576
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Jiang J, Bischof J. Effect of Dose, Timing and Delivery of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha as an Adjuvant in Cryosurgery of ELT-3 Uterine Leiomyoma (Fibroid) Tumor. J Med Device 2009. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3147380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma (fibroid or myoma) is the most common indication for hysterectomy in premenopausal women. Cryomyolysis is a uterus sparing procedure in which a myoma is frozen by a cryoprobe, thereby causing tissue necrosis upon thawing and eventual reduction in myoma size. Unfortunately, although the iceball is readily visualized (by ultrasound-US or magnetic resonance-MR), the tissue at the periphery of the iceball is not completely destroyed. One potential solution to this problem is the use of cryosurgical adjuvants that increase cryosurgical image guidance and efficacy. Previous work in our lab has shown that TNF-α (native or as the nanodrug, CYT-6091, Cytimmune Sciences, Inc.) can act synergistically with cryosurgery to destroy all prostate cancer within an iceball. Building on this work, the current study was designed to test TNF-α as an adjuvant in an in vivo model of uterine fibroid (ELT-3) in a nude mouse. The aims of this study are to characterize in vivo: 1) the destruction of the uterine fibroid over time after cryosurgery; 2) the effect of TNF-α pre-treatment on enhancement of cryosurgery; 3) the effect of TNF-α dose, pre-treatment time and mode of delivery on the above and to note any toxicities. ELT–3 rat uterine fibroid cells were grown in the hind limb of female nude mice. TNF-α at various dose (2μg and 5μg) was administered at 1, 2 and 4 hours before cryotreatment in native or CYT-6091. Native TNF-α was injected either intra-tumorally or peri-tumorally. Injecting TNF-α solution into the center of the tumor comprised the intra-tumoral approach. For peri-tumoral injection, TNF-α solution was injected at each one of eight evenly distributed points spanning the circumference of the tumor base. CYT-6091 was administered by i.v. injection only. Cryosurgery was performed with a modified 1 mm diameter cryoprobe tip (−120°C). Freezing was allowed to continue to the visible edge of the tumor. Injury was assessed by measuring tumor-growth delay. Baseline tumor size was measured on day 0; fold-changes in tumor size are reported relative to size at day 0. Toxicity was evaluated by survival rate. Groups were 4–6 animals in each group. The data suggests that pre-treatment with TNF-α before cryosurgery significantly enhances visually guided destruction of uterine leiomyoma, and that the dose, timing and mode of delivery are important variables in optimization of this combination treatment. First, it was observed that at least four hours pretreatment with TNF-α is required to obtain the synergistic effect of TNF-α and cryoinjury. Second, peri-tumoral injection of native TNF-α, was the most effective delivery method to enhance cryoinjury at low dose (2μg), however it was also the most toxic method at high dose (5μg). On the other hand, CYT-6091, although less effective than peri-tumoral injection at 2μg, was the safest delivery mode (0% lethality at 2μg; 33% at 5μg). Finally, CYT-6091 delivery at 5μg with cryosurgery resulted in a dramatic tumor growth delay compared with cryosurgery alone. Therefore, i.v. injection of CYT-6091 followed by cryosurgery allowed the highest dose of TNF-α, the least toxicity and the best overall myoma reduction. Funding: R01 CA075284, American Medical Systems, Inc. TNF-α and CYT-6091: Cytimmune Sciences, Inc.
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577
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Zhen X, Jiang J, Wang S, Yao Z, Xu C, Jiang T, NI AD. Compensative changes in MCI and AD revealed by cortical thickness connections. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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578
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Jiang J, Wang S, Zhen X, Yao Z, Xu C, Jiang T, NI AD. Amyloid aggregations and tau pathology reflected by cortical thickness in the default network of MCI and AD. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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579
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Viswanathan R, Etra A, Jiang J. Effect of solvent environment on the CO band position in the infrared spectrum of trans-[FeII(CN)4(CO)2]2−. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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580
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Koul M, Mahurkar S, Legendre B, Jiang J, Kaldjian E. High-sensitivity KRAS mutation detection in colorectal and lung cancer using SURVEYOR Nuclease scanning. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e22023 Background: Mutations of the KRAS gene in colorectal and lung cancers have been associated with lack of response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapies. Here we describe a highly sensitive assay that identifies mutations by scanning the entire coding region of KRAS exons 2 and 3 using SURVEYOR Nuclease, an endonuclease that cleaves double-stranded heteroduplex DNA at base pair mismatch sites. Methods: DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin- embedded tissue sections from a set of 30 colorectal and lung cancer samples. Two amplicons covering the coding and splice junction regions of the KRAS gene exons 2 and 3 were PCR-amplified, hybridized to allow heteroduplex formation, incubated with SURVEYOR Nuclease and analyzed on the WAVE-HS DHPLC system. The sensitivity of SURVEYOR Nuclease mutation detection was assessed by creating serial dilutions of 50:50 mixtures of original PCR products from mutant samples with wild type amplicons from control DNA. Results: 6 samples were identified as KRAS mutant by WAVE-HS profiles containing two fragment peaks in addition to the full length amplicon peak, indicating SURVEYOR Nuclease cleavage at a mismatch site. Mutations were found in both exon 2 (codons 12, 13) and exon 3 (codon 59). Sequencing confirmed the KRAS mutations in these samples. Levels of mutant DNA as low as 2% (1 ng/ul) were identified by this method, consistent with other SURVEYOR-based assays. Conclusions: SURVEYOR Nuclease technology is a sensitive and comprehensive method for detecting mutation in KRAS. [Table: see text]
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581
