501
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Abstract
Beta2-adrenoreceptor agonists are the most widely prescribed bronchodilators and are used for symptomatic control and as 'rescue' medication for people with asthma and other chronic conditions affecting the airways. The authors describe the clinical uses, mechanism of action and potential side effects of these agents, emphasising the nurse's role in monitoring therapy.
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502
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White J, Evans B, Catchpole M, Pimenta J. Quarterly Communicable Disease Review July to September 2000--from the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEDICINE 2001; 23:78-81. [PMID: 11315701 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/23.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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503
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Li Y, White J, Stokes D, Sayler G, Sepaniak M. Capillary electrophoresis as a method to study DNA reassociation. Biotechnol Prog 2001; 17:348-54. [PMID: 11312713 DOI: 10.1021/bp010005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To develop analytical methodology to assess the genetic complexity of a DNA sample, capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection is used to monitor the annealing process of DNA samples. Coated columns are filled with an entangled polymer solution shown to optimally separate DNA through size-selective capillary electrophoresis. DNA samples are denatured by heating in a boiling water bath for approximately 10 min and then cooled to approximately 25 degrees C below the melting point of the DNA sample to initiate the reassociation process. The DNA is detected by means of the laser-induced fluorescence of intercalated ethidium bromide, which produces a substantially greater signal for double- versus single-stranded DNA. The rate of reassociation is dependent upon the rate at which complimentary strands of DNA encounter each other and the degree of repeating base sequences in the sample (hence, the diversity of the DNA). Experimental parameters also influence the reassociation rate. The effects of salt concentration and incubation temperature are presented. Traditional plots of C(o)t (C(o) = DNA concentration and t = reassociation time) versus % recovery of double-stranded DNA signal are generated for PhiX 174 Hae III digest and 50 bp stepladder DNA, individually and combined, to calculate the reassociation rate constants for these samples. Because reassociation of individual fragments is observed by the CE-LIF method, more information about the samples is available than with less specific and time-consuming traditional methods of investigating DNA reassociation.
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504
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Price H, White J. New technology assists in meeting A.S.P.E.N. and A.S.H.P. safety guidelines to minimize total parenteral nutrition compounding errors. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25:100-2. [PMID: 11284468 DOI: 10.1177/0148607101025002100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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505
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Bradford J, White J, Honnold J, Ryan C, Rothblum E. Improving the accuracy of identifying lesbians for telephone surveys about health. Womens Health Issues 2001; 11:126-37. [PMID: 11275516 DOI: 10.1016/s1049-3867(00)00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the health status and health care needs of lesbians is limited by the lack of population-based studies, although recent survey methods research offers suggestions that may be relevant to involving lesbians in more rigorous studies. To explore the transferability of findings about the general population to research on lesbian health, focus groups were conducted in 1997-1998 with self-identified lesbians in five U.S. urban areas. Videotaped telephone interviews stimulated discussion about methods for enhancing participation of lesbians in random digit dial telephone surveys. Results are useful for developing improved practices for conducting health surveys with lesbians.
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506
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White J, Howells A, Jones A, Poole C, Lind M, Stuart N, Carmichael J. A multicentre phase II pilot study of epirubicin and Taxol (paclitaxel) in patients with advanced breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001; 12:256-9. [PMID: 11005696 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2000.9168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are the gold standard monotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Higher response rates are seen with drug combinations, especially with newer agents such as taxanes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and activity of the combination of paclitaxel and epirubicin in patients with advanced breast cancer. Thirty-five women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (first and second relapse) were treated with epirubicin 75 mg/m2 and paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 3-weekly. Six centres recruited 35 patients; 34 (97%) were assessable for response. Eighteen had undergone prior chemotherapy, including six (17%) with anthracycline-containing regimens. Grade 4 neutropenia was found in 33 patients (94%), which was of 4 days' average duration; however, infective complications were rare, with only nine cycles (6%) complicated by neutropenic sepsis. There were two sepsis-related deaths. Symptomatic cardiotoxicity was infrequent, although a >15% decline in cardiac function was recorded in five patients (14%). Grade 3 peripheral neuropathy occurred in three patients (9%). The overall response rate was 50% (95% confidence interval 33-67) (complete response 12%; partial response 38%), with a median duration of response of 31 weeks. The median time to progression was 27 weeks, with a median survival of 48 weeks. This regimen appears to be a relatively safe, tolerable and effective treatment for advanced breast cancer. A United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee for Cancer Research Phase III trial (AB-01) comparing this combination of epirubicin and paclitaxel with cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel completed accrual in November 1999.
