HPV16 and HPV 58, about 4.63% (308) and 3.08% (205) respectively. The majority cytology of HPV-positive middle-aged and elderly women was normal. 8.70% (88) of them were ASC-US, 6.52% (66) for HSIL, 4.55% (46) for LSIL, and 2.96% (30) for ASC-H, and 0.10% (1) for SCC. Compared to middle-aged women, elderly women had a lower negative cytology rate, 69.79% (67) vs. 77.95% (714), but a higher HSIL rate, 13.54% (13) vs. 5.79% (53) (P<0.05). Conclusions: HPV and HR-HPV prevalence of elderly women in a medical center of Guangxi are higher than those of middle-aged women. The most prevalent genotype is HPV16 in elderly women, followed by HPV52 and HPV58.

[Study on DNA methylation in HEB cells exposed to PM(2.5) by application of methylation chip technology]

Objective: To screen the differential methylation sites, genes and pathways of air pollution fine particles (PM(2.5)) on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells by methylation chip and bioinformation technology, so as to provide scientific basis for further study of the toxicological mechanism of PM(2.5) on HBE cells. Methods: In August 2020, HBE cells were infected with 10 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml PM(2.5) aqueous solution for 24 h, namely PM(2.5) 10 μg/ml exposure group (low dose group) and PM(2.5) 50 μg/ml exposure group (high dose group) ; uninfected HBE cells were used as control group. The DNA fragments were hybridized with the chip, the chip scanned and read the data, analyzed the data, screened the differential methylation sites, carried out GO analysis and KEGG analysis of the differential methylation sites, and analyzed the interaction relationship of the overall differential methylation sites by functional epigenetic modules (FEMs). Results: Compared with the control group, 127 differential methylation sites were screened in the low-dose group, including 89 genes, including 55 sites with increased methylation level and 72 sites with decreased methylation level. The differential methylation sites were mainly concentrated in the Body region and UTR region. Compared with the control group, 238 differential methylation sites were screened in the high-dose group, including 168 genes, of which 127 sites had increased methylation level and 111 sites had decreased methylation level. The differential heterotopic sites were mainly concentrated in the Body region and UTR region. Through FEMs analysis, 8 genes with the most interaction were screened, of which 6 genes had significant changes in methylation level. MALT1 gene related to apoptosis was found in the heterotopic site of methylation difference in low-dose group; PIK3CA and ARID1A genes related to carcinogenesis were found in the heterotopic sites of methylation difference in high-dose group; TNF genes related to tumor inhibition were found in the results of FEMs analysis. Conclusion: After PM(2.5) exposure to HBE cells, the DNA methylation level is significantly changed, and genes related to apoptosis and carcinogenesis are screened out, suggesting that the carcinogenic mutagenic effect of PM(2.5) may be related to DNA methylation.

[Clinical application of serum Golgi protein 73 in patients with chronic liver diseases]

Golgi protein 73 (GP73) is a transmembrane protein on the Golgi apparatus and can be cut and released into the blood. In recent years, an increasing number of clinical studies have shown that the elevated serum GP73 level is closely related to liver diseases. And thus GP73 is expected to be used as a new serum marker for assessing progress of chronic liver diseases. Herein, the clinical application of serum GP73 in chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma with different etiologies was reviewed based on available literatures; and a research outlook in this field is made.

[Occurrence and recurrence of hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma after direct antiviral treatment]

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA can be cleared from the blood circulation by direct antiviral treatment to achieve sustained virologic response (SVR). Studies have shown that SVR after direct antiviral therapy can reduce the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma; however, monitoring for hepatocellular carcinoma is still needed. This review briefly summarizes and discusses the existing studies on the possible causes of hepatitis C secondary to HCC after antiviral therapy, which is mainly divided into epigenetic alterations and abnormal DNA methylation, HCV-related cirrhosis and abnormal DNA amplification, HBV reactivation, several aspects of occult HCV infection, and the effect of direct antiviral treatment on hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. In few cases, direct antiviral treatment cannot completely prevent the occurrence and recurrence of hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, its mechanism needs to be studied and explored, and clinicians should also approach it with caution.

