Inferring initial state of the ancestral network of cellular fate decision: a case study of phage lambda

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) describe how gene expression is controlled by interactions among DNA and proteins. The decision network controlling prophage induction in phage lambda has served as a paradigm for studying decision control of cellular fate, which has broad implications for understanding phenomena such as embryo development, tissue regeneration, and tumorigenesis. The phage-lambda GRN dictates whether the phage enters the lytic mode or the lysogenic mode. In this work, we study the evolutionary origin of this GRN and explore the initial architecture of the proto-GRN, from which the modern GRN is evolved. Specifically, we examined the model of proto-GRN of phage-lambda containing one operator, from which the modern GRN with three operators evolved. We constructed 9 network architectures of the proto-GRNs by different combinations of the three operators O_R3, O_R2, O_R1 and the three different genomic locations. We quantified the full stochastic behavior of each of these networks through exact computation of their steady-state probability landscapes using the Accurate Chemical Master Equation(ACME) algorithm. We further analyzed changes in the copy numbers of the two key proteins CI and Cro during prophage induction upon UV irradiation at different dosages. By examining the dynamic changes of the protein copy numbers upon different UV irradiations, our results show that the network in which O_R1 located at the second site is the most probable architecture for the ancestral phage-lambda network. Our work can be extended for further analysis of the evolutionary trajectories of this cellular fate decision network.

Cloning, genome structure and expression analysis of MHC class I gene in Korean quail

1. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic region of the genome essential to immune responses and animal health. However, avian MHC genetic structure is different from that of mammals. In this study, the structure and expression of Korean quail MHC class I gene was analysed.2. The quail MHC gene consisted of eight exons and seven introns. The open reading frame of the cDNA was 353 amino acids, and the molecular weight was about 38.91 kDa. Exons 1 and 2 coded for leading peptides and alpha 1 regions, respectively. Exons 3 and 4 encoded alpha 2 and alpha 3 regions. Exons 5 to 8 coded for connecting peptides and transmembrane regions/cytoplasmic regions (TM/CY). The Korean quail MHC class I amino acid sequence shared 87% to 99% homology with Japanese quail and 71% to 75% with chicken. The amino acid shared 40% and 43% homology with humans and mice, respectively.3. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that MHC-I was highly expressed in immune tissues such as the bursa of Fabricius. Moreover, the constructed evolutionary tree was consistent with accepted evolutionary pathways.4. MHC-I is closely related to the host's immune system, and these findings may help to better understand the role of Korean quail MHC-I in the immune system.

POS0365 ANTI-TNF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR MODULATOR ANTIBODY DRUG CONJUGATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Background:

Glucocorticoids (GC) are potent drugs used for treating many inflammatory diseases. While GCs are effective in many immune diseases, dose and duration of administration is limited due to significant side effects. Resting immune cells have very little TNF expression on the cell surface and it is only in an activated state that TNF expression is upregulated. Upon immune cell stimulation, TNF is upregulated and although a significant amount of TNF is cleaved from an activated cell, a portion remains on the cell surface. We have observed that anti-TNF antibodies bind to transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) and undergo endocytosis to the lysosome (1). We have developed a stable antibody drug conjugate (ADC), ABBV-3373, that has a proprietary, highly potent, glucocorticoid receptor modulator (GRM) payload linked to an anti-TNF monoclonal antibody (mAb) that is able to deliver the GC payload to activated immune cells.

Objectives:

We hypothesized that a TNF ADC with a GRM payload would be able to deliver increased efficacy through both TNF inhibition and targeted GRM payload delivery to activated immune cells while sparing systemic glucocorticoid side effects.

Methods:

A mouse surrogate TNF GRM ADC was characterized in an acute in vivo contact hypersensitivity model of inflammation (CHS) and in a mouse model of collagen induced arthritis (mCIA). Additionally, the human anti-TNF GRM ADC, ABBV-3373 has been characterized in healthy volunteers.

Results:

In the CHS model the anti-TNF GRM ADC significantly inhibited the inflammatory response with minimal effect on systemic GC biomarkers. In mCIA a single dose of an anti-TNF GRM ADC, administered at disease onset, was able to completely inhibit arthritis for greater than 30 days while an anti-TNF mAb only partially inhibited disease. ABBV-3373, a human anti-TNF GRM ADC with a GC payload, was evaluated in a Phase 1 study in healthy volunteers. ABBV-3373 demonstrated antibody-like PK profile and ABBV-3373 did not impact cortisol levels at predicted efficacious doses while control subjects that received a single oral dose of 10 mg prednisone demonstrated expected decreases in cortisol levels.