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507
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Hutchinson PE, Marks R, White J. The efficacy, safety and tolerance of calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a comparison with short-contact dithranol. Dermatology 2001; 201:139-45. [PMID: 11053917 DOI: 10.1159/000018457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A comparison of efficacy, safety and tolerance of a twice-daily application of calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment with dithranol cream. METHODS The study was an 8-week, prospective, randomised, open, parallel-group trial with 114 patients. Subjects received either 3 microg/g calcitriol ointment (twice daily) or 0. 25-2% dithranol cream (once daily for 30 min). Results were measured using global improvement, global severity, PASI, quality of life (QOL) and Psoriasis Disability Index scores. Safety was determined from reports of adverse events and blood chemistry analysis. RESULTS At final assessment, calcitriol and dithranol were comparably efficacious. Skin irritation was reported by 5% of calcitriol and 72% of dithranol patients. Patients rated QOL and overall acceptability of calcitriol more highly. CONCLUSIONS Twice-daily calcitriol ointment (3 microg/g) is equally effective as a once-daily, short-contact dithranol regimen. However, calcitriol is better tolerated than dithranol, and provides a better QOL and a greater patient acceptability.
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508
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Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include aspirin, ibuprofen and diclofenac. They are widely prescribed to control pain and inflammation associated with disease or injury affecting joints and other tissues. The authors describe the clinical uses, mechanism of action and potential side effects. Paracetamol/acetaminophen is included in this discussion, although it is not an NSAID.
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509
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Faas FH, Dang AQ, White J, Schaefer R, Johnson D. Increased prostatic lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity in human prostate cancer: a marker for malignancy. J Urol 2001; 165:463-8. [PMID: 11176397 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200102000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LAT) constitute a deacylation-reacylation cycle that incorporates arachidonic acid into the lipid membrane. In a preliminary report we found increased LAT activity in malignant prostate tissue. We measured LAT activity in prostate tissue from a large number of patients undergoing prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostate tissue from 93 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate carcinoma, 14 undergoing cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer, 55 undergoing transurethral resection for benign prostatic hyperplasia and 11 with prostate cancer undergoing transurethral resection for relief of obstructive symptoms was analyzed for LAT activity. RESULTS In radical prostatectomy specimens using oleoyl coenzyme A as substrate mean increase in LAT activity between malignant and benign portions of the same specimen was 0.68 +/- 0.12 nmol./mg. protein per minute (p <0.00001). In all radical prostatectomy specimens analyzed LAT activity was 43% higher in the malignant than benign portions (2.25 +/- 0.15 versus 1.57 +/- 0.11 nmol./mg. protein per minute, p <0.001). In the 10 benign prostate specimens obtained from cystoprostatectomy mean LAT activity was 1.12 +/- 0.18 nmol./mg. protein per minute, which was significantly lower than that of benign portions of radical prostatectomy (p <0.05). LAT activity in benign cystoprostatectomy specimens was significantly higher than that in the 50 benign transurethral resection specimens (0.54 +/- 0.05, p <0.01), possibly due to heat damage in transurethral resection specimens during collection. However, LAT activity in transurethral resection specimens from patients with known prostate cancer was similarly increased. Similar results were obtained using arachidonoyl coenzyme A. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated increased LAT activity in malignant tissue from patients with prostate cancer. Thus, the deacylation-acylation remodeling cycle may be enhanced to provide more arachidonic acid to meet the demand for prostaglandin E2 synthesis in malignant tissue.
