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Pan Q, Luo Y. Recurrence of nasal type NK/T cell lymphoma presenting as neurolymphomatosis on 18F-FDG PET/CT: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18640. [PMID: 31895825 PMCID: PMC6946263 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NK/T cell lymphomas seldom involve the peripheral nervous system. We report a case of recurrent nasal type NK/T cell lymphoma presenting as neurolymphomatosis and its manifestation on F-FDG PET/CT. PATIENT CONCERNS A 55-year old man presented with a mass in the right nasal cavity was diagnosed with extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type. F-FDG PET/CT showed intense FDG uptake within the mass. After radiotherapy the nasal tumor was completely relieved, but the patient experienced numbness and amyosthenia in the right upper extremity one week after completion of radiotherapy. DIAGNOSIS PET/CT showed intense FDG uptake in the brachial plexus, axillary, suprascapular and median nerves, suggestive of recurrence of lymphoma presenting as neurolymphomatosis. INTERVENTIONS After 1 cycle of chemotherapy, the follow-up PET/CT showed markedly reduced FDG uptake in the previous involved nerves, demonstrating a very good response of neurolymphomatosis to chemotherapy. OUTCOMES The patient finally had a progression free survival of 8 months after completion of 4 cycles of chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. LESSONS As neurolymphomatosis is a rare neurologic manifestation in recurrence of NK/T cell lymphoma, recognition of its presentation is important for prompt diagnosis and initiating treatment approach.
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Mori Y, Yamamoto K, Ohno A, Fukunaga M, Nishikawa A. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
with Peripheral Nerve Involvement:
Case Report. Cureus 2019; 11:e5675. [PMID: 31723484 PMCID: PMC6825432 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A 50-year-old man presented with dizziness and hearing disturbance in the right ear. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-enhanced mass lesion in the right cerebellopontine (CP) angle that appeared to originate in the cerebellum. A surgical specimen obtained at the subtotal resection with craniotomy revealed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). During the three courses of chemotherapy with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) with leucovorin rescue, he developed a right abducens palsy, left oculomotor palsy, left facial palsy, right trigeminal sensory disturbance, and paraparesis. Although the brain MRI showed that the CP angle tumor had disappeared completely following chemotherapy, enhanced lesions along the cauda equina were detected on a lumbar spine MRI. FDG-PET (18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography) revealed multiple high-uptake abnormalities in the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Tumor cells were found in the cerebrospinal fluid specimen from a lumbar puncture. Craniospinal irradiation was performed, including all the abnormal FDG high-uptake areas, and was effective in relieving the patient's symptoms. On FDG-PET, the high-uptake abnormalities in the peripheral nerves disappeared. However, five weeks after the irradiation, he developed right trigeminal sensory disturbance, hoarseness, dysphagia, and right arm pain. FDG-PET disclosed multiple high-uptake abnormalities in more peripheral portions of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Chemotherapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine (Oncovin®), and prednisolone (R-CHOP) was then resorted to which mitigated his symptoms. On follow-up FDG-PET, the high-uptake abnormalities in the peripheral nerves disappeared again.
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Hsueh CS, Tsai CY, Lee JCS, Kao CL, Wang FI, Jeng CR, Chang HW, Pang VF, Liu CH. CD56 + B-cell Neurolymphomatosis in a Cat. J Comp Pathol 2019; 169:25-29. [PMID: 31159947 PMCID: PMC7094645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 16-year-old male Russian blue cat was presented with acute onset of paraparesis of the forelimbs that progressed to tetraparesis. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis with decreased postural reactions in all four limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multifocal nerve root swelling on the right at C6/C7 and C7/T1, while ultrasonography demonstrated swelling of the right brachial plexus. To understand the cause of the nerve swelling, the right musculocutaneous nerve arising from the brachial plexus and the pectoralis muscle were biopsied. Histologically, there was evidence of neurolymphomatosis (neurotropic lymphoma) with Wallerian degeneration and denervation atrophy of myofibres. The neoplastic lymphoid cells expressed CD79a, CD20 and CD56. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of B-cell neurolymphomatosis was made. Expression of CD56, synonymous with neural cell adhesion molecule, is rare in B-cell lymphomas and has not been reported in feline B-cell lymphomas or feline neurolymphomatosis. CD56 expression was suspected to have played an important role in neurotropism of the neoplastic cells in this case.
