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Abstract
Oxygen consumption, heart rate and temperatures from various parts of the body were measured in woodchucks ( Marmota monax) entering hibernation. Comparisons were made with the chilling of woodchucks anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, with and without the ganglionic blocking agent bis(trimethylammonium)hexane dibromide. Heart rate and oxygen consumption began to decline before any drop in body temperature as animals entered hibernation. The process was usually not continuous, for periodically the heart speeded, oxygen consumption and muscle action potentials increased and, shortly thereafter, the temperature rose transiently with the anterior portion of the body warming faster than the posterior. These partial rewarmings were less and less frequent as the total period of hibernation became longer. As hibernators chilled, the heart was the warmest area, with the thorax warmer than the abdomen. Dead woodchucks curled in the hibernating position chilled faster than the hibernators with the central portion of the abdomen chilling the slowest. In the supine, anesthetized animal, with or without the ganglionic blocking agent, the flow of blood altered the chilling so that the area near the heart remained slightly warmer than the abdomen. If curled in the hibernating position, the heart region remained much warmer than the abdomen because blood flow was curtailed by the restricted position. Chilling of the hibernator was identical to the curled, anesthetized animal except that the thoracic region of the former remained warmer due to periodic rewarmings, and also shivering in this well-muscled area. It is concluded that entrance into hibernation is not strictly temperature-dependent and that the animal is vasodilated during this process.
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BREBNER DF, KERSLAKE DM, WADDELL JL. The relation between the coefficients for heat exchange by convection and by evaporation in man. J Physiol 2000; 141:164-8. [PMID: 13539828 PMCID: PMC1358824 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1958.sp005963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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JANDL JH, TOMLINSON AS. The destruction of red cells by antibodies in man. II. Pyrogenic, leukocytic and dermal responses to immune hemolysis. J Clin Invest 2000; 37:1202-28. [PMID: 13563650 PMCID: PMC1062787 DOI: 10.1172/jci103710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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ABRAMSON DI, KAHN A, REJAL H, TURMAN GA, TUCK S, FLEISCHER CJ. Relationship between a range of tissue temperature and local oxygen uptake in the human forearm. II. Changes observed after arterial occlusion in the period of reactive hyperemia. J Clin Invest 2000; 37:1039-48. [PMID: 13563633 PMCID: PMC1062766 DOI: 10.1172/jci103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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KREIDER MB, IAMPIETRO PF. Oxygen consumption and body temperature during sleep in cold environments. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 14:765-7. [PMID: 14411889 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1959.14.5.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Six young soldiers slept at the following ambient temperatures: 25.5° to 26℃ (78–80℉), 15° to 18.5°C (60°–65℉) and -32° to -34.5℃ (-25°--30℉). Rectal (Tr) and skin temperatures were recorded and mean weighted skin temperature (Ts) was calculated at -hour intervals every night; oxygen consumption (Vo2) was measured at 6-minute intervals on occasional nights. During sleep at a ‘comfortable’ temperature (25.5℃) Tr, Ts and Vo2 decreased below the resting levels measured just before retiring. During sleep in cold environments, Tr and Ts dropped to still lower levels with the lowest values recorded at an early hour of the night. Vo2 during sleep in the cold did not differ from values recorded during sleep at 25.5℃. Lowest values measured during sleep in the coldest environment were 35.5°C, 30.5℃ and 78 Cal/m2 for Tr, Ts and body heat debt, respectively. These values may represent the limits of body cooling compatible with substantially continuous sleep in the cold. Submitted on February 19, 1959
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EDWARDS M, BURTON AC. Temperature distribution over the human head, especially in the cold. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 15:209-11. [PMID: 13819432 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1960.15.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two separate practical problems are the reduction of the total heat loss of the head, as by insulated helmets, and protection from frostbite, as by face masks. Solution of both problems benefits from knowledge of the distribution of skin temperature. Temperatures were measured with thermocouples at several points on three subjects, in the steady state, at environmental temperature of 0°C. Topographical differences were similar for the three subjects. Temperatures at a large number of points were measured in a single subject, and isothermal maps were drawn from the results. They show that the areas needing most protection from frostbite are the tip of the nose, the rim of the ears, the chin and the cheekbones. The areas of highest temperature (greatest heat loss) are those covered by the conventional insulated helmets. A face mask need not cover the area round the mouth where tactile sensitivity may make it uncomfortable. The isothermal map is correlated with the anatomical distribution of arterial blood supply. Submitted on August 3, 1959