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510
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Nicholson T, White J, Cline R, Minors P, Duncan D. Parents who report using illicit drugs: findings and implications from the DRUGNET study. Psychol Rep 2001; 88:245-51. [PMID: 11293037 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.2001.88.1.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a national discussion has emerged concerning what parents should tell their children about their own past drug use. DRUGNET is an ongoing, on-line survey of successful, healthy, adults who occasionally use illicit drugs. This paper reviews data from a subset of this survey, namely, those respondents who were parents with self-reported use of at least one illicit drug. The sample (n = 325) was predominantly white men who reported having above average education and household incomes. Their mental health as measured by the General Well-being Schedule was similar to the national norm. Respondents reported using drugs to manage parental stress and expressed concerns over how to communicate with their children and legal risks related to their own drug use. The limitations and the implications of these data are discussed.
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511
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Keller P, Toomre D, Díaz E, White J, Simons K. Multicolour imaging of post-Golgi sorting and trafficking in live cells. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3:140-9. [PMID: 11175746 DOI: 10.1038/35055042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biogenesis and maintenance of asymmetry is crucial to many cellular functions including absorption and secretion, signalling, development and morphogenesis. Here we have directly visualized the segregation and trafficking of apical (glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol-anchored) and basolateral (vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein) cargo in living cells using multicolour imaging of green fluorescent protein variants. Apical and basolateral cargo segregate progressively into large domains in Golgi/trans-Golgi network structures, exclude resident proteins, and exit in separate transport containers. These remain distinct and do not merge with endocytic structures suggesting that lateral segregation in the trans-Golgi network is the primary sorting event. Fusion with the plasma membrane was detected by total internal reflection microscopy and reveals differences between apical and basolateral carriers as well as new 'hot spots' for exocytosis.
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512
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Smith SR, Foweraker J, Hamilton D, White J, McNeil K. Impact of antibiotic-resistant pseudomonas on the survival of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients following heart-lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20:224. [PMID: 11250421 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(00)00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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513
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Kumpati GS, Cook DJ, Blackstone EH, White J, Abdo A, Young JB, Starling RC, Smedira NG, McCarthy PM. Evolution and significance of HLA allosensitization during ventricular assist device support. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20:210-211. [PMID: 11250383 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(00)00456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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514
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White J. Sharing the care of children with HIV infection. Nurs Stand 2001; 15:42-6. [PMID: 12211867 DOI: 10.7748/ns2001.01.15.20.42.c2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Providing shared care for children with HIV infection can improve their quality of life. Jo White explores some of the issues that arise when the care of HIV-infected children is shared between a specialist centre and a local district general hospital. Factors that are important for successful shared care are discussed.
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515
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White J, Spores K, Walton S, Wiese R, Freburger J. VALIDATION OF PREDICTIVE MEASURES IN DETERMINING PREOPERATIVE DISCHARGE PLACEMENTS FOR HIP AND KNEE ARTHROPLASTY PATIENTS. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2001. [DOI: 10.1519/00139143-200124010-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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516
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Yob JM, Field H, Rashdi AM, Morrissy C, van der Heide B, Rota P, bin Adzhar A, White J, Daniels P, Jamaluddin A, Ksiazek T. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:439-41. [PMID: 11384522 PMCID: PMC2631791 DOI: 10.3201/eid0703.010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus, family Paramyxoviridae, caused disease in pigs and humans in peninsular Malaysia in 1998-99. Because Nipah virus appears closely related to Hendra virus, wildlife surveillance focused primarily on pteropid bats (suborder Megachiroptera), a natural host of Hendra virus in Australia. We collected 324 bats from 14 species on peninsular Malaysia. Neutralizing antibodies to Nipah virus were demonstrated in five species, suggesting widespread infection in bat populations in peninsular Malaysia.