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Beasley MJ, Hiebert EC, Daw DN, Alexander KJ, Gambino JM. Neurolymphomatosis caused by T-cell lymphosarcoma in a cat: imaging description and treatment review. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919833534. [PMID: 30828460 PMCID: PMC6390221 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919833534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 16-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for acute-onset right
pelvic limb monoparesis localized to the sciatic nerve. MRI revealed a
homogeneously contrast-enhancing, well-demarcated mass effacing the right
sciatic nerve from its intravertebral origin to the end of the viewable
field (mid-femur). Abdominal ultrasound revealed thickened small intestinal
loops and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Cytology of the small intestine
was suggestive of lymphosarcoma. T-cell lymphosarcoma of the sciatic nerve
and small intestines was confirmed with incisional biopsy. Treatment
consisted of systemic chemotherapy with vincristine followed by the
Wisconsin–Madison feline lymphosarcoma protocol, but despite treatment the
patient neurologically worsened and was euthanized after 54 days. Relevance and novel information We present herein one of the first descriptions of neurolymphomatosis in the
domestic cat that included post-intravenous contrast MRI. Treatment options
based on recommendations for people with neurolymphomatosis include systemic
chemotherapy, intrathecal chemotherapy and/or localized radiation
chemotherapy. The authors recommend that all cats be screened for concurrent
non-neuronal areas of lymphosarcoma before undergoing treatment for
neurolymphomatosis, regardless of clinical signs.
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Koike H, Katsuno M, Sobue G. New teased-fibre definitions represent specific mechanisms of neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:124. [PMID: 30385485 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Briani C, Visentin A, Campagnolo M, Salvalaggio A, Ferrari S, Cavallaro T, Manara R, Gasparotti R, Piazza F. Peripheral nervous system involvement in lymphomas. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2019; 24:5-18. [PMID: 30556258 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system may be involved at any stage in the course of lymphoproliferative diseases. The different underlying mechanisms include neurotoxicity secondary to chemotherapy, direct nerve infiltration (neurolymphomatosis), infections, immune-mediated, paraneoplastic or metabolic processes and nutritional deficiencies. Accordingly, the clinical features are heterogeneous and depend on the localization of the damage (ganglia, roots, plexi, and peripheral nerves) and on the involved structures (myelin, axon, and cell body). Some clinical findings, such a focal or diffuse involvement, symmetric or asymmetric pattern, presence of pain may point to the correct diagnosis. Besides a thorough medical history and neurological examination, neurophysiological studies, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, nerve biopsy (in selected patients with suspected lymphomatous infiltration) and neuroimaging techniques (magnetic resonance neurography and nerve ultrasound) may be crucial for a proper diagnostic workup.
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Bjornard KL, Leventaki V, Nichols K, Sandlund JT, Prockop S, Ehrhardt MJ. Two-year-old female with EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and subsequent CNS involvement with neurolymphomatosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27415. [PMID: 30151967 PMCID: PMC8244825 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a 2-year-old female who went on to develop relapsed/refractory central nervous system (CNS) disease, manifesting as cranial nerve neurolymphomatosis. Although her atypical presentation was thought to be associated with an immune deficiency, extensive work-up was negative. Despite subsequent treatment with third-party EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, she died of progressive disease. This case report raises questions as to whether tailored treatment approaches should be considered for atypical presentations of pediatric lymphoma (e.g., CNS and virus-associated).
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Sasaki R, Ohta Y, Yamada Y, Tadokoro K, Takahashi Y, Sato K, Shang J, Takemoto M, Hishikawa N, Yamashita T, Yasuhara T, Date I, Ikegawa S, Fujii N, Abe K. Neurolymphomatosis in the Cauda Equina Diagnosed by an Open Biopsy. Intern Med 2018; 57:3463-3465. [PMID: 30101916 PMCID: PMC6306530 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1049-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis is a rare form of extranodal malignant lymphoma defined as the infiltration of malignant lymphocytes into the central or peripheral nerve. We herein report a case of neurolymphomatosis in the cauda equina diagnosed by an open surgical biopsy. He presented with muscle weakness, atrophy, numbness and hypoesthesia in the bilateral lower extremities with the accumulation of 18fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) in the bilateral cauda equina. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology (three times) and flow cytometry (two times) and biopsies of the left sural nerve, bone marrow, paranasal sinus and left testis were all negative for malignancy, so finally we performed a surgical open biopsy of the cauda equina by laminectomy and diagnosed him with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the cauda equina. He was successfully treated with the disappearance of the FDG accumulation for a long time. The present case suggested that an early open biopsy of the cauda equina may be considered for cases of suspected neurolymphomatosis in the cauda equina for a good outcome.
