The comprehension of rate-incremented aural coding

Stimulus and psychological measures of a battery of 36 rate-manipulated versions of an extended message indicate that optimization of the efficiency of aural coding beyond that previously reported can be accomplished by the simultaneous application of a combination of natural and artificial distortions of the durational characteristics of speech. Peak efficiency of listening was successfully pushed to 400 wpm (words per minutes) primarily by means of a selective reduction of speech pause time. Regression estimates predicting the influence of pause time, total duration, and talker rate upon judgments of speech rate and comprehension are presented and implications for listening strategies and speech apperception drawn.

Epidemiologic study of leukemia in twins (1928-1969)

A review of 62 cases of leukemia in twins reveals most cases occurred in MZ twins, although diagnosis of zygosity was at times admittedly questionable. Concordance was clearly highest in MZ twins of the perinatal-congenital period. This tendency was not maintained at later stages of life.

The older concept of a human placental barrier has been greatly modified. Tracer substances have demonstrated that leukemic cells pass the placental barrier. Materno-fetal transmission of leukemia is well known; all forms of murine leukemia can be transmitted similarly from generation to generation. Certain requisites effect the transmission of neoplastic-hematopoietic disease during pregnancy. Rare cases are reported of pregnant women with leukemia who bear children in whom clinical leukemia subsequently develops. The maternal diagnosis was made at the time of, or shortly after, delivery, suggesting an evolution of the maternal disease late in pregnancy.

That both partners of a pair of twins, either MZ or DZ, can become ill with leukemia within days or months of each other, appears more than coincidental. Chromosomal defects, common environmental factors, and conjoined intrauterine circulations may be important in the transmission of leukemia from one twin to another, a theory supported by the frequent concordance during the first year of life.

Malignant tumors among twins. A study of divergent views

Agreement prevails that MZ twins have higher concordance rates for cancer than do DZ twins. The exact genetic influence on concordance remains doubtful. Neither the patient groups nor the means by which data are analyzed are comparable. The naturally higher perinatal mortality rate among twins affects statistical analysis of diseases among surviving cotwins. Classification of zygosity among all studies of twins is not entirely reliable.

A review of published reports of cancer among twins notes concordance in a variety of tumors. Genetic factors appear to operate either in the concordance of the cancer or in the site of the specific tumors. A genetic origin of tumors in MZ twins is possible. Tumors, including type, site, and age of onset, affect MZ twins more than both members of a DZ pair.

Computerized permanent twin registers should be established for study of prospective follow-up of large twin populations. Suggestions are made for implementation.

Cancer in twins: concordance or discordance?

Although published reports of cancer in twins are not numerous, there are case reports of concordance in a variety of tumors in twins. Cancer of the breast is most frequent; concordance has also been noted in uterus, gonads, eyes, stomach and rectum. In general, these reports tend to support the theory that genetic factors operate either in the concordance of cancer or in the site of the specific tumors. The significance of concordance remains in doubt, however. Reported study groups are not comparable because the materials and methods are disparate. In many reviews the methods of zygosity determination are questionable. The fact that not all cases of cancer in twins are reported introduces a constant source of bias. The following review illustrates this well.

In 1940, Madge T. Macklin reviewed the publications of tumors in MZ and DZ twins and concluded that tumors affected MZ twins far more than both members of a DZ pair. She observed concordance in tumor type, site, and age of onset, as more frequent in MZ than DZ twins. She later (1947) reexamined the same material and some additional twin pairs and concluded that MZ twins have identical tumors far more frequently than DZ twins. She emphasized that rare types of tumors were genetically determined.

In 1948, Busk et al reported on a series of 185 twin study pairs from the Danish Cancer Registry; they concluded that (1) there was a tendency toward a higher incidence of cancer in partners of MZ than of DZ cancerous twins; (2) these deviations from expected values were not considered statistically significant; and (3) there was a tendency for tumors in MZ twins to affect corresponding organs in both partners, this being not the case in DZ twins.

Leukemia in twins: world-wide review of clinical cases

We undertook an extensive review of world-wide clinical reports of leukemia in twins. Our survey was a careful one; exclusions are inevitable, but, if so, are inadvertent, except for undocumented “personal communication” cases. These have sometimes been included in large reviews of either leukemia or leukemia in twins. Also excluded are cases mentioned only tangentially in reports of cancer in large population groups, if no clinical details were given. In some instances, we were able to adapt available clinical information to our tables.

Leukemia appears to occur at four periods in the lives of twins: (1) the perinatal-congenital period; (2) early childhood; (3) late childhood; and (4) adulthood. Those cases occurring around the time of birth and the first year of life are combined under the title: Perinatal-Congenital. In Tab. I, Early Childhood extends from about 2 to 7 years, and Late Childhood from 7 through 12 years. All other cases have been considered as Adult. Two cases occurring in teenagers have been placed in this group in accordance with clinical practice. We have compiled 62 cases of leukemia in twins from clinical reports from the world publications in the following categories: Perinatal-Congenital, 15; Early Childhood, 26; Late Childhood, 9; Adulthood, 12. Comparative clinical details of all these cases will be published in a subsequent report.

Except for those instances about which writers admitted that the diagnosis of zygosity was in question, most reported clinical cases occurred in MZ twins. There were 39 cases of leukemia in MZ twins, 13 cases in DZ twins and 10 cases in whom zygosity was in doubt.

Uricolytic enzymes in liver of the Dipnoan Protopterus aethiopicus

The enzymes uricase, allantoinase, and allantoicase have been measured in liver preparations of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus. The levels for these enzymes in lungfish liver suggest that the amount of urea formed in vivo in Protopterus via a uricolytic pathway may be greater than that derived via the Ornithine-urea cycle. The operation of a "purine cycle" in lungfish liver is proposed.