A new tospovirus causing chlorotic ringspot on Hippeastrum sp. in China

A new tospovirus, HCRV 2007-ZDH, was isolated from a Hippeastrum sp. plant displaying necrotic and chlorotic ringspot symptoms in Yunnan province. This virus isolate was characterized based on particle morphology and RNA sequences analyses. Quasi-spherical, enveloped particles measuring about 70-100 nm, typical of tospoviruses, were observed in sap and cells of the infected plants. Transmission studies by inoculating this isolate mechanically to Hippeastrum sp. confirmed that 2007-ZDH is the causal agent of the chlorotic ringspot disease of Hippeastrum sp. The complete sequence of S RNA of 2007-ZDH was 2,744 nucleotides in length, sharing 74.4 % nucleotide identity with Tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV) isolate tomato (AY686718). The S RNA encoded a non-structural protein (NSs) (444 aa, 50.4 kDa) and the nucleocapsid (N) protein (273 aa, 30.1 kDa).The deduced NSs protein shared amino acid identities of 78.6, 76.3, and 74.9 % with that of TYRV, IYSV, and PolRSV, respectively. The deduced N protein shared amino acid identities of 86.1, 84.7, and 70.0 % with that of PolRSV, TYRV, and IYSV, respectively. These results suggest that the chlorotic ringspot virus belongs to a new tospovirus species, for which the name Hippeastrum chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRV) is proposed.

Occurrence of Chilli veinal mottle virus in Nicotiana tabacum in Yunnan, China

Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is an important crop in Yunnan Province, China. During a survey in July 2010, tobacco plants (N. tabacum cv. Yunyan 85) in the fields near Dali County in the northwest Yunnan Province of China had symptoms of chlorosis along leaf veins and later showed symptoms of white or brown necrosis along the veins. In 10 surveyed fields in Baizhishu Village in the city of Weishan, a commercial tobacco field (10 ha) developed virus-like disease symptoms; the incidence of affected plants ranged from 0.5 to 3%, which caused obvious economic losses. An isolate (YN75) was collected at random from five symptomatic leaves sampled from five plants. Negative staining of crude extracts of the infected leaves and subsequent electron microscopy revealed flexuous rods of 12 to 13 × 750 nm. Pinwheel-like inclusion bodies were abundant in thin sections of infected leaves. The particle size suggested a species of Potyviridae. Thus, the isolate was assayed in double antibody sandwich-ELISA (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) for the presence of Potato virus Y, Tobacco etch virus, and Tobacco vein mottling virus. All antigens gave negative results. Total RNA was extracted from leaves and tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The primer M4-T (5'-GTT TTC CCA GTC ACG ACT TTT TTT TTT TTT TT-3') was employed for cDNA synthesis described by Chen et al (1). The primer set ChiVMV-F (5'-TAG TTG YGC ATA C (C/G) C AGG AGA GAG-3')/M4 (5'-GTT TTC CCA GTC ACG AC-3') is complimentary to the region of coat protein and 3'-untranslated region of Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), respectively. The expected 1,189-bp fragments were amplified from RNA templates and the amplicon was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. HQ218936). Comparisons of amplicons with the amino acid sequence available in the NCBI database using BLAST showed 91.4% identity with ChiVMV from India (GenBank Accession No. EF213688) and 90.7% with ChiVMV from Taiwan (Accession No. DQ854950). The virus particle size, RT-PCR results, and sequence data revealed that these tobacco plants were infected by ChiVMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ChiVMV infecting N. tabacum in China. Reference: (1) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757, 2001.