[Medium and long-term follow-up of the Pul-Stent in treating postoperative branch pulmonary artery stenosis in children with congenital heart disease]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Pul-Stent as the treatment of postoperative branch pulmonary artery stenosis in children with congenital heart disease. Methods: This was a retrospective study. Thirty-three patients who underwent Pul-Stent implantation in Shanghai Children's Medical Center due to postoperative residual pulmonary artery stenosis from August 2014 to June 2015 were included. The immediate curative effect, follow-up and complications of Pul-Stent implantation were assessed. Comparisons between groups were performed with unpaired Student t test. Results: Pul-Stent implantation of 33 patients (19 males and 14 females) were performed successfully. Thirty-one patients underwent percutaneous stenting, and 2 patients underwent hybrid stenting. A total of 35 Pul-Stents were implanted (19 of model small, 15 of model medium and one of model large), 23 stents were planted in the proximal left pulmonary artery and 12 stents were in the proximal right pulmonary artery. The initial diameter of dilation balloon ranged from 6 to 16 mm, and the long sheath of percutaneous implantation ranged from 8 to 10 F in 29 patients (29/31, 94%). After stenting, the diameter of the narrowest segment of pulmonary artery increased from (4.0±1.7) mm to (9.1±2.1) mm in all patients (t=-21.60, P<0.001). The pressure gradient at the stenosis in 26 patients after biventricular correction decreased from (30.5±12.3) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) to (9.9±9.6) mmHg (t=12.92, P<0.001), and the right ventricular to aortic pressure ratio decreased from 0.57±0.14 to 0.44±0.12 (t=7.44, P<0.001). The pressure of the superior vena cava after stenting in 5 patients after cavopulmonary anastomosis decreased from (17.0±1.9) mmHg to (14.0±0.7) mmHg (t=2.86, P=0.046). Two patients died during reoperation for repairing other cardiac malformations. The remaining 31 patients were clinically stable during the follow-up period of (5.3±1.6) years, and one stent fracture was found on chest X-ray. Cardiac catheterization reexaminations in 16 patients showed that restenosis was found in one stent, while stent position and patency were satisfactory in the remaining stents. Nine children underwent post-dilation without stent fracture, displacement or aneurysm formation. Cardiac tomography showed no stent stenosis, fracture observed, or significant change in diameter of the stent in 8 patients. The inner diameter and pulmonary blood perfusion could not be accurately evaluated due to artifacts by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in 4 patients. Conclusions: Pul-Stent has good compliance and adequate radial strength, and can dilate further over time to accommodate for somatic growth. It performs safely and effectively in treating post-operative branch pulmonary artery stenosis in children.

[Effects of K-ras gene silence on the expression of oncogenes in HBE cells treated with PM(2.5)]

Objective: To explore the effects of K-ras gene on the expressions of oncogenes and cancer suppressor genes in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells which were exposed to PM(2.5). Methods: According to the mRNA sequence of K-ras gene provided by GenBank in September 2019, interference sequences were designed and synthesized, and the recombinant lentiviral vector was transfected into HBE cell to construct the K-ras gene-silenced cells. HBE cells and K-ras gene-silenced cells were exposed to 10 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml PM(2.5) suspension and 10 μmol/L Cr(6+). Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of c-myc, c-fos, N-ras, cyclin-D1, p16 and p53 genes, the expression levels of p53 and c-myc proteins were detected by Western blot. Results: In K-ras silenced cell group, K-ras mRNA expression level decreased (80.5%±3.6%) and K-ras protein level decreased (58.9%±4.7%) when compared with the control group (P<0.01) . Compared with the correspoding cell control group without exposure, the mRNA expression levels of c-myc, c-fos, N-ras and cyclin-D1 genes in HBE cell group exposed to different concentrations of PM(2.5), K-ras silenced cell group exposed to different concentrations of PM(2.5), HBE cell group exposed to 10 μmol/L Cr(6+) and K-ras silenced cell group exposed to 10 μmol/L Cr(6+) were increased, the mRNA expressions of p16 and p53 genes were decreased (P<0.01) . Compared with HBE cell group exposed to 10 μg/ml PM(2.5), the mRNA expressions of c-myc, c-fos and p16 genes in K-ras silenced cells exposed to 10 μg/ml PM(2.5) were decreased, and the p53 mRNA level was increased (P<0.01) . Compared with HBE cell group exposed to 50 μg/ml PM(2.5), the mRNA expression levels of c-fos, N-ras, cyclin-D1, p16 and p53 genes in K-ras silenced cell group exposed to 50 μg/ml PM(2.5) were decreased (P<0.01) . Compared with the HBE cell group without exposure, c-myc protein increased and p53 protein decreased in HBE cells exposed to 50 μg/ml PM(2.5) (P<0.05) . Compared with the K-ras silenced cell group without exposure, c-myc protein increased in K-ras silenced cells exposed to 50 μg/ml PM(2.5) (P<0.05) . Conclusion: PM(2.5) can increase the expression levels of oncogenes in HBE cells, and K-ras gene silencing can inhibit the expression levels of oncogenes in HBE cells treated with PM(2.5).