Conclusion:

These data suggest that an anti-TNF ADC delivering a GRM payload into activated immune cells may provide improved efficacy in immune mediated diseases, while minimizing systemic side effects associated with standard GC treatment.

References:

[1]Deora, A. et al. MABs. 2017;9(4):680-695.

Disclosure of Interests:

Bob Stoffel Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Michael McPherson Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Axel Hernandez Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Christian Goess Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Suzanne Mathieu Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Wendy Waegell Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Shaughn Bryant Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Adrian Hobson Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Melanie Ruzek Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Yinuo Pang Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Hartmut Kupper Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Ronilda D’Cunha Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Julie Parmentier Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Timothy Radstake Shareholder of: AbbVie, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie

11-year follow-up outcomes of catheter ablation of para-hisian accessory pathways

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Ablation of para-hisian accessory pathways (APs) remains challenging due to anatomic characteristics and few studies have focused on the causes for recurrence of radiofrequency ablation of para-hisian APs.

Objective

This retrospective single center study was aimed to explore the risk factors for recurrence of para-hisian APs.

Methods

113 patients who had a para-hisian AP with an acute success were enrolled in the study. In the 11-year follow-up, 15 cases had a recurrent para-hisian AP. Therefore 98 patients were classified into success group while 15 patients were classified into recurrence group. Demographic and ablation characteristics were analyzed.

Results

Gender difference was similar in two groups. The median age was 36.2 years old and was younger in recurrence group. Maximum ablation power was significantly higher in success group (29 ± 7.5 vs 22.9 ± 7.8, p < 0.01). Ablation time of final target sites was found to be markedly higher in success group (123.4 ± 53.1 vs 86.7 ± 58.3, p < 0.05). Ablation time less than 60 seconds was detected in 12 (12.2%) cases in success group and 7 (46.7%) cases in recurrence group (p < 0.01). Occurrence of junctional rhythm was significantly higher in recurrence group (25.5% vs 53.3%, p < 0.05). No severe conduction block, no pacemaker implantation and no stroke were reported. Junctional rhythm during ablation (OR = 3.833, 95%CI 1.083-13.572, p = 0.037) and ablation time <60s (OR = 5.487, 95%CI 1.411-21.340, p = 0.014) were independent risk factors for the recurrence of para-hisian AP.

Conclusions

Considering the long-term safety of ablation of para-hisian AP, proper extension of ablation time and increase of ablation power could be applied during operation.

[Effect of long non-coding RNA MBNL1-AS1 expression on prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia patients]

Objective: To explore the prognosis effect of the expression of long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MBNL1-AS1 on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Methods: One hundred and twenty-five AML patients of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) from November 2001 to March 2010 were involved, including 70 patients who received chemotherapy only and other 55 patients treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in addition to chemotherapy. According to the median expression of lncRNA MBNL1-AS1, patients of chemotherapy group were divided into high expression sub-group(n=35) and low expression sub-group (n=35), and patients of allo-HSCT group were also divided into high expression sub-group (n=28) and low expression sub-group (n=27) for prognosis analysis. Clinical characteristics at diagnosis, including peripheral white blood cell counts (WBC), blast percentages in peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM), French-American-British (FAB) subtypes and the frequencies of common genetic mutations in AML were described. The event-free survival (EFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate of patients in different groups were analyzed, and the influence of the clinical characteristics of patients on the prognosis of AML was analyzed by COX multivariate analysis. Results: In the chemotherapy group, patients with low lncRNA-MBNL1-AS1 expression had significantly lower EFS and OS (60.0%, 8.6%) than patients with high lncRNA-MBNL1-AS1 expression (68.6%, 34.3%) (χ²=7.817, 10.880, all P<0.01). However, in the alloHSCT group, no significant differences were observed in EFS and OS of patients between high and low expression groups of lncRNA-MBNL1-AS1 (all P>0.05). COX multivariate analysis confirmed that age≥60 years old (EFS: HR (95%CI): 6.934 (1.918-25.075),P=0.003;OS: HR (95%CI): 4.119 (1.812-9.364), P=0.001), and low expression of lncRNA MBNL1-AS1 (EFS: HR (95%CI): 0.354 (0.126-0.941), P=0.038; OS: HR (95%CI): 0.424 (0.231-0.778), P=0.006)were independent risk factors for EFS and OS in the chemotherapy group. Conclusion: The long-chain non-coding RNA MBNL1-AS1 is related to the prognosis of AML, and its low expression is an independent poor prognostic factor in AML patients.