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BREBNER DF, KERSLAKE DM, SOPER DG. Some effects of exposure to an environment of saturated air at mouth temperature. J Physiol 1998; 162:244-58. [PMID: 13872707 PMCID: PMC1359654 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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INGRAM DL, WHITTOW GC. The effects of variations in respiratory activity and in the skin temperatures of the ears on the temperature of the blood in the external jugular vein of the ox (Bos taurus). J Physiol 1998; 163:211-21. [PMID: 13956531 PMCID: PMC1359699 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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CANNARD TH, ZAIMIS E. The effect of lowered muscle temperature on the action of neuromuscular blocking drug in man. J Physiol 1998; 149:112-9. [PMID: 13807447 PMCID: PMC1363203 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
The survival times of intensively cooled white rats decrease with their body temperatures. When cooled by Giaja's technique and maintained afterwards at a body temperature of 15°C rats survived 9 hours, but they could be revived by rewarming only during the first 5.5 hours of survival (biological survival). Similar biological survival times were found when the rats were cooled by other techniques, whether the cooling was much quicker or much slower. The survival time was also independent of the rate of rewarming from hypothermia. Survival was shortened by cooling after administration of sodium pentobarbital. Biological survival of young 40-gm rats at 15°C body temperature was 19 hours, 14 hours longer than that of hypothermic adults. Level of O2 consumption of hypothermic young rats differed from those of hypothermic adult animals.
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ALDRIDGE WN, STONER HB. The behaviour of liver mitochondria isolated from rats with different body temperatures after limb ischaemia or after injection of 3:5-dinitro-ocresol. Biochem J 1998; 74:148-54. [PMID: 13792490 PMCID: PMC1204062 DOI: 10.1042/bj0740148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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FRUEHAN AE. Accidental hypothermia. Report of eight cases of subnormal body temperature due to exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 106:218-29. [PMID: 13825430 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1960.03820020058009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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MADDOCKS I, LOVELL RR. Body temperature in Pacific Islanders and its relationship to blood-pressure. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1998; 1:436-9. [PMID: 14468103 PMCID: PMC1957817 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5276.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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HANNON JP, LARSON AM. Fatty acid metabolism during norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis in the cold-acclimatized rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 203:1055-61. [PMID: 13952564 DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.203.6.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
To define thermal limits for everyday work, a possible criterion which has been put forward described the climates (“prescriptive” climates) in which the level of bodily thermoregulation remained steady for a given rate of work. The present experiments were intended to determine the effect on results, obtained from brief exposures involving continuous work, of extending the exposure to a period of 8 hr and of presenting a given total energy expenditure (2,100 kcal) in different patterns of work and rest. During 8-hr exposures to three climates with dry and wet bulb temperatures of 29.4 and 23.9, 36.7 and 25.6, and 41.1 and 28.3 C, respectively, two subjects expended approximately 2,100 kcal in both 1) a nearly continuous level of activity and 2) intermittent bouts of much harder work interspaced by longer periods of rest. Evaluation and comparison of the results show that extension of exposures to periods of up to 8 hr per se did not demonstrably change the levels of rectal temperature, pulse rate, or weight loss found by the 2nd hr of exposure in the climates examined. Further, in prescriptive climates (in which the level of thermoregulation depends on the rate of work rather than on the environment), when the energy expenditure was 2,100 kcal in 8 hr, either continuously at a moderate rate, or intermittently at a high rate with compensatory rest pauses, the physiological cost was similar, as judged by rectal temperature, pulse rate, and weight loss. Submitted on June 15, 1962
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MOUNT LE, ROWELL JG. Body size, body temperature and age in relation to the metabolic rate of the pig in the first five weeks after birth. J Physiol 1998; 154:408-16. [PMID: 13773261 PMCID: PMC1359809 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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