[Clinical features of Epstein-Barr virus infection associated to liver injury in adolescents and adults]

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated to liver injury with diverse clinical features in adolescents and adults. It is often manifested as infectious mononucleosis syndrome, sometimes causing self-limited acute hepatitis, with mild to moderate elevation of liver transaminases, and relative increase in age-related conditions. EBV infection can also cause cholestatic hepatitis, with elevated alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase as the main manifestations, accompanied by varying degrees of jaundice. A small number of patients with severe EBV infection may experience liver failure, and if left untreated in time, it may lead to high mortality. In addition, EBV infection is also associated with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, autoimmune liver disease, etc.

[Research of prognostic immunophenotypes in 163 patients of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]

目的

筛选并分析与弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）预后相关的免疫表型，探究其预后价值。

方法

选取天津医科大学肿瘤医院2011年1月至2016年12月收治的163例DLBCL患者，免疫组织化学染色检测DLBCL常见免疫表型，COX模型探索独立于国际预后指数（IPI）影响总生存（OS）与无进展生存（PFS）的免疫表型，并分析其两两联合表达对预后的影响。

结果

多因素分析显示BCL6阴性（PFS：HR＝1.652，95％ CI 1.030～2.649，P＝0.037）、P53阳性（OS：HR＝1.842，95％ CI 1.008～3.367，P＝0.047）、BCL2强阳性（OS：HR＝2.102，95％CI 1.249～3.537，P＝0.005；PFS：HR＝2.126，95％ CI 1.312～3.443，P＝0.002）是DLBCL中独立于IPI的预后不良因素。亚组分析显示，在年龄≤60岁组患者中BCL6阴性（PFS：HR＝2.042，95％CI 1.021～4.081，P＝0.043）、P53阳性（OS：HR＝3.069，95％ CI 1.244～7.569，P＝0.015）和BCL2强阳性（OS：HR＝2.433，95％ CI 1.165～5.082，P＝0.018；PFS：HR＝3.209，95％CI 1.606～6.410，P＝0.001）对预后影响显著；在IPI 0～2分亚组患者中，BCL6阴性（OS：HR＝2.467，95％CI 1.322～4.604，P＝0.005；PFS：HR＝2.248，95％CI 1.275～3.965，P＝0.005）和BCL2强阳性（PFS：HR＝2.045，95％CI 1.119～3.735，P＝0.020）对预后影响显著。BCL6和BCL2强阳性的联合表达与DLBCL的预后相关（P＝0.005和P<0.001），BCL6阳性/BCL2非强阳性（86例）预后最好［3年OS率（71.6±4.9）％，3年PFS率（67.0±5.1）％］，BCL6阴性/BCL2强阳性（10例）预后最差［3年OS率（20.0±12.6）％，3年PFS率（10.0±9.5）％］；BCL6、P53的联合表达与DLBCL的预后差异无统计学意义（P＝0.061和P＝0.089），但生存曲线显示BCL6阳性/P53阴性的病例（98例）预后较好［3年OS率（70.6±4.7）％，3年PFS率（64.6±4.9）％］；BCL2强阳性、P53的联合表达与DLBCL的预后显著相关（P<0.001和P<0.001），BCL2强阳性/P53阳性的病例（5例）预后最差（3年OS率和PFS率均为0）；无论BCL6与P53表达如何，BCL2强阳性的病例预后均比非强阳性病例差。