Role of the active cycle of breathing technique combined with phonophoresis for the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): study protocol for a preliminary randomized controlled trial

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by coughing, the production of excess sputum, and dyspnea. Patients with excessively thick sputum may have frequent attacks or develop more serious disease. The guidelines recommend airway clearance for patients with excessive sputum who are hospitalized with COPD. The active cycle of breathing technique is the most common non-pharmacological airway clearance technique used by physiotherapists. However, the effectiveness of the technique is not always guaranteed. Active cycle of breathing techniques require the initial dilution of the sputum, usually by inhalation drugs, which may have limited effects. Recent studies have found that phonophoresis decreases inflammation, suggesting the potential of the combined usage of active cycle of breathing techniques and phonophoresis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness and safety of combining active cycle of breathing technique and phonophoresis in treating COPD patients.

Methods and analysis

We propose a single-blind randomized controlled trial using 75 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COPD with excessive sputum production. The patients will be divided into three groups. The intervention group will receive active cycle of breathing techniques combined with phonophoresis. The two comparison groups will be treated with active cycle of breathing techniques and phonophoresis, respectively. The program will be implemented daily for 1 week. The primary outcomes will be changes in sputum viscosity and production, lung function, and pulse oximetry. Secondary outcomes include the assessment of COPD and anxiety, measured by the COPD Assessment Test scale and the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease, respectively; self-satisfaction; the degree of cooperation; and the length of hospital stay. All outcome measures, with the exception of sputum production and additional secondary outcomes, will be assessed at the commencement of the study and after 1 week’s intervention. Analysis of variance will be used to investigate differences between the groups, and a p-value of less than 0.05 (two-tailed) will be considered statistically significant.

Discussion

This study introduces a combination of active cycle of breathing techniques and phonophoresis to explore the impact of these interventions on patients hospitalized with COPD. If this combined intervention is shown to be effective, it may prove to be a better treatment for patients with COPD.

Trial registration

The trial was registered prospectively on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 24 December 2019.ClinicalTrials.gov ChiCTR1900028506. Registered on December 2019.

A6 THE ROLE OF TUFT CELLS IN INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS

Background

Intestinal epithelial cells may actively regulate homeostasis by recognizing and responding to extracellular signals. One of these cell types, tuft cells, has been proposed to have a role in secretion, absorption, and reception. However, their role in the intestine has not been fully characterized. We have found that tuft cells express the SH2 domain-containing inositol 5’-phosphatase (SHIP), which was formerly thought to be restricted to hematopoietic cells. SHIP negatively regulates PI3K-mediated cell growth, proliferation, and activation. Tuft cells secrete IL-25, which activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), leading to type 2 immune responses. Tuft cells may contribute to inflammation in the intestine by increasing ILC2 numbers and/or activation, leading to type II inflammation.

Aims

My hypothesis is that SHIP inhibits tuft cell responses to innate immune stimuli by limiting PI3K activation. Moreover, SHIP deficiency will increase tuft cell responses to commensal microbes, causing ILC2-mediated type II inflammation. To investigate the role of SHIP in tuft cell responses in vivo, I will use a tuft cell-specific SHIP deficient mouse in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model.

Methods

We created a mouse deficient in SHIP only in intestinal tuft cells (Fabpcre x SHIPfl/fl) to investigate the impact of SHIP deficiency in tuft cells on responses to luminal microbes. Tuft cell-specific SHIP deficient mice (8-week-old) and their wild type littermates were subjected to DSS-induced colitis for 7 days. Clinical disease activity was monitored daily and gross pathology, including total colon length, was examined at the experimental endpoint. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory type I and type II cytokines were assessed in colonic tissue homogenates via ELISA.