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Nakagun S, Horiuchi N, Watanabe K, Matsumoto K, Tagawa M, Shimbo G, Kobayashi Y. CD3 and CD20 co-expression in a case of canine peripheral T-cell lymphoma with prominent cardiac and peripheral nerve involvement. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:779-783. [PMID: 30129396 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718794765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An 8-y 9-mo-old male Pug dog was presented because of anorexia, hindlimb ataxia, vomiting, and progressive weight loss. Clinical examinations revealed atrophic hindlimb muscles with decreased postural reaction, enlargement of the cardiac silhouette and megaesophagus on radiograph, and reduced cardiac contractility on ultrasonography. The dog died 10 d after the initial examination, and an autopsy was performed. Grossly, the heart was enlarged, with multifocal-to-coalescing extensive plaque-like areas of discoloration on the epicardial surface. On cross-section, the ventricles were moderately dilated, and discoloration extended into the myocardium. Peripheral lymph nodes were of normal size. Histologically, atypical lymphoid cells replaced the myocardium and also extensively infiltrated peripheral nerve bundles in various organs. With immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells exhibited strong immunoreactivity for CD3 and CD20, and were negative for CD8, granzyme B, CD79α, and Pax5. Double-label immunofluorescence confirmed co-expression of CD3 and CD20 by the neoplastic cells. Molecular clonality analysis presented a clonal T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement. The case was diagnosed as a CD3+/CD20+ peripheral T-cell lymphoma with prominent cardiac and peripheral nerve involvement, indicating neurolymphomatosis.
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Awis Qarni F, Tai E, Wh WH, Husin A. Homonymous Hemianopia: A Rare Presentation of Secondary Central Nervous System Neurolymphomatosis. Cureus 2018; 10:e2708. [PMID: 30062082 PMCID: PMC6063381 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis is an atypical complication of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukaemia involving infiltration of neurotropic neoplastic cells in the central or peripheral nervous system. A 28-year-old Malay lady with background diffuse large B-cell lymphoma stage IV presented with left homonymous hemianopia associated with cognitive function deterioration. Her best corrected visual acuity was 6/9 in both eyes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a lesion suggestive of secondary lymphomatous infiltration of the splenium of corpus callosum. The patient underwent chemotherapy, after which repeated MRI showed a reduction in the lesion size. Homonymous hemianopia is a rare presentation of secondary central nervous system neurolymphomatosis. A comprehensive history, physical examination, and radiological imaging are essential to establish the diagnosis in patients presenting with visual field defects.
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Kobayashi M, Sakai Y, Kariya Y, Sakai H, Hineno A, Oyanagi K, Kanno H. First pathological report of a de novo CD5-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient presenting with Guillain-Barré syndrome-like neuropathy due to neurolymphomatosis. Neuropathology 2018; 38:417-421. [PMID: 29718563 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy occurs in approximately 5% of the patients with lymphoma. Two major causes of peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphoma are neurolymphomatosis and paraneoplastic neuropathy such as demyelinating neuropathy. The differential diagnosis between neurolymphomatosis and demyelinating neuropathy is difficult, because electrophysiological findings suggestive of demyelination are frequently observed even in patients with neurolymphomatosis. Here, we report a patient with de novo CD5-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who presented with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)-like neuropathy. Demyelination due to paraneoplastic neuropathy was clinically suspected. However, autopsy demonstrated that the cause of the neuropathy was neurolymphomatosis. Clinical courses of neurolymphomatosis vary and neurolymphomatosis cases presenting with GBS-like neuropathy are reported. In addition, DLBCL is the most frequent histological type of malignant lymphoma that develops neurolymphomatosis. Furthermore, "CD5-positive" DLBCL may tend to develop neurolymphomatosis. If a patient with "CD5-positive" DLBCL develops peripheral neuropathy, neurolymphomatosis should be considered and imaging studies performed and, if possible, nerve tissue biopsy, regardless of clinical symptoms of the neuropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with de novo CD5-positive DLBCL with neurolymphomatosis who presented with GBS-like neuropathy.