结论

BCL6阴性、P53阳性、BCL2强阳性三种免疫表型单独及联合表达对DLBCL尤其是年龄≤60岁和IPI 0～2分患者的预后预测具有一定价值。

Molecular cloning and characterization of CD63 in common carp infected with koi herpesvirus

CD63 is a member of the four-transmembrane-domain protein superfamily and is the first characterized tetraspanin protein. In the present study, we cloned the common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) CD63 (ccCD63) sequence and found that the ccCD63 ORF contained 711 bp and encoded a protein of 236 amino acids. Homology analysis revealed that the complete ccCD63 sequence had 84.08% amino acid similarity to CD63 of Sinocyclocheilus anshuiensis. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ccCD63 was localized in the cytoplasm. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that ccCD63 was expressed in the gill, intestine, liver, spleen, brain and kidney, with higher expression in spleen and brain tissues than in the other examined tissues. After koi herpesvirus (KHV) infection, these tissues exhibited various expression levels of ccCD63. The expression level was the lowest in the liver and highest in the brain; the expression level in the brain was 8.7-fold higher than that in the liver. Furthermore, knockdown of ccCD63 promoted KHV infection. Moreover, ccCD63 was correlated with the regulation of RIG-I/MAVS/TRAF3/TBK1/IRF3 and may be involved in the antiviral response through the RIG-I viral recognition signalling pathway in a TRAF3/TBK1-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggested that ccCD63 upregulated the interaction of KHV with the host immune system and suppressed the dissemination of KHV.

[Clinicopathological features of intravascular peripheral T-cell lymphoma]

Objective: To summarize the clinical and pathological features of intravascular NK and T cell lymphoma for better understanding of such disease to reduce misdiagnosis and miss-diagnosis. Methods: Clinical and pathological features were analyzed retrospectively in one case of intravascular peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (IVPTCL, NOS) , with literatures review. Results: The case presented in this study was a 66-year-old man. PET/CT scan showed multiple lymph nodes enlargement throughout the body. Normal lymph node structure could not be observed by tissue biopsy, while lymph follicles were partially disrupted. High-power light microscope revealed a large number of blood vessels with diffuse proliferation and dilation, where atypical lymphoid cell mass was restricted in the lumen and partially infiltrated the large blood vessel wall. These tumor cells were medium to large with moderate cytoplasm. The nucleus was irregular, single or multiple nucleoli could be seen, chromatin was condensed, some were empty and bright, and mitotic figures could be seen. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the neoplastic cells were positive for expression of CD3, CD43, CD8, GrB, TIA-1 and perforin. EBER in situ hybridization result was negative. Polymerase chain reaction test identified a clonal gene rearrangement of T-cell receptor γ. The patient was treated with CHOP in combination with chidamide, but died of infection and cardiopulmonary failure within 2 months. 56 cases of intravascular NK/T cell lymphoma with definite classification were collected from relevant literatures, including 47 cases with nasal type of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (27 were male and 20 were female) , 8 cases with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (3 males and 5 females) , and only one case with de nova IVPTCL, NOS in brain. We report the second case of IVPTCL,NOS, and notably originated from lymph node for the first time. Conclusions: Intravascular NK/T cell lymphoma is a highly aggressive disease with no effective treatment at present. Involvement of Lymph node has rarely been reported, and further studies on more cases are necessary.