Results

During DSS-induced colitis, mice with SHIP deficient tuft cells had increased disease activity compared to their wild type littermates, particularly evident in their weight loss. Mice with SHIP deficient tuft cells also had significantly shorter colons than their wild type littermates. IL-25 concentrations (produced by tuft cells) were increased in full thickness colon homogenates from mice with SHIP deficient tuft cells. In contrast, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF did not differ between genotypes. Thus, increased tuft cell activity due to SHIP deficiency correlated with increased disease severity during DSS-induced colitis.

Conclusions

SHIP deficiency in intestinal tuft cells leads to increased tuft cell activity and exacerbated colitis during DSS treatment. Tuft cells may contribute to inflammation via IL-25 production, leading to increased type II inflammation by ILC2s. In future studies, we will target IL-25 in this model to determine whether increased tuft cell IL-25 production plays a causal role in disease exacerbation.

Funding Agencies

NSERC

A188 TARGETING RIPK2 TO TREAT INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY SHIP DEFICIENCY

Background

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic inflammation along the gastrointestinal tract. We have described the SHIP-/- mouse model of CD-like intestinal inflammation. SHIP-/- mice develop spontaneous ileal inflammation that is characterized by villus hyperplasia and disorganization, edema, immune cell infiltration, ulceration, loss of goblet cells, and muscle wall thickening. SHIP deficiency in people with CD has been associated with a more severe and treatment-refractory disease. Interestingly, NOD2 gene variants, which are the most profound genetic associations for CD, are also associated with a more severe CD phenotype. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a molecular associated microbial pattern, which activates the NOD2 signalling pathway. Recently, SHIP has been reported to play a role in the NOD2 pathway by disrupting the downstream interaction between RIPK2 and XIAP required for NOD2-mediated NFκB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Aims

Based on this, we hypothesized that SHIP deficiency contributes to inflammation in CD by increasing NOD2-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Moreover, RIPK2 inhibitors will block intestinal inflammation caused by SHIP deficiency by blocking RIPK2-XIAP interactions required for NOD2 signalling and resultant pro-inflammatory cytokine production. To test this hypothesis, my aim was to determine the effect of RIPK2 inhibitors on the development of spontaneous intestinal inflammation in SHIP-/- mice.

Methods

6 week-old SHIP-/- mice (and SHIP+/+ mice controls) were treated with RIPK2 inhibitors, FCG806791773 or Z1210264067, by intra-pertioneal injections every other day for 2 weeks and compared to SHIP-/- mice treated with 2% DMSO in PBS, as a vehicle control. On Day 14, distal ilea were harvested and gross pathology was assessed. Cross-sections of the ilea were H&E stained to evaluate histological damage based on villi architecture, edema, immune cell infiltration, ulceration, goblet cell loss, and muscle wall thickening.

Results

As expected, SHIP+/+ mice did not have gut pathology and their healthy gut phenotype was not affected by RIPK2 inhibitors. SHIP-/- mice had ileal inflammation that was evident in gross pathology and in H&E-stained tissue sections. Importantly, SHIP-/- mice treated with RIPK2 inhibitors, FCG806791773 or Z1210264067, had reduced gross pathology compared to vehicle control-treated mice. Z1210264067 treated SHIP-/- mice also had significantly lower histological damage compared to vehicle control-treated SHIP-/- mice.

Conclusions

RIPK2 inhibitors reduced gross and histopathology in SHIP-/- mice suggesting that RIPK2 inhibitors may be an effective treatment for people with CD, and may be particularly effective in people with CD, who harbor NOD2 risk variants and/or have low SHIP activity.

Funding Agencies

CCC, CIHR

[Nutritional risk screening and related factors of cancer patients in community of Shanghai, 2018-2019]

