Ionic conductance changes in lobster axon membrane when lanthanum is substituted for calcium

The trivalent rare earth lanthanum was substituted for calcium in the sea water bathing the exterior of an "artificial node" of a lobster axon in a sucrose gap. It caused a progressive rise in threshold, and a decrease in the height of the action potential as well as in its rates of rise and fall. Prolonged application produced an excitation block. Voltage-clamp studies of the ionic currents showed that the time courses of the ionic conductance changes for both sodium and potassium were increased. Concurrently, the potentials at which the conductance increases occurred were shifted to more positive inside values for the La+++ sea water. These effects resemble changes resulting from a high external calcium concentration. Over and above this, La+++ also causes a marked reduction in the maximum amount of conductance increase following a depolarizing potential step. Membrane action potentials similar to those observed experimentally in the La+++ solution have been computed with appropriate parameter changes in the Hodgkin-Huxley equations.

Blockage of sodium conductance increase in lobster giant axon by tarichatoxin (tetrodotoxin)

Tarichatoxin, isolated from California newt eggs, has been found to selectively block the increase of sodium conductance associated with excitation in lobster giant axons at nanomolar concentrations. This resulted from a reduction in the amplitude of the conductance increase rather than a change in its temporal characteristics. The normal potassium conductance increase with depolarization is not altered. A high concentration of calcium applied concomitantly with the toxin significantly improves the reversibility of the sodium blocking. This toxin has recently been identified as chemically identical with tetrodotoxin from the puffer fish. Toxins from the two sources are equally effective and are shown to have an action which is distinctly different from that of procaine.