[Prognosis and related risk factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome in elder patients]

Objective: To study the risk factors associated with the hospital survival rate of elder patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in Medical/Respiratory Intensive Care Units (MICUs/RICUs) by evaluating the prognosis, and therefore to provide insight into patient treatment strategy. Methods: Twenty MICUs/RICUs of 19 general hospitals in mainland China participated in the multicenter prospective cohort study carried out from Mar 1^st, 2016 to Feb 28^th, 2018. Patients who met the criteria of Berlin ARDS and older than 65 years were recruited. Baseline data, risk factors of ARDS, ventilator setup and prognosis data were collected from all patients. Univariant and multivariant regression analysis were conducted to analyze the factors associated with the prognosis. Results: 170 elder ARDS patients (age≥65 years) met the Berlin ARDS criteria, among whom 8.8% (15/170), 42.9% (73/170) and 48.2% (82/170) patients had mild, moderate and severe ARDS, respectively. The most common predisposing factor for elder ARDS was pneumonia, which was present in 134 patients (78.8%). 37.6% (64/170) patients were treated with noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), but 43.8% (28/64) cases experienced treatment failure. 76.5% (130/170) patients were treated with invasive mechanical ventilation. All patients 80 years or older were given invasive mechanical ventilation. 51.8% (88/170) cases had complications of non-pulmonary organ failure. 61.8% (105/170) patients deceased during hospital stay. Multivariant logistic analysis showed that the independent risk factors for hospital survival rate in elder patients with ARDS were SOFA score (P=0.030, RR=0.725, 95% CI 0.543-0.969), oxygen index after 24 hours of ARDS diagnosis (P=0.030, RR=0.196, 95% CI 0.045-0.853), accumulated fluid balance within 7 days after diagnosis of ARDS (P=0.026, RR=1.000, 95% CI 1.000-1.000) and shock (P=0.034, RR=0.140, 95% CI 0.023-0.863). Conclusion: Among 20 ICUs, the high mortality rate of elder patients with ARDS was correlated with higher 24 hour SOFA score, lower 24 hour oxygen index after ARDS diagnosis, more positive fluid balance within 7 days and concomitant shock. The conservative fluid strategy within 7 days of ARDS diagnosis may benefit the elder ARDS patients.

Relationship between tourism number and air quality by carbon footprint measurement: a case study of Jiuzhaigou Scenic Area

Both the environmental and the ecological protection are key issues in the sustainable development of tourism. As a well-known world natural and cultural heritage, intensive study about the environment of Jiuzhaigou scenic spot has been launched since China's natural landscape protection. The field of low-carbon tourism is starting to be explored in China, and this article uses the life cycle assessment theory to evaluate the footprint of Jiuzhaigou. We find that the air quality is closely related to the number of tourists. Therefore, to maintain the environment of Jiuzhaigou, the number of tourists is proposed to restrict. The contribution of this paper is to provide pricing theory for attracting potential tourists and to give a theoretical basis for controlling the number of tourists in Jiuzhaigou Scenic Area.

Molecular mechanisms of inhibitor bindings to A-FABP deciphered by using molecular dynamics simulations and calculations of MM-GBSA

Adipocyte fatty-acid binding protein (A-FABP) plays a central role in many aspects of metabolic diseases. It is an important target in drug design for treatment of FABP-related diseases. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by calculations of molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were implemented to decipher molecular mechanism correlating with binding of inhibitors 57Q, 57P and L96 to A-FABP. The results show that van der Waals interactions are the leading factors to control associations of 57Q, 57P, and L96 with A-FABP, which reveals an energetic basis for designing of clinically available inhibitors towards A-FABP. The information from PCA and cross-correlation analysis rationally unveils that inhibitor bindings affect conformational changes of A-FABP and change relative movements between residues. Decomposition of binding affinity into contributions of individual residues not only detects hot spots of inhibitor/A-FABP binding but also shows that polar interactions of the positively charged residue Arg126 with three inhibitors provide a significant contribution for stabilization of the inhibitor/A-FABP bindings. Furthermore, the binding strength of L96 to residues Ser55, Phe57 and Lys58 are stronger than that of inhibitors 57Q and 57P to these residues.