Objective: To study the risk of malnutrition and related factors of cancer patients in community of Shanghai. Methods: From October 2018 to January 2019, four communities, Pengpu New Village Street, Pengpu Town, Jiangning Road Street, and Caojiadu Street, from 14 communities in Jing 'an District, Shanghai City, were selected by using a random cluster sampling method based on the Shanghai Cancer Registration and reporting system. All cases of malignant tumors and benign tumors of the central nervous system were included. A total of 4 396 questionnaires were distributed. After the exclusion of 9 invalid questionnaires, 3 310 valid questionnaires were included with a rate of 99.73%. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect data including basic demographic characteristics, history of malignant, physical and psychological pain, nutritional demands and cognitive status. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tools (MUST) was used to analyze the nutritional risk of cancer patients in the community. Multivariate logistic regression model was applied to analyze potential factors. Results: Among the 3 310 cancer patients who completed the survey, the average age of study participants was (64.05±13.02), and 1 467 cases (44.32%) were males. The incidence rate of nutritional risk was 12.84% (425/3 310). The result of logistic regression analysis showed that compared with male, other cancer patients and no physical pain, the risk factors of the occurrence of nutritional included: female (OR=1.53,95%CI:1.23-1.92), head and neck malignant tumors (OR=1.42,95%CI:1.07-1.90), bronchus/lung malignant tumors (OR=1.93,95%CI:1.43-2.61), liver, biliary/pancreatic malignant tumors (OR=2.11,95%CI:1.21-3.65) and upper gastrointestinal malignant tumors (OR=6.04,95%CI:4.31-8.46), patients with physical pain (OR=1.39,95%CI:1.02-1.89). Conclusion: Nutritional risk of cancer patients is higher in community of Shanghai. Gender, location of tumors and physical pain are associated with the occurrence of nutritional risk.

Improved Multi-domain Convolutional Neural Networks Method for Vehicle Tracking

In the field of intelligent transportation, background complexity, lighting changes, occlusion, and scale transformation affect the tracking results of moving vehicles in the video. We propose an improved vehicle object tracking algorithm based on Multi-Domain Convolutional Neural Networks (MDNet), combining the instance segmentation method with the MDNet algorithm, adding two attention mechanisms to the algorithm. The module extracts better features, ensures that the vehicle object adapts to changes in appearance, and greatly improves tracking performance. Our improved algorithm has a tracking precision rate of 91.8% and a success rate of 67.8%. The Vehicle Tracking algorithm is evaluated on the Object Tracking Benchmark (OTB) data set. The tracking results are compared with eight mainstream object tracking algorithms, and the results show that our improved algorithm has excellent performance. The object tracking precision rate and tracking success rate of this algorithm have achieved excellent results in many cases.

Depressive symptoms, professional quality of life and turnover intention in Korean nurses

AIM

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of depressive symptoms and professional quality of life on turnover intention.

BACKGROUND

The high turnover rate of nurses is a critical healthcare issue globally.

INTRODUCTION

Nurses often experience depressive symptoms and compassion fatigue due to the efforts of patient care. The impact of such psychological health issues on turnover intention needs to be confirmed.

METHODS

Participants were 10 163 female nurses who completed an online or mobile survey using the Korea Nurses' Health Study. To identify the influencing factors on the turnover intention of nurses, descriptive statistics, spearman's correlation coefficients and multivariable ordinal logistic regression were performed.

RESULTS

The turnover intention increased by about 2.81-4.60 times when depressive symptom was moderate or more, 1.14 times when secondary traumatic stress disorder was moderate or more, and 1.54 times when burnout was moderate or more. When compassion satisfaction was moderate or high, the turnover intention decreased by 0.72 and 0.52 times.

DISCUSSION

Korean nurses demonstrated high levels of depressive symptoms, secondary traumatic stress and burnout, while demonstrating lower levels of compassion satisfaction. The results of this study demonstrate that depressive symptoms, secondary traumatic stress, burnout and compassion satisfaction affect turnover intention.

CONCLUSIONS

To reduce nurses' turnover intention, it is necessary to reduce depressive symptoms and enhance the quality of professional life.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY

Hospital managers need to maintain adequate nurse-to-patient ratios and provide nurses with a supportive work environment. Also, health policymakers need to identify factors affecting hospital nurses' turnover intention and provide strategies to address them. These conditions may reduce the excessive workload placed on nurses, thereby preventing depression and burnout and improving nurses' quality of work-life.

Dynamic control of adipose tissue development and adult tissue homeostasis by platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha

Adipocytes arise from distinct progenitor populations during developmental and adult stages but little is known about how developmental progenitors differ from adult progenitors. Here, we investigate the role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) in the divergent regulation of the two different adipose progenitor cells (APCs). Using in vivo adipose lineage tracking and deletion mouse models, we found that developmental PDGFRα+ cells are adipogenic and differentiated into mature adipocytes, and the deletion of Pdgfra in developmental adipose lineage disrupted white adipose tissue (WAT) formation. Interestingly, adult PDGFRα+ cells do not significantly contribute to adult adipogenesis, and deleting Pdgfra in adult adipose lineage did not affect WAT homeostasis. Mechanistically, embryonic APCs require PDGFRα for fate maintenance, and without PDGFRα, they underwent fate change from adipogenic to fibrotic lineage. Collectively, our findings indicate that PDGFRα+ cells and Pdgfra gene itself are differentially required for WAT development and adult WAT homeostasis.