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Konishi H, Taguchi Y, Yamamoto M, Nukui T, Dougu N, Nakatsuji Y. [A case of neurolymphomatosis presented as cauda equine syndrome accompanied with M-proteinemia]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018; 58:223-228. [PMID: 29607914 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 63-year-old man developed a syndrome of cauda equine, with the numbness which is a left lower extremity from the left buttocks, weakness of left leg, and a dysfunction of bladder and bowel. Enhanced MRI revealed the enhancement of lower cauda equine, and a nerve conduction test revealed decreased F-wave persistency in the tibial nerve and increased F-wave latency in the peroneal nerve on the both sides. M-proteinemia was admitted and myeloma was suspected. By a biopsy of a vertebral arch, we diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. We treated with dexamethasone and R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin, prednisone (prednisolone)), then the symptom was improved. In case of caude equine syndrome with M-proteinemia, a possibility of the malignant lymphoma should also be considered.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/complications
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Marek Disease/complications
- Marek Disease/diagnosis
- Marek Disease/drug therapy
- Marek Disease/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Paraproteinemias/blood
- Paraproteinemias/etiology
- Polyradiculopathy/diagnostic imaging
- Polyradiculopathy/etiology
- Polyradiculopathy/pathology
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Prednisone/administration & dosage
- Rituximab
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
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Haydaroglu Sahin H, Mete A, Pehlivan M. Neurolymphomatosis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma with cranial multineuritis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0303. [PMID: 29642156 PMCID: PMC5908615 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare syndrome of lymphoma and leukemic infiltration of cranial or peripheral nerves. PATIENT CONCERNS We report a case of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) in a 24-year-old man presented with difficulty in swallowing, hypersalivation, hoarseness, ptosis, facial paralysis, and facial hypoesthesia associated with NL. DIAGNOSIS NL was diagnosed based upon cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with intrathecal methotreaxate (12.5 mg) and cytosine arabinoside (70 mg), systemic high-dose methotrexate therapy, and cranial radiotherapy. OUTCOME Due to the deterioration of general condition of the patient, he was admitted to intensive care unit, but died 22 days after the onset of symptoms in spite of aggressive treatment. LESSONS In this case, we present a patient with T cell lymphoma and multineuritis of NL diagnosed by MRI and as far as we know, this is the first reported case in which so many cranial nerves (3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10 th) were involved. Briefly, in a patient with hematologic malignancy and neurological complaints, NL should be considered. Early and effective use of imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET-CT), MRI, and aggressive therapies are important for prolonged survival.
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Asanome A, Kano K, Takahashi K, Saito T, Sawada J, Katayama T. [A case of neurolymphomatosis that was diagnosed by acoustic nerve biopsy]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018; 58:93-99. [PMID: 29386492 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A 58-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of recurrent multiple cranial neuropathy (right facial palsy followed by involvement of the left trigeminal, facial, acoustic, pharyngeal, and vagal nerves and the right abducens nerve). Brain MRI showed gadolinium enhancement of the right abducens, bilateral facial/acoustic, and left pharyngeal/vagal nerves, and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography revealed abnormal FDG uptake in the right facial, acoustic, pharyngeal, and vagal nerves and the left cervical lymph nodes. Blood and biochemical analyses did not show any abnormalities, including in the patient's lactate dehydrogenase and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL2R) levels. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed gradual increases in the patient's cell counts and protein, β2-microglobulin, and sIL2R levels, but no malignant cells were detected. A thorough investigation involving repeated CSF examinations, whole-body computed tomography, bone marrow aspiration, random skin biopsies, and cervical lymph node aspiration biopsy examinations did not result in any definitive conclusions. Steroid therapy was ineffective, and the patient developed deafness in her left ear. Therefore, we performed a biopsy examination of the left acoustic nerve, which resulted in the patient being diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. High-dose MTX following the intrathecal administration of MTX, cytarabine, and prednisolone partially improved her symptoms, but she died after several episodes of clinical recurrence. Acoustic nerve biopsy may help diagnose neurolymphomatosis in carefully selected cases.