Antibiotics in marine aquaculture farms surrounding Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea: Distribution characteristics considering various culture modes and organism species

This study mainly investigated the distribution characteristics and risk assessment of 14 antibiotics in typical marine aquaculture farms surrounding the Bohai Sea. The effects of various culture modes (outdoor pond culture, recirculating water culture, greenhouse pond culture, raft culture, cage culture and bottom sowing culture), and diverse cultured organism species such as fish (grouper, bass, pike and turbot), mollusk (oyster, scallop, conch and mussel) and sea cucumber on the distribution of antibiotics in different mariculture pond matrices (seawater, sediment/biofilm and organism) were studied. In addition, antibiotic pollution levels in various matrices (water, sediment, organism and feed) from different mariculture areas surrounding the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea were compared. The biofilm on the inner wall of greenhouse pond was more capable of accumulating antibiotics than the biofilm attached to the rope for raft culture and net for cage culture, and other culture sediments. The antibiotic concentration level in the culture matrices (water, sediment/biofilm and organism) was the highest under greenhouse pond culture mode, and that under the industrial recirculating water culture mode was the lowest. Antibiotic concentration in culture matrices of fish ponds was higher than that of sea cucumber ponds and mollusk ponds. The levels of antibiotics in water and sediment from marine aquaculture farms in Laizhou (Bohai Sea coast) were higher than those in Haiyang and Jimo (Yellow Sea coast). Enrofloxacin in turbot might cause considerable harm to human health, and the risk of antibiotics in other seafood could be ignored. Antibiotic ecological risks and resistance risks were generally low in water. Fluoroquinolones posed medium to high ecological risks in the natural receiving water around the mariculture farm. Trimethoprim and enrofloxacin showed relatively high antibiotic resistance risks in mariculture water and natural water, which might exert selective pressure on the bacterial community in the environment.

[Research progress and prospect of liver cirrhosis]

Liver cirrhosis is the final stage of many chronic liver diseases, and is still a heavy disease burden. The proportion of liver cirrhosis caused by the hepatitis B virus is declining, while that caused by the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (metabolic-associated fatty liver disease) is rising. Several predictive models and techniques such as transient elastography have been used for the early non-invasive evaluation of liver cirrhosis. Effective etiological treatment and complication management are the possible key to reverse and recompense liver function during liver cirrhosis treatment. In recent years, the effectiveness and availability of anti-hepatitis B and C virus drugs have been significantly improved, which provides the basis for effective etiological treatment of liver cirrhosis. However, there is still a lack of etiological treatment measures for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, in addition to focusing on common complications, we should also manage "rare" complications. This article reviews the changes in epidemiological characteristics, the update of the natural history concepts, diagnostic evaluation methods, and the treatment measures for liver cirrhosis.

[Prevalence of Spirometra mansoni infections in hosts in Jiangsu Province]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the prevalence of Spirometra mansoni infections in hosts in Jiangsu Province, so as to provide the scientific basis for the management of sparganosis mansoni.

METHODS

From 2018 to 2019, nine counties (cities, districts) were randomly selected from Jiangsu Province as the survey sites, and 100 healthy individuals were randomly selected to perform the serological test of S. mansoni infections and the detection of S. mansoni eggs. The procercoids were detected in the intermediate host Cyclops, and the S. mansoni eggs were identified in the stool samples of the definitive hosts cats and dogs.

RESULTS

The prevalence of S. mansoni human infections was 0 (0/900) in the 9 survey sites of Jiangsu Province, and the sero-prevalence of the specific IgG antibody against S. mansoni was 1.22% (11/900). The positive rate of procercoids was 0.33% (3/900) in Cyclops. In addition, the S. mansoni egg-positive rate was 1.48% (2/135) in cats and dogs.

CONCLUSIONS

Sparganosis mansoni is prevalent in Jiangsu Province. Health education pertaining to the damages of sparganosis mansoni and the route of S. mansoni infections should be improved.

