[Genesis and extension of intraductal papillomas of the breast--a three-dimensional morphological study]

Graphic reconstruction of semi-serially sectioned breast specimens allowed a three-dimensional observation of intraductal proliferative lesions and their growth characteristics. Ten surgical specimens with intraductal papillomas obtained by microdochectomy were subjected to this study, and the primary site and extending behavior of papillomas were analysed. The results indicated: (1) In seven out of the ten cases papillomas appeared to arise from terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) as multiple foci three-dimensionally independent of each other. (2) Secondary ductal involvement by multiple papillomas attained to as far as subsegmental or segmental level. (3) On the other hand solitary papilloma arose from segmental duct without involving TDLU. (4) Both solitary and multiple papillomas transformed and distorted the duct system while sustaining its basically arborescent pattern. (5) Duct papillomatosis, situated within TDLU, was often proved to be connected with multiple papillomas in more proximal ducts, and therefore was regarded as a prepapillomatous lesion. (6) Retention cysts associated with multiple papillomas were accounted for by intraductal proliferations obstructing outflow tracts.

Monoclonal suppressor factor specific for lactate dehydrogenase B. I. Mechanism of interaction between the factor and its target cells

Hybridomas secreting a monoclonal T suppressor-effector factor (TseF) were produced by fusion of a lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB)-specific long-term T suppressor-effector (Tse) cell line with the BW5147 thymoma. A short exposure (4 h) to TseF completely suppresses the antigen-specific and A-restricted proliferation of LDHB-primed Lyt-1+2- [possibly helper (Th)] cells. The action of TseF on Th cells, as that of the Tse cells themselves, is antigen-specific and A-restricted. The interaction of TseF with Th cells involves two binding events, of which one occurs via antigen bridge, and the other represents the recognition of a factor-derived Ak-like moiety by the anti-Ak receptor of Th cells. The Ak-like moiety of the TseF carries the determinants that serve as restriction elements for antigen recognition by Th cells, and additional determinants demonstrable by T cell-specific monoclonal "anti-Ak" antibodies, however, it lacks serologically detectable determinants of the B cell-derived A alpha A beta class II Mhc molecules.

Cytogenetic findings in congenital leukemia: case report and review of the literature

The cytogenetic findings in a five-week-old female infant with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are reported. Markers 11q - and 19 + were observed and considered to be due to an interstitial deletion of segment 11q13 to 11q23 of chromosome #11 and an insertion of this segment into the terminal region of the short arm of #19. Previously published banded cases of leukemic infants under one year of age have been summarized. A review of the data in these 29 cases suggests that the appearance of a normal karyotype in acute leukemia of infants (less than or equal to 1 year old) is much less common than in other categories of acute leukemia. Fourteen out of 29 cases (48%) had chromosomal abnormalities involving 11q. Seven of eight ALL cases had aberrations with a breakpoint at 11q22-23; six cases had t(4;11), one case had a del(11q) and ins(19p), and another had a t(1;22;4). All of three AMMoL cases had translocations involving the long arm of #11. The percentage of patients with t(4;11) and certain translocations involving 11q in infants with ALL or AMMoL, respectively, is higher than that seen in ALL and AMMoL in general. Eleven out of 12 cases (92%) of infant acute leukemias with chromosomal abnormalities involving 11q22-23 were five months old or less.

[High serum ferritin levels in malignant lymphoma of the ileum]

A 61-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with lower abdominal distension, anemia and slight emaciation. Primary malignant lymphoma of the ileum was diagnosed after laparotomy and palliative surgery was performed. Pathological specimens demonstrated diffuse lymphoma, and histiocytic (Rappaport's classification) aneurysm-type macroscopic development. The preoperative serum ferritin level was high and increased postoperatively with a slight decrease during VEMP chemotherapy, suggesting it to be a marker of tumor activity. Although palliation was observed during chemotherapy, this patient died of pulmonary complications a little less than 3 months after the operation.

[Mass screening for breast cancer in Miyagi prefecture--a 5-year review]

During the past 5 years, 55839 individuals mass screening for breast cancer in Miyagi Prefecture. Breast cancer was detected in 51 of 49114 (0.1%) women examined at the local site and in 14 of 6725 (0.2%) women examined at the vocational site. At the Cancer Detection Center (CDC) breast cancer was detected in 75 of 3055 (2.4%) screened individuals. Of the 51 breast cancer patients identified at the local site, 35 had noted a breast lump before screening, 6 of 14 patients identified at the vocational site had noted a lump. All patients in whom cancer was detected at the CDC had noticed a breast lump before undergoing the examination. Tumors were detected at a relatively early stage at the vocational site. Classification of tumor size was not significantly different between the local and the CDC examination.

