Electroencephalogram monitoring during carotid endarterectomy

Cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy is of critical importance. This study reviews our experience with continuous EEG monitoring under general anesthesia during carotid endarterectomy. This experience defines indications for intraluminal shunting based upon electroencephalographic criteria as well as defining the utility of EEG monitoring of both intraoperative anesthesia and the post operative course.

Treatment of early cancer of the breast (T1N0M0 and T2N0M0) on the basis of histologic characteristics

This is a retrospective study of the results of various types of surgical treatment of early breast cancer staged histologically using the following characteristics: (1) poor cytologic differentiation, (2) lymphatic permeation, (3) blood vessel invasion, or (4) invasion of the tumor into the surrounding soft tissue. Four hundred and three patients who had early tumors of the breast--228 T1N0M0 (tumor 2 cm or less in diameter, no nodal involvement, and no metastasis) and 175 T2N0M0 (tumor 2 to 5 cm in diameter, no nodal involvement, and no metastasis)--were treated at St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center between January 1, 1965, and December 31 1976. Eighty-three were classified as being at low risk 190 at intermediate risk, and 130 at high risk. At 10 years, 100% of the low-risk group were alive; 99% were free of disease, and any type of mastectomy performed--radical, modified radical, or total--was adequate. At 10 years, 44% of those at high risk were alive, and 30% were free of disease. Radiotherapy improved life expectancy when added to radical mastectomy in the high-risk group. We recommend a prior excisional biopsy for proper histologic evaluation to allow a more appropriate choice of surgical procedure.

A 10-year analysis of chromosomes in non-invasive papillary carcinoma of the bladder

A 10-year evaluation of chromosomal analysis of bladder tumors is reported. Emphasis is placed on the presence of chromosomal markers and their importance as prognostic indicators in patients with papillary bladder tumors.

Regulation of clones responding to dextran B1355S. II. Response of T-dependent and T-independent precursors

The existence of precursors for TI and TD alpha 1 leads to 3 dextran antigens in BALB/c mice was demonstrated. A T-dependent dextran antigen was prepared by coupling dextran B1355S to hemocyanin and subsequent digestion with dextranase. The PFC response of BALB/c mice primed with hemocyanin to dextran-hemocyanin was found to be 8 times higher than in unprimed animals. The splenic focus assay was adapted for the analysis of precursors responding to T-dependent and T-independent dextran antigens. Pretreatment of recipients with anti-thymocyte serum abolished the response in fragment cultures to dextran-hemocyanin but did not affect the response to dextran B1355S. The frequencies of precursors in the adult BALB/c mouse responding to dextran and dextran-hemocyanin were determined by limiting dilution analysis. The frequency of T-dependent precursors was found to be almost 3 times greater than the frequency of T-independent precursors.

Regulation of clones responding to dextran B1355S. II. Response of T-dependent and T-independent precursors

The existence of precursors for TI and TD alpha 1 leads to 3 dextran antigens in BALB/c mice was demonstrated. A T-dependent dextran antigen was prepared by coupling dextran B1355S to hemocyanin and subsequent digestion with dextranase. The PFC response of BALB/c mice primed with hemocyanin to dextran-hemocyanin was found to be 8 times higher than in unprimed animals. The splenic focus assay was adapted for the analysis of precursors responding to T-dependent and T-independent dextran antigens. Pretreatment of recipients with anti-thymocyte serum abolished the response in fragment cultures to dextran-hemocyanin but did not affect the response to dextran B1355S. The frequencies of precursors in the adult BALB/c mouse responding to dextran and dextran-hemocyanin were determined by limiting dilution analysis. The frequency of T-dependent precursors was found to be almost 3 times greater than the frequency of T-independent precursors.

Interocular delay produces depth in subjectively moving noise patterns

Brief apparent motion sequences were introduced into a dynamic visual dot display by spatially shifting selected dots between successive frames. This causes the display to look as if it is drifting continuously in one direction. When such a display is observed with an interocular delay the drifting dots appear to be displaced in depth, even though there is no conventional retinal disparity in the display. We found that the magnitude of this depth shift increased with the duration of the apparent motion sequences. With sequences of five or more frames duration the depth effect was very similar to that which would have been predicted with a continuously moving target. With briefer sequences the size of the depth effect decreased rapidly. We suggest that apparent motion cascades form the basis of Tyler's dynamic visual noise stereophenomenon, and we question his “random spatial disparity” hypothesis.

An interactive effect of visual deprivation and pigmentation on the reactivity of mice to light

The degree to which mice react to light was measured by comparing open-field activities of mice produced by backcrosses involving A/J and C57BL/6J parental strains under normal white light and under dim red light. This reactivity was markedly enhanced, for pigmented mice, by rearing the animals in the dark: the reactivity of albino mice was unaffected by dark-rearing. Total activity, but not reactivity to light, was found to be influenced by the genotype of the mother, the offspring of hybrid mothers being less active than the offspring of inbred mothers. The findings are discussed in terms of the previously advanced hypothesis that retinal melanin may serve as a photochrome.