[Clinical cure strategy for hepatitis B: immunomodulatory therapy]

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major world public health problem. Current guidelines of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) suggest the clinical cure as the ideal thearapeutic goal. Although the optimization of the existing antiviral treatment can make some patients achieve clinical cure, but for most patients with chronic hepatitis B, it is difficult to achieve clinical cure according to the existing antiviral treatment plan. The medical community has begun to work together to seek new treatment strategies, especially the immune intervention measures aimed at restoring the immune response in the liver microenvironment. Notably, immune antiviral response plays a crucial role in HBV clearance, and the clinical cure of chronic hepatitis B is finally achieved through the optimized combination of antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs.

[Effect of p38MAPK gene silencing on expression of oncogenes and apoptotic genes induced by PM(2.5) in hepatocytes]

Objective: To study the effect of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene silencing on expression of apoptotic genes and oncogenes in hepatocytes treated with PM(2.5). Methods: From June to September 2019, according to the p38MAPK gene mRNA sequence provided by GenBank, three interfering sequences were designed and synthesized, ligated into PLVX-shRNA2-puro after annealing, and the recombinant lentiviral vector was transfected into L02 hepatocytes. The p38MAPK silencing cells were identified by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blotting. The normal L02 cells and p38MAPK silencing cells were treated with 50 μg/mL PM(2.5) water soluble solution, 10 μmol/L positive control Cr(6+), and a blank control group was set up, the treatment time was 24 h. The mRNA levels of oncogenes (c-fos, c-myc, k-ras) , tumor suppressor gene (p53) and apoptotic genes (Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9) were detected by real-time PCR. The protein levels of oncogenes and apoptotic genes were detected by Western blotting. Results: The expression levels of p38MAPK mRNA and protein in p38MAPK gene silencing cells were significantly lower than those in L02 hepatocytes (P<0.05) , and the p38MAPK gene silencing cell line was successfully constructed. Compared with the blank control group, the expression levels of the oncogenes c-fos, c-myc, k-ras and the apoptosis genes Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 increased, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene p53 decreased in the L02 hepatocyte group treated with PM(2.5) water soluble matter, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . Compared with the L02 hepatocytes group treated with PM(2.5) water soluble matter, the expression levels of the oncogenes c-fos, c-myc, k-ras and apoptosis genes Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 decreased, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene p53 increased in the p38MAPK gene silencing cells group treated with PM(2.5) water soluble matter, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . Conclusion: PM(2.5) has effects on the expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and apoptotic genes in L02 hepatocytes, while p38MAPK gene silencing can inhibit the effects of PM(2.5) on L02 hepatocytes.

[Effect of c-myc gene silence on the expression of oncogenes and apoptotic genes in hepatocytes treated with PM(2).5]

Objective: To construct the c-myc gene silenced hepatocytes, study the effect of c-myc gene silence on expression of oncogenes and apoptosis genes in hepatocytes treated with PM2.5. Methods: According to the c-myc gene mRNA sequence provided by GenBank, three interfering sequences were designed and synthesized, the recombinant lentiviral vector was transfected into L02 hepatocytes. The real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to identify the effect of c-myc gene silencing. L02 cells and c-myc gene silenced cells were used as experimental subjects. The normal L02 cells and c-myc silenced cells were treated with 50 μg/ml PM(2.5) water soluble solution, 10 μM positive control Cr(6+) and a blank control, the treatment period was 24 h. The mRNA levels of oncogenes (c-myc, c-fos, k-ras, p53) and apoptotic genes (Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9) were detected by real-time PCR. The protein levels of oncogenes and apoptotic genes were detected by western blotting. Results: The mRNA level and protein level of c-myc decreased by 81% and 70% in c-myc silenced cells when compared with the normal L02 hepatocytes, the above results indicate that c-myc gene silenced cells were successfully constructed. After c-myc silenced cells were treated with PM2.5 water soluble solution, The mRNA levels of c-myc, c-fos, and k-ras decreased by 84.1%, 45.4%, and 54.6% (P<0.05) , p53 increased by 192.9% (P<0.05) , and the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 decreased by 24.4%, 36.1%, 60.9% (P<0.05) . In the Cr(6+) positive control group, the expression of c-myc, c-fos, and k-ras decreased by 72.1%, 82.2%, and 54.0% (P<0.05) , p53 increased by 250.0% (P<0.05) , the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 decreased by 34.6%, 36.0%, 68.9% (P<0.05) , respectively, when compared with the normal L02 hepatocytes (P<0.05) . Western blotting results showed that the protein levels of c-myc and c-fos increased, p53 decreased after PM(2.5) exposure; the protein levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 increased after PM(2.5) exposure (P<0.05) . When in comparison with the c-myc silenced group, the protein levels of c-myc and c-fos decreased, p53 protein increased in PM(2).5 exposed group (P<0.05) . Conclusion: c-myc gene silenced cells were successfully constructed in this paper. PM(2.5) could promote the expression of oncogenes and apoptotic genes in L02 cells, and c-myc gene silencing can inhibit the expression of oncogenes and apoptotic genes after PM(2.5) treatment in L02 cells.