First Report of Kidney Bean Little Leaf Disease Associated with 16SrII Group Phytoplasma in China

Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important cash crop in China. It is widely grown in the Yunnan Province in the southwest region. In November of 2008, a new disease was observed on kidney bean plants grown in Yuanmou County. Affected plants displayed symptoms that included numerous twisted lateral shoots with abundant, tiny trifoliate leaves that were approximately one-tenth the size of healthy leaves. Some affected leaves, which were slightly distorted and oblong to oval, were evident on diseased plants and appeared pale green. On plants with little leaf symptoms, flowers were poorly formed, withered or aborted, and no pods were present. Surveys conducted in areas affected by disease revealed the presence of the disease in approximately 10% of the plants. DNA was extracted from 0.1 g of petioles and midveins harvested from both diseased and symptomless plants with the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Plants were evaluated for phytoplasma infection by a nested PCR assay with phytoplasma specific ribosomal operon primer pair P1/Tint followed by R16F2/R16R2 (2,3). An rDNA product of approximately 1,250 bp was amplified from seven of seven diseased plants, whereas no products were amplified from symptomless plants or a negative control devoid of DNA. Digests of nested PCR products (approximately 200 ng) with endonucleases AluI, ScaI, or EcoRI revealed no differences in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) among diseased plants. The amplicon was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. GQ336993). Comparison of in silico RFLP profiles with published profiles showed that kidney bean little leaf phytoplasma is a member of peanut witches' broom group 16SrII. Blast analysis of the kidney bean little leaf phytoplasma 16S rDNA sequence revealed that this strain is most similar (99.0%) to Syringa oblata yellows phytoplasma (Accession No. FJ263629) and to other phytoplasmas classified as group 16SrII members. Previously, phytoplasmas identified as 16SrII strains have been reported as probable cause of cactus witches' broom (1) and crotalaria witches' broom (4) in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a 16SrII phytoplasma infecting the kidney bean in China. References: (1) H. Cai et al. Plant Pathol. 51:394, 2002. (2) I.-M Lee et al. Phytopathology 83:834, 1993. (3) C. D. Smart et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2988, 1996 (4) Z. H. Wang et al. Plant Pathol. 57:364, 2008.

Loneliness, social support and family function of people living with HIV/AIDS in Anhui rural area, China

The main purpose of this study was to investigate how loneliness was associated with social support and family function among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in an HIV-stricken area of China. Two hundred and nineteen PLWHA were surveyed using the UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles)-Loneliness Scale, the Social Support Rate Scale and the Family APGAR (Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve) Index. The results indicated that the majority (84.5%) of PLWHA had moderate to high levels of loneliness, with a mean score of 47.62 and a standardized score of 59.53. The level of loneliness was significantly different in subjects' occupations, but not in other sociodemographic variables. Social support, family function and all dimensions except utilizations of support were significantly negatively associated with loneliness. Multiple regression revealed that less social support and poor family function were associated with more loneliness. In conclusion, loneliness prevails among PLWHA. It may limit PLWHA's ability or access to social relationship. These findings support the hypothesis that if PLWHA are better supported and cared for, their negative psychosocial consequences might be prevented or at least reduced.

First Report of Cherry virus A in Sweet Cherry Trees in China

Plants in the genus Prunus of the family Rosaceae are important fruit and ornamental trees in China. In June of 2007, sweet cherry (Prunus avium) trees with mottling and mosaic symptoms were observed in a private garden near Kunming, Yunnan Province. Twenty-four samples, six each from sweet cherry, sour cherry (P. cerasus), flowering cherry (P. serrulata), and peach (P. persica) were collected from trees in private and community gardens in the area. The peach and sour and flowering cherry trees did not show any symptoms. Total nucleic acids were extracted using a cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) extraction method, and the extracts were tested for the following eight viruses by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR: American plum line pattern virus, Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, Cherry green ring mottle virus, Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus, Cherry virus A (CVA), Little cherry virus 1, Prune dwarf virus, and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. Only CVA was detected in two symptomatic sweet cherry trees by RT-PCR with forward (5'-GTGGCATTCAACTAGCACCTAT-3') and reverse (5'-TCAGCTGCCTCAGCTTGGC-3') primers specific to an 873-bp fragment of the CVA replicase gene (2). The CVA infection of the two trees was confirmed by RT-PCR using primers CVA-7097U and CVA-7383L that amplified a 287-bp fragment from the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the virus (1). Amplicons from both amplifications were cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences of the 873-bp fragments (GenBank Accession Nos. EU862278 and EU862279) showed that they were 98% identical with each other and 97 to 98% with the type isolate of CVA from Germany (GenBank Accession No. NC_003689). The 286-bp sequences of the 3'-UTR (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ608982 and FJ608983) were 93% identical with each other and 93 to 98% with the type isolate. The sequence indicated that the three isolates were very similar and should be considered to be the same strain. CVA is a member of the genus Capillovirus in the family Flexiviridae and has been previously reported in Europe, North America, and Japan. The contribution of CVA to the symptoms observed and its distribution in China remain to be evaluated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CVA in sweet cherry in China. References: (1) M. Isogai et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 70:288. (2) W. Jelkmann. J. Gen. Virol. 76:2015, 1995.