Some effects of strain differences in the maternal behavior of inbred mice

The frequencies of occurrence of a variety of activities were recorded for inbred female mice of 3 strains in the presence of their own offspring, in the presence of isogenic fostered offspring, and in the presence of nonisogenic fostered offspring. Differences in the frequency of nursing, of grooming and handling the offspring, and of the absence of the female from the nest were related to differences in the rate of early postnatal development of 2 of these strains: in general, those pups receiving less maternal attention developed more rapidly. The effective stimulus for accelerated maturation may lie in the sequential organization of the manipulation of the offspring by the foster mother, rather than in the overall quantity of manipulation received.

Aedes albopictus cells release a goose red blood cell agglutinin

The presence of a goose red blood cell (RBC) agglutinin (HA) in the culture medium of apparently uninfected Aedes albopictus cells raised the possibility of contamination by an arbovirus. The HA sedimented in sucrose gradients between 18S and 28S and had a buoyant density in sucrose of 1,23 g/cm3. The HA adsorbed to concanavalin A-Sepharose and could be eluted with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. The apparent molecular weights of the eluted glycoproteins were estimated by PAGE to range from 17,000 to 45,000. Treatment of culture medium from A.albopictus cells with excess goose RBC removed both HA activity and a proportion of the proteins of molecular weight 25,000--35,000. The HA also bound to human group 'O' RBC, It was not possible to inhibit hemagglutination with a variety of anti-arbovirus antisera. These data do not support the hypothesis that the HA is associated with an inapparent arbovirus infection of A.albopictus cells.

A preliminary report on experienced closed-circuit television users

In an attempt to describe the use and usefulness of closed-circuit televisions (C.C.T.V), a preliminary follow-up study of 27 veterans was undertaken by the Western Blind Rehabilitation Center. The veterans had been loaned C.C.T.V.'s by the Veterans Administration and represented a wide range of ages, backgrounds, and pathologies. On the basis of the present data, it is concluded that C.C.T.V. significantly improve the functioning of the majority of users and that this improvement appears to be a long-term benefit.

Post-natal developmental changes in the length-tension relationship of cat papillary muscles

The length-tension relationship and the effect of paired electrical stimulation were studied in right ventricular papillary muscles obtained from cats. The animals were divided into three age groups: neonatal kittens, less than 24 hr of age; infant kittens, 16--18 days of age; and adult cats. 2. The muscles were electrically driven to contract isometrically using field stimulation at 10--20% above the threshold valus. 3. At Lmax the neonatal preparations produced significantly less developed (active) tension than did the adult preparations. The resting tension at Lmax was significantly greater in the neonatal preparations than in the adult ones. The infant group occupied an intermediate position between the two other groups. 4. The response to paired electrical stimulation was less in the neonatal group than in either the infants or the adults. 5. It is concluded that post-natal developmental changes occur in the contractile properties of the myocardium of the cat.

Tactile short-term memory in relation to the two-point threshold

The purpose of the present work was to discover whether there was a relationship between the sensitivity of a body site as measured by the two-point threshold and the degree or rate of forgetting of a location stimulated at that body site. In Experiment I, it was found that the higher the two-point threshold, the greater the distance between two successive points of stimulation erroneonously thought to be identical (12 body sites). In Experiment II, it was found that forgetting over time was greater when the retention interval was filled with movement or other tactile stimulation than when the retention interval was unfilled (six body sites). It was concluded that highly sensitive areas also show the least degree of forgetting as compared with less sensitive sites, but this statement should be qualified in various ways.

Cost-financed mental health facility. I. Clinical care pattern in a labor union program

Cost-financed mental health facilities create opportunities for new patterns of mental health service analogous to community mental health centers in some ways and to HMOs in others. This paper describes the first facility based on such financing. The concept of cost-financed mental health practice is introduced and defined as including a multidisciplinary team serving a defined population of enrollees through prepaid or prebudgeted financing. The financing may be capitation based or generated through an agreed-upon budget for predefined services. Ordinary fee-for-service insurance creates purchasing power but not care system. Cost financing can create service mechanisms. The paper describes the clinical system made possible through such financing. The direct patient service systems for the United Auto Workers at the Johns Hopkins Hospital funded through cost financing included an early case-finding program, intake and evaluations specially designed for blue-collar workers, a full range of continuous treatment modalities, and programs in chronic care and rehabilitation. Programs in prevention, consultation, and education were also included. Conern is described. The authors conclude that this clinical form has the potential to offer both the advantages of the community mental health center and of the private practice system.