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517
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Goltzman D, White J, Kremer R. Studies of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D on skeletal and calcium homeostasis and on inhibition of tumor cell growth. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 76:43-7. [PMID: 11384862 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) are major regulators of calcium metabolism and vitamin D can also reduce the growth of normal cells and tumor cells. PTHrP and PTH act via a common membrane receptor (PTHR). The mouse PTHR is regulated by a kidney-selective upstream promoter P(1) and ubiquitous downstream promoter P(2). In vitro and in vivo 1,25(OH)(2)D can inhibit PTHR expression in bone but not cartilage by downregulating transcription via P(2). Gene transcription of PTHrP per se can also be downregulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D and by low calcemic vitamin D analogs. This inhibitory effect may reduce the hypercalcemia caused by overproduction of PTHrP by tumor cells. In a malignant keratinoctye cell line, phosphorylation of the retinoid X receptor alpha occurs through the activated Ras-MAP kinase pathway and results in attenuated trans-activation by the vitamin D receptor, its heterodimeric partner. This decreases the growth-inhibitory efficacy of 1,25(OH)(2)D. Studies of the capacity of vitamin D to alter PTHrP production and action and of its anti-proliferative effects can, therefore, shed important light on basic mechanisms controlling these events, and may also have major implications for clinical medicine and therapeutics.
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518
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Ramshaw B, Shuler FW, Jones HB, Duncan TD, White J, Wilson R, Lucas GW, Mason EM. Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: lessons learned after 1224 consecutive cases. Surg Endosc 2001; 15:50-4. [PMID: 11178763 DOI: 10.1007/s004640001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous attempts to improve the techniques used for hernia repair, current published series show that recurrence rates are as high as 5-20%. The complexity of inguinal anatomy, combined with multiple potential areas of weakness, has contributed to the difficulty in preventing recurrences. However, the laparoscopic approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy has allowed clear visualization of all preperitoneal fascial planes and anatomic landmarks, as well as the hernia defect(s) and the peritoneal reflection. In the course of our performance of a series of 1,224 laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs, we have developed a total extraperitoneal approach that yields excellent results with a low initial recurrence rate. Herein we describe our experience. METHODS After our initial 300 transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernia repairs, which resulted in six recurrences, two bowel injuries, one bladder injury, and six cutaneous nerve injuries, the total extraperitoneal approach (TEP) was adopted. RESULTS The first 300 TEP repairs resulted in one recurrence, two bowel injuries, one bladder injury, and two cutaneous nerve injuries. All major complications occurred in patients who had had previous lower abdominal surgery. In the last 624 TEP herniorrhaphies we implemented some modifications to the technique, especially for patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. In this group we recorded one bladder injury, no cutaneous nerve injuries, and one recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The total extraperitoneal approach for laparoscopic herniorrhaphy allows for a safe and effective repair with low rates of complication and recurrence. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the extraperitoneal space and especially the two- and three-dimensional inguinal anatomy of this space contributed greatly to the evolution of our technique.
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519
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Quackenbush J, Cho J, Lee D, Liang F, Holt I, Karamycheva S, Parvizi B, Pertea G, Sultana R, White J. The TIGR Gene Indices: analysis of gene transcript sequences in highly sampled eukaryotic species. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:159-64. [PMID: 11125077 PMCID: PMC29813 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.1.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While genome sequencing projects are advancing rapidly, EST sequencing and analysis remains a primary research tool for the identification and categorization of gene sequences in a wide variety of species and an important resource for annotation of genomic sequence. The TIGR Gene Indices (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/tgi. shtml) are a collection of species-specific databases that use a highly refined protocol to analyze EST sequences in an attempt to identify the genes represented by that data and to provide additional information regarding those genes. Gene Indices are constructed by first clustering, then assembling EST and annotated gene sequences from GenBank for the targeted species. This process produces a set of unique, high-fidelity virtual transcripts, or Tentative Consensus (TC) sequences. The TC sequences can be used to provide putative genes with functional annotation, to link the transcripts to mapping and genomic sequence data, to provide links between orthologous and paralogous genes and as a resource for comparative sequence analysis.