Stilbene C-glucosides from Cissus repens

Four new stilbene C-glucosides, namely trans-3-O-methyl-resveratrol-2-C-beta-glucoside (1), cis-3-O-methyl-resveratrol-2-C-beta-glucoside (2), trans-3-O-methyl-resveratrol-2-(2-p-coumaric)-C-beta-glucoside (cissuside A) (3), and trans-3-O-methyl-resveratrol-2-(3-p-coumaric)-C-beta-glucoside (cissuside B) (4), were isolated from the aerial parts of Cissus repens, along with known trans-resveratrol (5), trans-resveratrol-2-C-beta-glucoside (6) and cis-resveratrol-2-C-beta-glucoside (7). Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Stilbene C-glucosides were found in the genus Cissus for the first time.

Molecular characterization of a distinct begomovirus infecting tobacco in Yunnan, China

Virus isolate Y3V, obtained from tobacco showing leaf curl symptoms in Yunnan, China, had particles with the size and morphology typical of geminiviruses. In reactions with a set of monoclonal antibodies raised against begomoviruses, Y3V was readily differentiated from two previously studied Chinese Begomovirus isolates. The complete nucleotide sequence of a DNA-A-like molecule of Y3V was determined; it comprises 2744 nucleotides and has a typical Begomovirus genome organization. When compared with the DNA-A sequences of other begomoviruses, the total DNA-A of Y3V was most closely related to that of Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) (85% sequence identity), but the Y3V intergenic region differed greatly from those of the other sequences (maximum 70% identity). In contrast, the deduced coat protein of Y3V is most like that of Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus-[1] (TYLCTHV-[1]) (92% amino acid sequence identity). The molecular data show that the Yunnan isolate of Tobacco leaf curl virus is a distinct Begomovirus species, for which the name Tobacco leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) is proposed.

Molecular characterization of a novel defective DNA isolated from tobacco tissues infected with tobacco leaf curl virus

Defective DNA of tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCV) was identified in TLCV-infected tobacco plants. The defective DNA was cloned and sequenced. The sequence showed it was about half the size of the TLCV DNA-A, and was derived from TLCV DNA-A by a large deletion. The defective DNA contained the intergenic region and part of the AC1 (Rep) gene of TLCV, and also novel open reading frames (ORFs). The immunotrapping tests showed the defective DNA was associated with geminate particles, suggesting it could be encapsidated in virus particles. It was transmitted, along with full-length DNA-A, to tobacco plants by grafting and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).

Computer-assisted quantitative measurements by three-dimensional images on zygomatic fracture deformities

OBJECTIVE

To investigate an available method for quantitative diagnosis of zygomatic fractures that allow quantitative classification and diagnosis.

METHODS

The radiographs and 2- and 3-dimensional CT images of 57 patients with zygomatic fractures were measured and analyzed by a computer-assisted measuring system before and after treatment. This was used to diagnose the displacement and deformity of the fractures.