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Park HJ, Shin HY, Kim SH, Jeong HN, Choi YC, Suh BC, Park KD, Kim SM. Partial Conduction Block as an Early Nerve Conduction Finding in Neurolymphomatosis. J Clin Neurol 2018; 14:73-80. [PMID: 29629543 PMCID: PMC5765259 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2018.14.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurolymphomatosis is a rare manifestation of hematological malignancy and is characterized by direct infiltration of the peripheral nervous system. The objective of this study was to identify the clinical and electrophysiological features of neurolymphomatosis. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 13 patients with neurolymphomatosis. Seven (54%) of the patients were men, and the median age at symptom onset was 60.0 years. RESULTS The most common type of underlying malignancy was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (69%). Twelve patients had painful asymmetric neuropathies. The median survival time after diagnosis was 7 months, and 12 patients died during the study period. Thirty-eight motor nerve conduction studies (NCSs) were performed in the affected nerves. Ten and 28 motor nerves were classified into the conduction-block and simple-axon-degeneration groups, respectively. The median time interval between symptom onset and the NCS was significantly shorter in the conduction-block group than in the simple-axon-degeneration group (p=0.032). However, no significant differences in the motor nerve conduction velocities, terminal latencies, and distal compound muscle action potential amplitudes were identified between the conduction-block and simple-axon-degeneration groups. The conduction-block group showed excessive temporal dispersion in only five of the ten NCSs (50%). Follow-up NCSs revealed that partial conduction blocks had changed into axonal degeneration patterns. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to analyze the electrophysiological features of patients with neurolymphomatosis. Our findings showed that a partial conduction block is not rare and is an early nerve conduction abnormality in neurolymphomatosis.
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Abstract
Cancer in the form of solid tumors, leukemia, and lymphoma can infiltrate and metastasize to the peripheral nervous system, including the cranial nerves, nerve roots, cervical, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, and, rarely, the peripheral nerves. This review discusses the presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options for metastatic lesions to these components of the peripheral nervous system and is organized based on the anatomic distribution. As skull base metastases (also discussed in Chapter 14) result in cranial neuropathies, these will be covered in detail, as well as cancers that directly infiltrate the cranial nerves. Particular emphasis is placed on the clinical, imaging, and electrodiagnostic features that differentiate neoplastic plexopathies from radiation-induced plexopathies. Neurolymphomatosis, in which malignant lymphocytes invade the cranial nerves, nerve roots, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, and peripheral nerves, is a rare manifestation of lymphoma and leukemia. Diagnoses of neurolymphomatosis are often missed or delayed given its varied presentations, resulting in poorer outcomes. Thus this disease will also be discussed in depth.
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Khandelwal S, Saxena S, Hansalia DJ. Neurolymphomatosis: A Surreal Presentation of Lymphoma. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2017; 38:287-290. [PMID: 29200675 PMCID: PMC5686968 DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_151_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurolymphomatosis is a neurologic complication poorly recognized by neurologists and oncologists and presents usually several months after successful treatment of systemic lymphoma. Other disorders that must be differentiated from these entities include peripheral-nerve or nerve root compression and paraneoplastic neuropathy. Aim: To describe the unusual occurrence of neurolymphomatosis in a patient of B-cell lymphoma. Method: Diagnosis was made by demonstration of enhancement of nerve roots on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brachial, lumbosacral plexus, peripheral nerves or by increased hyper-metabolic activity along the course of affected nerves on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Results and Conclusion: MRI and PET-CT are imaging modalities of choice for evaluation of patients with lymphoma and suspected neural involvement. Treatment of neurolymphomatosis consists of focal radiotherapy and high-dose methotrexate therapy.
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Davidson T, Kedmi M, Avigdor A, Komisar O, Chikman B, Lidar M, Goshen E, Tzila Zwas S, Ben-Haim S. FDG PET-CT evaluation in neurolymphomatosis: imaging characteristics and clinical outcomes. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:348-356. [PMID: 28750592 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1352096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis (NL) often represents unidentified non-Hodgkin lymphoma relapses. Considering its severity, early detection and treatment are crucial. We outline one hospital's 18F-FDG-PET-CT imaging findings of NL, along with the patients' clinical characteristics. Clinical records and imaging findings of 19 NL patients, PET-CT diagnosed, were retrospectively reviewed. Patient data, FDG-PET-CT findings and the presence of coexisting diseases, especially CNS involvement, were documented. Available MRI and clinical data verified the findings. All cases had increased linear FDG uptake along anatomic nerve sites. CTs showed varying degrees of corresponding soft-tissue-thickening. Clinical correlations also contributed to the diagnosis. In 4/19 patients, lymphoma presented with NL, in 15/19 it appeared with disease recurrence/progression. In 9/19, clinical symptoms suggested neural involvement while 10/19 had nonspecific symptoms. Eleven died of lymphoma within 0.9 years of diagnosis despite directed-therapy. Eight, however, survived up to 7.82 years post-diagnosis. Whole-body FDG-PET-CT can assist in early NL diagnosis, possibly enhancing survival.