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520
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Hawker J, White J, Catchpole M. Quarterly communicable disease review: April to June 2000--from the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEDICINE 2000; 22:546-50. [PMID: 11192284 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/22.4.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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521
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Girke T, Todd J, Ruuska S, White J, Benning C, Ohlrogge J. Microarray analysis of developing Arabidopsis seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 124:1570-81. [PMID: 11115875 PMCID: PMC59856 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.4.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2000] [Revised: 06/20/2000] [Accepted: 09/13/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To provide a broad analysis of gene expression in developing Arabidopsis seeds, microarrays have been produced that display approximately 2,600 seed-expressed genes. DNA for genes spotted on the arrays were selected from >10,000 clones partially sequenced from a cDNA library of developing seeds. Based on a series of controls, sensitivity of the arrays was estimated at one to two copies of mRNA per cell and cross hybridization was estimated to occur if closely related genes have >70% to 80% sequence identity. These arrays have been hybridized in a series of experiments with probes derived from seeds, leaves, and roots of Arabidopsis. Analysis of expression ratios between the different tissues has allowed the tissue-specific expression patterns of many hundreds of genes to be described for the first time. Approximately 25% of the 2, 600 genes were expressed at ratios > or =2-fold higher in seeds than leaves or roots and 10% at ratios > or =10. Included in this list are a large number of proteins of unknown function, and potential regulatory factors such as protein kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors. The Arabidopsis arrays were also found to be useful for transcriptional profiling of mRNA isolated from developing oilseed rape (Brassica napus) seeds and expression patterns correlated well between the two species.
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522
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White J, Lubar J, Hutchens T. Neuropsychological and QEEG assessment of adult ADHD. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/15.8.689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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523
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White J. Neuropsychological and QEEG assessment of adult ADHD. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6177(00)80071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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524
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Serwint JR, Dias M, White J. Effects of lead counseling for children with lead levels > or = 20 microgram/dL: impact on parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2000; 39:643-50. [PMID: 11110364 DOI: 10.1177/000992280003901103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning lead reduction counseling. Of 108 children with confirmed venous lead levels > or = 20 microg/dL, 75 (69%) of the parents were interviewed by telephone 6-9 months later. The majority of parents recalled being given specific lead reduction strategies. Knowledge of cleaning interventions was associated with parents who could state the lead level, who perceived a benefit from knowing it was elevated, and whose children were referred to a specialty lead clinic. Recall of nutritional interventions was associated with parents who could state the lead level and whose children were referred to a specialty lead clinic. Although 79% of parents thought that it was beneficial to know their child's lead level was elevated, only 65% reported implementing lead reduction strategies. The majority of parents recalled receiving lead reduction counseling but reported low compliance with lead reduction strategies. Further research is needed to determine the causes of the discrepancy between knowledge and making the behavior changes necessary to comply with lead reduction interventions.
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525
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Glusman G, Bahar A, Sharon D, Pilpel Y, White J, Lancet D. The olfactory receptor gene superfamily: data mining, classification, and nomenclature. Mamm Genome 2000; 11:1016-23. [PMID: 11063259 DOI: 10.1007/s003350010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate olfactory receptor (OR) subgenome harbors the largest known gene family, which has been expanded by the need to provide recognition capacity for millions of potential odorants. We implemented an automated procedure to identify all OR coding regions from published sequences. This led us to the identification of 831 OR coding regions (including pseudogenes) from 24 vertebrate species. The resulting dataset was subjected to neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis and classified into 32 distinct families, 14 of which include only genes from tetrapodan species (Class II ORs). We also report here the first identification of OR sequences from a marsupial (koala) and a monotreme (platypus). Analysis of these OR sequences suggests that the ancestral mammal had a small OR repertoire, which expanded independently in all three mammalian subclasses. Classification of "fish-like" (Class I) ORs indicates that some of these ancient ORs were maintained and even expanded in mammals. A nomenclature system for the OR gene superfamily is proposed, based on a divergence evolutionary model. The nomenclature consists of the root symbol 'OR', followed by a family numeral, subfamily letter(s), and a numeral representing the individual gene within the subfamily. For example, OR3A1 is an OR gene of family 3, subfamily A, and OR7E12P is an OR pseudogene of family 7, subfamily E. The symbol is to be preceded by a species indicator. We have assigned the proposed nomenclature symbols for all 330 human OR genes in the database. A WWW tool for automated name assignment is provided.
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