Intravesical chemotherapy of urinary bladder tumor in rabbit by ferromagnetic mitomycin C

Considering the necessity of selective toxicity in cancer chemotherapy, an advantageous means of controlling the anticancer agent in the urinary bladder was facilitated by microencapsulation of the drug and ferrite particles. Pharmacokinetic analysis of intravesical instillation chemotherapy in rabbits proved that magnetic control of ferromagnetic microencapsulated mitomycin C (MMC) remarkably enhanced MMC absorption into the urinary bladder wall. Moreover, malignant bladder tumors in rabbits were successfully treated with this method.

Ultrasonographical diagnosis of fatty liver: significance of the liver-kidney contrast

In order to investigate the reliability of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of fatty liver, retrospective evaluation was made of abdominal echograms in 45 patients with various diffuse liver diseases who underwent liver biopsy within 2 weeks after the ultrasound study. Instead of the well-recognized but subjective diagnostic criterion, i.e. the bright liver pattern, liver-kidney contrast is proposed as a new criterion. The liver-kidney contrast is based on the brightness of the liver in comparison to the renal parenchyma where fatty change seldom occurs. Combination of this liver-kidney contrast with two other well-known ultrasonographical findings of fatty liver, vascular blurring and deep attenuation, enables us to grade fatty change semiquantitatively. When fatty change of over 30% in the hepatic lobule was adopted as the definition of fatty liver, the satisfaction of both liver-kidney contrast and vascular blurring presented an ultrasound diagnostic criterion for fatty liver, with sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 96%.

Effect of insulin on the lysosomal function of rat aortic smooth muscle cells and subcutaneous fibroblasts in tissue culture

Extracellular and intracellular activities of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), a representative lysosomal enzyme, in rat aortic smooth muscle cells and subcutaneous fibroblasts cultured for 6 days with an insulin-enriched (200 microU/ml of insulin) or an insulin-deprived medium were measured. The culture medium was changed every 2 days. The net release of NAG into the medium between the 4th and the 6th day was significantly inhibited in the insulin-enriched culture of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The inhibition was more marked in the fibroblasts series than in the smooth muscle cell series. On the other hand, the intracellular NAG activity of both cell series was almost similar in the insulin-enriched culture and in the insulin-deprived culture. The results indicate that insulin has an inhibitory effect on the net extracellular release of NAG and, therefore, regulates the lysosomal function in these mesenchymal cells.

North american Burkitt-type ALL with a variant translocation t(8;22)

A variant translocation, t(8;22) (q24;q12), was found in bone marrow (BM) and long-term cultured peripheral blood (PB) cells obtained from an American boy with Burkitt-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL-L3, French-American-British classification). Surface marker studies revealed a monoclonal immunoglobulin A (sIgA) with a lambda chain (74%) on the PB cells in a sample containing 74% blast cells. A table summarizing the cases with variant translocations in Burkitt diseases [Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and ALL-L3] is presented, and review of the published data indicates that, generally, the survival of patients with t(8;22)-type BL and ALL-L3 is short and comparable to that of patients with the more common translocation, t(8;14). There appears to be no relationship between t(2;8) or t(8;22) and a specific heavy-chain sIg. The karyotypes of the BM cells and those of the long-term cultured PB cells, though retaining t(8;22), differed from each other. Chromosomal analyses using cells from long-term culture may reveal karyotypic changes in addition to those seen on direct analysis. The key karyotypic anomaly in Burkitt-type diseases appears to be the breakage of chromosome #8 at band q24.

[Effects of protein calorie intake on immuno- and chemotherapy]

Immuno-chemotherapeutic effect on growth of 81B mammary tumor was studied in syngeneic C3H/He mice fed diet with low (D) or normal (N) protein content. 1. 5-FU 20 mg/kg. was given intra-peritoneal daily for 3 weeks. The tumor volume ratio (T/C) was significantly reduced on day 14 in both N and D-group mice. However, all mice were dead 2 weeks after administration of 5-FU in D-group mice. 2. Immuno-potentiator OK-432 (50 KE/kg,) or Lentinan (5 mg/kg,) was given i.p. daily for 3 weeks. The 81B tumor growth was inhibited on day 14 in N-group mice. However, the tumor growth was paradoxically accelerated after administration of these agents in D-group mice. Augmentation of the natural killer cell activity was recognized in N-group mice treated with OK-432 or Lentinan, but no change was seen in D-group mice. 3. After administration of 5-FU, intra-tumoral concentration of 5-FU was higher in N-group mice than that of in D-group mice.