RESULTS

(1) Using anthropology points and a computer-assisted measuring system, a new method was established to assess the displacement of the zygomatic fractures. (2) Displacement of the zygomatic fractures was approximately diagnosed by measuring different angles of the CT images. (3) A new classification was proposed based on the deformities of the zygomatic fractures: Type A, zygomatic body was intact and not displaced; Type B, zygomatic body was intact but displaced (including comminuted zygomatic arch fractures); Type C, zygomatic body was comminuted and displaced. (4) There were 4 subtypes with characteristics in the most common Type B fractures. (5) Different images had different advantages for diagnosing zygomatic fractures.

CONCLUSIONS

(1) Displacement of the zygomatic fractures can be quantitatively diagnosed by measuring 3-D CT images. (2) The computer-assisted 3-D CT measuring system is accurate, reliable, and clinically feasible for diagnosing zygomatic fractures. (3) The best image to diagnose the displacement of the fractures should be used.

Telomerase activity is not related to apoptosis in leukemic cell lines

Any deregulation of apoptosis or an escape from cellular senescence will drive the cells to neoplasia. It remains unclear whether there is a direct linkage between apoptosis and telomerase activity particularly in transformed cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the telomerase activities in three leukemic cell lines (HL-60, U937 and K562) after treating these cells with various doses of antitumor drugs, puromycin or actinomycin D (ActD). Our results showed that HL-60 cells underwent apoptosis rapidly when treated with either 20 microg/ml of puromycin or 5 microg/ml of Act D with more than 60% of the cells becoming apoptotic at 6 hrs and almost 100% at 12 hrs. But telomerase activity analyzed by TRAP assay in these apoptotic cells remained unchanged as compared with the untreated control cells suggesting that whether the cells were apoptotic or not, it had no effect on telomerase activity. However, if lower dosages of the drugs were used, that is, 0.5-1.5 microg/ml of puromycin or 0.01-0.5 microg/ml of Act D, a decrease in telomerase activity was observed at 24-48 hrs, and was completely undetectable at 72 hrs. This decrease in telomerase activity was dose- and time-dependent. The suppression of telomerase activity by low doses of these two drugs is probably due to the inhibitory effect of the drugs on protein translation or RNA transcription rather than direct inhibition of the telomerase activity. Flow cytometry analysis of the cell cycle of the drug-treated cells showed that these drugs unselectively induced apoptosis at all phases of the cell cycle and was unrelated to the changes in telomerase activity. Similar results were observed in U937 and K562 cells except that K562 cells underwent apoptosis more slowly than the former two cell lines.

[RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of the Taihu pigs]

The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of the Taihu pigs were studied using RAPD technique. A total of 57 individuals were used, and the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using UPGMA method based on 198 RAPD markers which were amplified with 13 decamer primers. The results indicate as the following: (1) The similarity indexes within each strain and between the strains of the Taihu pigs are all high. The average genetic distance between the strains is 0.052. These results indicate that the Taihu pigs exhibit relatively low level of genetic variation and poor genetic diversity; (2) The Hongdenglong pig is also a strain of the Taihu pigs; (3) The Taihu pigs have close phylogenetic relationship with the Chinese wild boar occurred in the Taihu Lake area; (4) Two lineages diverged in the early stage during the course of the formation of the Taihu pigs. One of the lineage gave rise to the strains of Mizhu, Erhualian, Jiaxinhei and Hongdenglong, another lineage gave rise to the strains of Shawutou, Meishan, Fengjing and Hengjing. The strategy for genetic diversity conservation of the Taihu pigs was discussed.

Studies on contributing factors in temporomandibular disorders

OBJECTIVE

To better understand the pathogenesis of TMD by studying microtrauma of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), immune responses within TMJ, and psychosocial factors of the past ten years.

METHODS

Condyle and disc movements from 38 patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were observed with the use of videotape recording and soundtape recording techniques after TMJ arthrography. Pathological changes following occlusal trauma were examined using an animal model. Immune complexes in condyle cartilage; antibody to collagen II; and cytokines such as interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6 were detected in synovial fluid of TMD. Psychosocial characteristics were analyzed with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) of 80 TMD patients and the Life Events Experience Survey (LEES) of 42 TMD patients.

