Glycerol kinase activities in muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates

1. Glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) activity was measured in crude extracts of skeletal muscles by a radiochemical method. The properties of the enzyme from a number of different muscles are very similar to those of the enzyme from rat liver. Glycerol kinase from locust flight muscle was inhibited competitively by l-3-glycerophosphate with a K(i) of 4.0x10(-4)m. 2. The activity of glycerol kinase was measured in a variety of muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates in an attempt to explain the large variation in the activity of this enzyme in different muscles. 3. In vertebrates glycerol kinase activities were generally higher in red muscle than in white muscle; the highest activities (approx. 0.2mumole/min./g. fresh wt.) were found in the red breast muscle of some birds (e.g. pigeon, duck, blue tit) whereas the activities in the white breast muscle of the pheasant and domestic fowl were very low (approx. 0.02mumole/min./g.). 4. On the basis of glycerol kinase activities, muscles from insects can be classified into three groups: muscles that have a low enzyme activity, i.e. <0.3mumole/min./g. (leg muscles of all insects studied and the flight muscles of cockroaches and the tsetse fly); muscles that have an intermediate enzyme activity, i.e. 0.3-1.5mumoles/min./g. (e.g. locusts, cockchafers, moths, water-bugs); and muscles that have a high enzyme activity, i.e. >1.5mumoles/min./g. (e.g. bees, wasps, some blowflies). 5. The function of glycerol kinase in vertebrate and insect muscles that possess a low or intermediate activity is considered to be the removal of glycerol that is produced from lipolysis of triglyceride or diglyceride by the muscle. Therefore in these muscles the activity of glycerol kinase is related to the metabolism of fat, which is used to support sustained muscular activity. A possible regulatory role of glycerol kinase in the initiation of triglyceride or diglyceride lipolysis is discussed. 6. The function of glycerol kinase in the insect muscles that possess a high activity of the enzyme is considered to be related to the high rates of glycolysis that these muscles can perform. The oxidation of extramitochondrial NADH, and therefore the maintenance of glycolysis, is dependent on the functioning of the glycerophosphate cycle; if at any stage of flight (e.g. at the start) the rate of mitochondrial oxidation of l-3-glycerophosphate was less than the activity of the extramitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, this compound would accumulate, inhibit the latter enzyme and inhibit glycolysis. It is suggested that such excessive accumulation of l-3-glycerophosphate is prevented by hydrolysis of this compound to glycerol; the latter would have to be removed from the muscle when the accumulation of l-3-glycerophosphate had stopped, and this would explain the presence of glycerol kinase in these muscles and its inhibition by l-3-glycerophosphate.

Factors affecting the glucose 6-phosphate inhibition of hexokinase from cerebral cortex tissue of the guinea pig

1. The inhibition of hexokinase by glucose 6-phosphate has been investigated in crude homogenates of guinea-pig cerebral cortex by using a sensitive radio-chemical technique for the assay of hexokinase activity. 2. It was observed that 44% of cerebral-cortex hexokinase activity did not sediment with the microsomal or mitochondrial fractions (particulate fraction), and this is termed soluble hexokinase. The sensitivities of soluble and particulate hexokinase, and hexokinase in crude homogenates, to the inhibitory actions of glucose 6-phosphate were measured; 50% inhibition was produced by 0.023, 0.046 and 0.068mm-glucose 6-phosphate for soluble, particulate and crude homogenates respectively. 3. The optimum Mg(2+) concentration for the enzyme was about 10mm, and this appeared to be independent of the ATP concentration. In the presence of added glucose 6-phosphate, raising the Mg(2+) concentration to 5mm increased the activity of hexokinase, but above this concentration Mg(2+) potentiated the glucose 6-phosphate inhibition. When present at a concentration above 1mm, Ca(2+) ions inhibited the enzyme in the presence or absence of glucose 6-phosphate. 4. When the ATP/Mg(2+) ratio was 1.0 or below, variations in the ATP concentration had no effect on the glucose 6-phosphate inhibition; above this value ATP inhibited hexokinase in the presence of glucose 6-phosphate. ATP had an inhibitory effect on soluble hexokinase similar to that on a whole-homogenate hexokinase, so that the ATP inhibition could not be explained by a conversion of particulate into soluble hexokinase (which is more sensitive to inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate). It is concluded that ATP potentiates glucose 6-phosphate inhibition of cerebral-cortex hexokinase, whereas the ATP-Mg(2+) complex has no effect. Inorganic phosphate and l-alpha-glycerophosphate relieved glucose 6-phosphate inhibition of hexokinase; these effects could not be explained by changes in the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate during the assay. 5. The inhibition of hexokinase by ADP appeared to be independent of the glucose 6-phosphate effect and was not relieved by inorganic phosphate. 6. The physiological significance of the ATP, inorganic phosphate and alpha-glycerophosphate effects is discussed in relation to the control of glycolysis in cerebral-cortex tissue.