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Khader A, Vineetha M, George M, Manakkad SP, Balakrishnan S, Rajan U. Neurolymphomatosis in Primary Cutaneous CD4+ Pleomorphic Small/Medium-sized T-cell Lymphoma Mimicking Hansen's Disease. Indian J Dermatol 2017; 62:315-317. [PMID: 28584377 PMCID: PMC5448269 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_553_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis (NL) refers to nerve infiltration by neurotropic neoplastic cells in the setting of a known or an unknown hematological malignancy. It typically presents as painful or painless peripheral mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, polyneuropathy, polyradiculopathy, or cranial neuropathy. A 32-year-old male presented with a hyperpigmented hypoesthetic plaque over the anterolateral aspect of the right leg with thickening of the right common peroneal nerve and foot drop clinically diagnosed as Hansen's disease. Biopsy taken from skin showed infiltrates of pleomorphic small and medium sized lymphocytes in the dermis and subcutis. On immunohistochemistry, the cells were positive for CD3, CD4 and negative for CD8, CD20, and CD30. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of the thickened nerve showed infiltrates of atypical lymphoid cells. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of NL in primary cutaneous CD4+ pleomorphic small/medium-sized T-cell lymphoma was made. The disease responded to systemic chemotherapy and localized radiotherapy with no evidence of relapse during 3 years follow-up. NL in primary cutaneous CD4+ pleomorphic small/medium-sized T-cell lymphoma presenting with manifestations redolent of Hansen's disease is not described in available literature. This case also demonstrates the utility of fine needle aspiration of nerve, a minimally invasive procedure in the diagnosis of NL.
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Ono Y, Kazuma Y, Ochi Y, Matsuoka R, Imai Y, Ishikawa T. Two Cases of Neurolymphomatosis with Fatal Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis that were Diagnosed with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG PET)/CT. Intern Med 2017; 56:1193-1198. [PMID: 28502935 PMCID: PMC5491815 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.6998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis is a rare entity defined as nerve infiltration by neurotropic abnormal lymphocytes which can lead to the development of neuropathy, with typical presentations including pain, hypoesthesia, paresthesis and palsy. We herein report two cases where critical bilateral vocal cord paralysis due to neurolymphomatosis in recurrent nerves occurred in refractory Burkitt lymphoma and adult T-cell lymphoma patients. High-dose methotrexate and intrathecal chemotherapy injection for the nervous lesions were ineffective, and the patients died. Neurolymphomatosis of the recurrent nerve is an emergent and difficult complication and should be suspected when sudden onset of aphasia, hoarseness or shortness of breath is found in refractory lymphoma patients.
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Trevisan AC, Ribeiro FB, Itikawa EN, Alexandre LS, Pitella FA, Santos AC, Simões BP, Wichert-Ana L. 18F-FDG PET/CT/MRI Fusion Images Showing Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Involvement in Neurolymphomatosis. Indian J Nucl Med 2017; 32:77-78. [PMID: 28242998 PMCID: PMC5317084 DOI: 10.4103/0972-3919.198502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 56-year-old female patient with non-Hodgkin's diffuse large B cell lymphoma (NHL) who, on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a T1 weighted and gadolinium-enhanced imaging, was found to have thickening and infiltration in 75% of peripheral nerves of the patient and enlargements of cranial nerves, possibly related to lymphomatous infiltration. Subsequent positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) showed widespread active involvement of the cervical plexus, bilateral peripheral nerves, right femoral nerve, the parasellar region of the skull, and marked hypermetabolism in the left trigeminal ganglia. This case re-emphasizes that while CT and MRI provide anatomical details, 18F-FDG PET/CT images better delineate the metabolic activity of neurolymphomatosis (NL) in the peripheral and central nervous system.