RESULTS

Persistent and recurrent microtrauma did exist within joints of TMD patients, caused by occlusal trauma and occlusal interference. Occlusal trauma in animals could induce condyle and disc degenerative changes that are similar to the findings in TMJ osteoarthrosis patients. Sequestered antigens within cartilage could be exposed to the immune system after joint degeneration. Humoral and cellular immune responses did exist within TMJ and played an important role in the pathogenesis of TMD. Forty percent of TMD patients suffered from psychosomatic disorders, significantly more than in the healthy control.

CONCLUSION

Microtrauma of TMJ, immune responses within TMJ, psychosocial factors, and anatomical structures of the TMJ itself are the four main contributing factors of TMD. Possible mechanisms of the interactions of the four factors are presented, and principles of preventing and treating TMD are also suggested.

Orthognathic surgery correction of mandibular hypoplasia accompanying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To examine the surgical correction methods for treating cases of severe mandibular hypoplasia accompanying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).

METHODS

Sixteen cases of severe mandibular hypoplasia were studied in which OSAS was documented by polysomnography (PSG) and cephalometric study. The obstructive site was at the base of the tongue. Surgical procedures such as temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction and bimaxillary, chin, and hyoid bone advancement were performed to improve each patient's profile, function, and occlusion, and to treat the OSAS.

RESULTS

There were great improvements in patient's sleep and daytime quality of life. The pre- and postoperative changes of most PSG values and some cephalometric values (SNB, PAS) were statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Severe mandibular hypoplasia can cause not only abnormalities in profile and occlusion but also OSAS. The evaluation of OSAS and its treatment effects depend on PSG. It is also very important to confirm the obstructive site in the upper airway by cephalometric study and fiberoptic endoscopy. Orthognathic surgery procedures can advance the maxillary, chin, and hyoid bone, and expand the upper airway simultaneously. These procedures can treat OSAS. Cases of TMJ ankylosis with OSAS should be treated step by step.

[Increased release of orphanin FQ (OFQ) in brain of chronic morphine tolerant rats]

The changes in OFQ-immunoreactivity (OFQ-ir) content and release of cerebroventricular perfusate, periaqueductal gray (PAG) and amygadala of chronic morphine tolerant rats were measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results indicate: (1) chronic morphine tolerance was achieved in rats by injecting increasing doses of morphine (10, 20, 40, 50, 60 mg/kg, s.c., tid). The content of OFQ-ir in cerebroventricular perfusate in the rats of normal saline (NS) group remained at a steady level during the injections from d 1 to d 5, while in the morphine-treated group of rats the content of OFQ-ir showed 25% increase (P < 0.05 vs NS) and 52% increase (P < 0.01 vs NS) after 3 and 5 days' morphine injection respectively. (2) The content of OFQ-ir in PAG of rats receiving morphine injection for 1, 3 and 5 days showed respectively increases of 17% (P < 0.05), 48% (P < 0.05) and 80% (P < 0.01) against the NS group. (3) The content of OFQ-ir in rat amygdala receiving 1 day injection of morphine showed a 8% decrease, which was not significantly different from NS group. However, there was a 36% and 55% (P < 0.05) increase respectively after injection for 3 and 5 days. It is suggested that in the later stage of chronic morphine treatment, large amount of OFQ was released from rat brain to antagonize the effect of opioids, which may play an important role in the development of morphine tolerance.

[A study on hypotensive mechanism of adrenomedullin (13-52)]

In the present study the hypotensive mechanism of AdM (13-52) was investigated in rats, both in vitro and in vivo. It was found that the hypotensive effect of AdM (13-52) could be partially inhibited by L-NG-nitro-arginine (LNNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. The vasodilator effect of AdM (13-52) was dependent on vascular endothelium and inhibited by LNNA in a dose-dependent manner. This LNNA induced inhibitory effect could be reversed with L-Arginine. In addition, the vasodilator effect of AdM (13-52) disappeared with methylene blue (MB), which blocked cGMP formation. Using radioimmunoassay it was shown that LNNA lowered, but AdM (13-52) elevated the vascular cGMP content, while vascular cGMP content was not altered by co-application of AdM (13-52) and LNNA. The above results suggest that the vasodilator effect of AdM (13-52) might be mediated by nitric oxide.