Burkitt's lymphoma with 2/8 translocation: a case report with special reference to the clinical features

A case of Japanese Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) with a t(2; 8) (p11; q24), a variant translocation in BL, is reported. The patient was a 45-year-old woman in whom a subcutaneous right axillary tumor first occurred. Remission was not achieved despite extensive chemotherapy. Of the four nonendemic BL, two endemic BL, and one nonendemic Burkitt-type acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL-L3) cases with a t(2; 8) reported so far, including the present case, four (two nonendemic and two endemic) were positive for Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) and two revealed extremely high antibody titers against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the remaining one not having been tested for EBV. Thus, a possible close relationship between the t(2; 8) and EBV infection has to be considered. The t(2; 8) in nonendemic BL seems to occur more often in adults than in children.

Oral implantation of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and Eikenella corrodens in conventional hamsters

Oral implantation of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus 381-R' and Eikenella corrodens 1073S-R, which are highly resistant to streptomycin, was examined in conventional hamsters. The hamsters' first molars were ligatured with cotton threads preimmersed in bacterial suspensions. Bacterial inoculation was performed daily for 1 week, followed by a single weekly inoculation for 7 more weeks. Hamsters were fed Keyes' diet no. 2000 or ordinary powdered diet. Bacterial recovery, gingival histological changes, and immunological response were checked 2, 5, and 8 weeks after the daily serial inoculation. B. asaccharolyticus 381-R' was recovered from all hamsters during the experiment (6.7 X 10(6) to 6.3 X 10(8) colony-forming units). E. corrodens 10735-R was recovered from the hamsters fed Keyes' diet no. 2000 throughout the experimental period (2.4 X 10(5) to 1.2 X 10(6) colony-forming units), but not in the group fed the ordinary powdered diet. The histological changes in gingival tissues at the second week showed no differences among the control group, the B. asaccharolyticus-inoculated group, and the E. corrodens-inoculated group. However, by the eighth week, the inflammation persisted only in the bacteria-inoculated groups, especially in the B. asaccharolyticus-inoculated group. A relatively increased serum antibody titer was also observed in the B. asaccharolyticus-inoculated group, but not in the E. corrodens-inoculated group. These findings indicate that B. asaccharolyticus 381-R' and E. corrodens 1073S-R can be implanted in hamsters' oral cavity with the aid of cotton thread ligature. It was also suggested that B. asaccharolyticus may have some pathogenic role in the destruction of periodontal tissue in hamsters.

Computed tomography in the diagnosis of fatty liver: total lipid content and computed tomography number

Fifty-three histologically proved cases of various diffuse liver disease were studied for their computed tomography numbers (CTN). The machine used was Ohio Nuclear's Delta Scanner 50FS type and CTN was expressed by the Hounsfield unit (H). Mean CTN in each group was as follows: 66.6 +/- 2.6 H in normal control (N), 63.3 +/- 6.0 H in chronic hepatitis (CH). 61.8 +/- 7.0 H in liver cirrhosis (LC), and 44.4 +/- 10.6 H in fatty infiltration (FI). There were no significant differences among them except FI group. As N group were all above 60 H and CH and LC groups were all above 50 H, CTN below 60 H suggests chronic liver disease or fatty infiltration and CTN below 50 H strongly suggests fatty infiltration. In eleven cases where total lipid content of the liver could be be biochemically determined by the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reagent, a relation of total lipid content to CTN was studied. As a result, a significant correlation existed between them (r = -0.89; p less than 0.001). If the diagnostic criterion of fatty liver was set at total lipid content above 100 mg/g wet liver, CT criterion was estimated at CTN below 48 H from the regression formula.

An analysis of chromosome findings in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Banding studies were done on tissues from tumors excised from 22 Japanese patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. All tumors were found to be associated with aneuploidy. The chromosome abnormalities were diverse, with each chromosome type being involved in these abnormalities. Terminal deletions, derivative chromosomes as a result of unbalanced or nonreciprocal translocations, and markers of totally or partially unknown origin accounted for the majority of the structural abnormalities. Balanced reciprocal translocations were seen only occasionally. The 14q+, 6q-, partial trisomy of 1q, 11q+, 18q+, and 19q+ abnormalities were seen in more than two patients. The incidence of a missing sex chromosome was significantly higher than that of autosomes, but no particular other karyotypic abnormality seemed to be associated with the event. All six patients whose chromosomes could be totally characterized were in complete remission. Patients with one or more markers of unknown either totally or partially origin, had a median survival of only 8 months (p less than 0.01). Five of the former six patients showed a nodular histology. Fifteen of the latter 16 patients had a diffuse histology, with 13 of the 15 having diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. The median survival of 9.5 months for the 14 with only abnormal metaphases in the lymphatic tissues (AA-group) was shorter than the 26+ months for the seven patients with both normal and abnormal metaphases (AN-group). Thus certain aspects of chromosomal changes appear to correlate with histology and/or prognosis in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.