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Bruce D, Eagleton H, Subesinghe M. Diagnostic and response assessment FDG PET-CT in neurolymphomatosis. Clin Case Rep 2016; 4:1172-1174. [PMID: 27980756 PMCID: PMC5134268 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FDG PET-CT is a useful imaging tool in the diagnosis and response assessment of neurolymphomatosis, especially in cases of otherwise unexplained neuropathy following conventional diagnostic work-up including lumbar puncture, CT, and MRI. The use of a novel PET reconstruction algorithm improves image quality and lesion detection through increased signal-to-noise ratio.
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Oner AO, Okuyucu K, Alagoz E, Battal B, Arslan N. An Extremely Rare Intersection: Neurolymphomatosis in a Patient with Burkitt Lymphoma Detected by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography. World J Nucl Med 2016; 15:209-11. [PMID: 27651745 PMCID: PMC5020798 DOI: 10.4103/1450-1147.172304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rarely seen neurologic involvement of the systematic lymphoma. Its diagnosis is challenging, and requires biopsy. In cases where biopsy is not appropriate, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) may aid in diagnosis. Here, we present a 54-year old male patient diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma who underwent FDG-PET/CT in order to evaluate the treatment response after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. On viewing PET/CT images of the patient who complained of pain and weakness in his upper extremities after therapy, linear FDG uptake was observed in bilateral cervical 5 (C5), left cervical 6 (C6), bilateral cervical 7 (C7), and right lumbar 4 (L4) nerve roots. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed dilation and thickening of nerve roots consisted with FDG uptake observed on PET/CT images. Since biopsy was not performed, histopathological diagnosis could not be established. However, overlapping of clinical, PET/CT, and MRI findings strongly suggested the presence of NL. As is the case of this patient, in cases with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a combined evaluation of FDG-PET/CT and MRI modalities aid in the establishment of the diagnosis of NL.
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Groth CL, Nevel KS, Gwathmey KG, Bafakih F, Jones DE. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: An indolent malignancy leading to the development of neurolymphomatosis. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:440-444. [PMID: 27625159 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute neuropathic pain and weakness with a sensory level in a patient with a history of lymphoma has a broad differential diagnosis. Evaluation of such a presentation often includes MRI, neurophysiologic studies, and cerebrospinal fluid evaluation. We report a patient with splenic marginal zone lymphoma who developed acute weakness, sensory loss, and neuropathic pain due to neurolymphomatosis. METHODS Clinical evaluation, MRI of the lumbar spine, cerebrospinal fluid evaluation, electrodiagnostic (EDx) studies, and biopsy of a dorsal nerve root were undertaken. RESULTS EDx studies were consistent with an acute, acquired demyelinating sensorimotor polyradiculoneuropathy. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange did not lead to clinical improvement. Ultimately, biopsy of a dorsal nerve root was performed and revealed neurolymphomatosis. CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that, when it can be performed safely, biopsy for suspected neurolymphomatosis is imperative for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Muscle Nerve 55: 440-444, 2017.
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Shree R, Goyal MK, Modi M, Gaspar BL, Radotra BD, Ahuja CK, Mittal BR, Prakash G. The Diagnostic Dilemma of Neurolymphomatosis. J Clin Neurol 2016; 12:274-81. [PMID: 27449910 PMCID: PMC4960210 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.3.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis (NL) defined as infiltration of the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system (PNS) by malignant lymphoma cells is a rare clinical entity. However, the increasing use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) and magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating PNS disorders is resulting in; this condition being recognized more frequently. Here; we report five NL patients and review the current literature. We report five patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and NL, all of whom were men aged 47–69 years. The clinical presentation varied from symmetrical peripheral neuropathy to mononeuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy was the presenting manifestation of a systemic lymphoma in two patients (40%). Neuroimaging as well as whole-body FDG-PET helped in determining the correct diagnosis in all of the patients. NL is an unusual presentation of NHL resulting from infiltration of the PNS by malignant lymphomatous cells. While evaluating peripheral neuropathy, a high degree of suspicion of NL is required since the presenting symptoms vary, conventional radiology has only modest sensitivity, and a pathological diagnosis is often difficult. FDG-PET helps in the early diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
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