[Management of renal injury include hepatorenal syndrome in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis]

Renal dysfunction is common in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The types include of prerenal and postrenal, structural kidney disease, interstitial nephritis and functional renal failure, which is related to hemodynamic changes without obvious histopathological changes, the most common of which are acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome. In recent years, there have been updated to some extents in the liver cirrhosis combined with kidney diseases, especially in the definition, classification, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, management process of acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome.

Blood exosomal micro ribonucleic acid profiling reveals the complexity of hepatocellular carcinoma and identifies potential biomarkers for differential diagnosis

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, but there is a shortage of effective biomarkers for its diagnosis.

AIM

To explore blood exosomal micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) as potential biomarkers for HCC diagnosis.

METHODS

T

RESULTS

The principal component analysis suggested that daily alcohol consumption could alter the blood exosomal miRNA profiles of hepatitis B virus positive non-HCC patients through miR-3168 and miR-223-3p. The miRNA profiles also revealed the tumor stages of HCC patients. High expression of miR-455-5p and miR-30c-5p, which significantly correlated with better overall survival in tumor tissues, could also be detected in blood exosomes. Two pairs of miRNAs (miR-584-5p/miR-106-3p and miR-628-3p/miR-941) showed a 94.1% sensitivity and 68.4% specificity to differentiate HCC patients from non-HCC patients. The specificity of the combination was substantially influenced by alcohol consumption habits.

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that blood exosomal miRNAs can be used as new non-invasive diagnostic tools for HCC. However, their accuracy could be affected by tumor stage and alcohol consumption habits.

[Association between perceived built environment attributes and adults' leisure-time physical activity in four cities of China]

Objective: To explore the associations between perceived built environment attributes and adults' leisure-time physical activity in four cities of China. Methods: Multistage cluster random sampling method was used to select adults aged 25 to 64 in Hangzhou, Suzhou, Chengdu, and Qingdao. Data were collected from June 2017 to July 2018. The perception of the urban built environment was assessed by the neighborhood environment walkability scale-abbreviated (NEWS-A), and the physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Generalized linear mixed models were used to explore the relationship between the perceived built environment and leisure-time physical activities. Results: A total of 3 789 participants were included in the analysis. After adjusting for potential confounders, better access to public services (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.02-1.75) and higher aesthetic quality (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.09-1.73) were positively associated with the possibility of engaging in leisure-time physical activity in the past week. Similarly, these two attributes were positively associated with leisure-time walking. Higher scores on the perception of street connectivity were positively associated with leisure-time walking [exp(β)=1.09, 95%CI: 1.00-1.19]. Higher residential density [exp(β)=1.000 4, 95%CI:1.000 0-1.000 8], better access to physical activity destinations[exp(β)=1.09, 95%CI: 1.00-1.19], and better aesthetics [exp(β)=1.11, 95%CI:1.00-1.22] were associated with higher leisure-time physical activity. Similarly, these three attributes were positively associated with the possibility of meeting the WHO recommendations. Conclusion: Changing some urban built environment attributes may increase leisure-time physical activity.