[An epidemiological study on malaria infection in plasmapheresis donors]

Epidemiological studies showed incidence of malaria in 8391 plasmapheresis donors of five villages was 4.14%, higher than in those donating whole blood and non--donors. Case--control studies revealed plasmapheresis was a risk factor for malaria infection. Incubation period of plasmapheresis--associated malaria was 16.5 days. Investigation on the blood bank showed there existed cross infection in plasmapheresis. After the close of the blood bank, epidemic of malaria caused by cross infection in plasmapheresis was under control.

[Tumor necrosis factor in synovial fluids of temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome]

With the MTT tetrazolium WEHI 164 clone 13 cell cytotoxicity assay, we measured TNF alpha (tumor necrosis factor) activity in synovial fluids of TMJDS (Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome). We found no detected TNF alpha level from 5 patients with muscle dysfunction, raised TNF alpha levels from 5 of 11 patients with internal derangement and from 9 of 11 patients with organic destruction (osteoarthritis). The findings of biologically active TNF alpha in synovial fluids of TMJDS suggest that TNF alpha may play a role in the pathogenesis of TMJDS.

[Operative and pathological observations on secondary synovitis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome]

14 cases (16 joints) with temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome (TMJDS) were included in the present study. All the patients had severe pain of the joint for a long time and the conventional therapy was not effective. The operative and pathological findings of the 14 cases showed that synovitis secondary to microtrauma of the joint really existed and might be one of the reasons causing the severe pain of the joint in some patients with TMJDS.

Immunohistochemical and histological studies on internal derangement and organic disturbance of temporomandibular joint

The study examined the articular cartilages of 14 patients who suffered from temporomandibular joint disturbance syndrome (TMJDS) and 3 healthy fresh cadavers by light microscopy and immunofluorescence, and assayed 14 patients' synovial fluids and sera with indirect hemoagglutination. The results showed that there were antibodies to type II collagen in synovial fluids in 5 of 14 patients and there were some immune complexes in cartilage. So, the authors think that there are autoimmune reactions in the articular tissues in TMJDS because of the exposure of some sequestered antigens.

Role of endothelin in the pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive and 2 kidneys 1 clip rats

The plasma endothelin (ET) level in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 2K1C hypertension animal models and its vasoconstrictive effect on renal and tail arteries were studied. The results demonstrated that there was no difference in plasma ET level between the hypertensive groups SHR, 2K1C, normotensive control groups Wistar Kyot (WKY) and Sprague Dawley (SD), while the vasoconstrictive effect of ET in SHR was more dominant than in WKY. The EC50 of the renal and tail arteries in SHR (0.8912 +/- 0.1662 x 10(-8) M, 0.6103 +/- 0.0878 x 10(-8) M) was apparently lower than that in WKY (1.77 +/- 0.2991 x 10(-8) M, 1.2267 +/- 0.2502 x 10(-8) M, P less than 0.05), but no difference was found in 2K1C and SD rats. The four groups of animals exhibited no difference of such effects as response to norepine-phrine (NA). The findings suggested that the increased arteriole sensitivity to ET be an important factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR.

[Changes in the TMJ after moving of total maxilla upward and mandibular autorotation procedures]

Upward moving of total maxilla and mandibular autorotation procedures are new operations for correction of Long Face Syndrome and other maxillary deformities. What distance could maxilla be move upward and it's effect on TMJ had rarely been reported. This paper reports our study results using cephalometric analysis, measurement of TMJ position in preoperatively and postoperatively and clinical evaluation of TMJ. 1. The moving of maxilla upward should not go beyond the limit of 5 mm. If moving maxilla upward is more than 5 mm, the mandibular autorotation procedure should be avoided. 2. In this limit of 5 mm TMJ could adapt new position and doesn't produce pathological changes.