The potential mechanism of INHBC and CSF1R in diabetic nephropathy

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to research the potential mechanism of INHBC and CSF1R in diabetic nephropathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

30 SD rats were selected and randomly divided into Con group, Sham group, and DN group. In the DN group, intraperitoneal injection of the streptozotocin-citrate solution was conducted to construct the DN model. In the Sham group, intraperitoneal injection of equal citrate solution was conducted. The Con group did not do anything. After successful modeling, blood glucose, insulin, biochemical indexes, and levels of inflammatory cytokines in blood samples were detected. The expression levels of INHBC, CSF1R, apoptosis-related proteins and IGF-1 were detected by Western blot. MRNA expression levels of INHBC, CSF1R, IGF-1 and inflammatory cytokines were detected by qPCR.

RESULTS

Compared with the Con group, the expression levels of blood glucose, insulin, biochemical indexes, INHBC, CSF1R, IGF-1, IL-6, TNF-α and Bcl2 increased in the DN group, while the expression levels of IL-10, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and Bax decreased. INHBC mRNA was positively correlated with IGF-1 mRNA. CSF1R was negatively correlated with Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Bax, and IL-10, and positively correlated with IL-6, TNF-α, and Bcl2.

CONCLUSIONS

NHBC and CSF1R induced the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α, inhibited the production of IL-10, inhibited apoptosis of cells, and promoted the proliferation of renal cells during DN disease. Therefore, INHBC and CSF1R can be used as target objects of DN treatment strategies.

[Analysis the features of familial benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]

Objective:The family heredity of BPPV disease was preliminarily discussed in order to guide the clinical practice, prevent early and shorten the course of BPPV disease in the future. Method:Familial BPPV patients were enquired and registered in detail, including gender, age at first onset, occupation, inducing factors, symptoms, diagnosis, sleep status and clinical manifestations. Analysis of the clinical data. Result:Nine patients with idiopathic BPPV from four families had no definite pathogenic factors, accounting for 0.4% of the patients with idiopathic BPPV, including 3 males and 6 females; the age of first onset ranged from 31 to 66 years old. the course of disease ranged from 2 days to 8 years; the duration of nystagmus ranged from seconds to 1 minute. The main clinical symptoms were dizziness and visual rotation related to position transformation. Family 1, 3 and 4 patients had a history of fatigue. Family 2 patients had a predisposing factor of forced lateral decubitus due to lumbar discomfort. All patients had nystagmus lasting less than 1 minute and were single-tube involvement, all patients were canalithiasis. Different patients in the same family have different pathogenic locations. Conclusion:Familial BPPV is urgent to attract the attention of clinicians and the public. Early clinical test for suspected familial BPPV can play a role in early prevention and shorten the process of disease, so as to improve the life quality of patients.

Liver Tissue-related Metabolic Mechanism of Different Infusion Volumes for Hemorrhagic Shock

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the curative effects of various infusion volumes on liver-related metabolic mechanism in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock.

METHODS

A severe hemorrhagic shock rabbit model was established in 30 rabbits. The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups： non-infusion group （A）, conventional infusion group （B）, and excessive infusion group （C） （n=10 in each group）. Taking group B as the control, groups A and C were observed for the damage of non-infusion and excessive infusion, respectively. The outcomes in the three groups and their relations with liver tissue metabolism changes were analyzed with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC-MS）.

RESULTS

The mortality in groups A, B, and C group were 80%, 0%, and 70%, respectively. The liver tissue metabolic profile in group B showed statistically significant difference compared with that in groups A and B. In group C, the levels of 21 metabolites were lower than those in group B, and the levels of 8 metabolites were lower than those in group A. The relative contents of various metabolites were correlated with infusion volumes, and the succinic acid content was associated with death events （P<0.05）.

CONCLUSIONS

The conventional infusion has significant curative effect on hemorrhagic shock. The metabolites of liver tissues with excessive infusion are generally decompensated and have longer survival time than those in non-infusion group, which may caused by the excessive infusion-induced blood volume increase after hemorrhagic shock. Tissue fluid dilution is an important cause of death.