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Jiang J, Fu W, Wang X, Lin P, Yao Q, Chen C. QS249. HIV GP120 Reduces the Expression and Functions of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in TNF-α-Activated Porcine and Human Endothelial Cells. J Surg Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.11.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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582
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Dym M, He Z, Jiang J, Pant D, Kokkinaki M. Spermatogonial stem cells: unlimited potential. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:15-21. [DOI: 10.1071/rd08221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that adult cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency, but mostly with genes delivered using retroviruses. Some of the genes are cancer causing; thus, these adult-derived embryonic stem (ES)-like cells cannot be used for therapy to cure human diseases. Remarkably, it has also been demonstrated recently by several groups that, in mice, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can be reprogrammed to ES-like cells without the necessity of exogenously added genes. SSCs constitute one of the most important stem cell systems in the body, not only because they produce spermatozoa that transmit genetic information from generation to generation, but also because of the recent studies showing their remarkable plasticity. Very little is known about SSCs in humans, except for the earlier work of Clermont and colleagues who demonstrated that there are Adark and Apale spermatogonia, with the Adark referred to as the reserve stem cells and the Apale being the renewing stem cells. We now demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptor 125 (GPR125) may be a marker for human SSCs. Putative human SSCs can also be reprogrammed to pluripotency. We were able to achieve this result without the addition of genes, suggesting that human SSCs have considerable potential for cell-based, autologous organ regeneration therapy for various diseases.
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583
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Zhu T, Xie YH, Jiang J, Wang YT, Zhang HJ, Nozaki T. Comparative study of polyvinylidene fluoride and PES flat membranes in submerged MBRs to treat domestic wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2009; 59:399-405. [PMID: 19213993 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2009.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two kinds of membranes, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES), were used in submerged flat membrane bioreactors (MBRs) to treat domestic wastewater in this study. The MBRs ran under the same reactor structure, the same membrane pore size of 0.45 mICROm and the same anoxic/ oxic (A/O) process. The experimental results showed that: (1) With the influent of BOD(5) 200-500 mg/L and COD(Cr) 400-1,000 mg/L, PVDF MBR achieved the removal efficiencies of BOD(5) 96-98% and COD(Cr) 89-98%, and those were 97-99% and 93-97% in PES MBR. The interceptive efficiency of PES membrane to BOD(5) and COD(Cr) was superior to PVDF membrane. (2) The removal efficiencies of TN and NH(3)-N in two MBRs exhibited good results which were greater than 85%. The removal efficiencies of TP were greater than 80% in both MBRs. (3) MLSS concentration changed from 2,000 mg/L to 7,000 mg/L during the experiment. PES membrane was not washed and the membrane flux was steady. However, the flux of PVDF one decreased quickly and was washed for twice. It meant that PES membrane had fine capability than PVDF one.
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584
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Cui LL, Hou XM, Jiang J, Li GD, Liang YY, Xin X. Comparative enhancing effects of electret with chemical enhancers on transdermal delivery of meloxicam in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/142/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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585
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Jiang J, Liang YY, Cui LL, Hou XM, Tang Y, Ye XT, Yang YJ, Song MH. Influence of porous PTFE/LDPE/PP composite electret in skin ultrastructure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/142/1/012050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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586
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Jiang J. Reflections on clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine through treatment of individual cases of urinary tract infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 6:1217-20. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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587
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Jiang J, Lu W, Bernholc J. Edge states and optical transition energies in carbon nanoribbons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:246803. [PMID: 19113645 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.246803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The edge states and optical transition energies in carbon nanoribbons are investigated with density-functional calculations. While the ground state of zigzag ribbons is spin polarized, defects at the edges destroy spin polarization and lead to a nonmagnetic ground state. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy will thus show different features depending on edge quality. Optical transition energies in nanoribbons Eii are strongly affected by the edges and confinement, which introduce a term inversely proportional to their width. After removing that term, the scaling of Eii is quantitatively similar to that in carbon nanotubes.
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588
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Wu ZQ, Jiang J, Peng YH. Effective features based on normal linear structures for detecting microcalcifications in mammograms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1109/icpr.2008.4761333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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589
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Wu X, Schott M, Liu C, Qian C, Mao X, Xu K, Jiang J, Xu Y, Shen M, Papewalis C, Scherbaum WA, Liu C. Statins decrease the aberrant HLA-DR expression on thyrocytes from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Horm Metab Res 2008; 40:838-41. [PMID: 18686224 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Statins have been found to exert anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory effects. It seems likely that these drugs may improve thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of statins on HLA-DR (human leukocyte antigen D-related) expression of thyrocytes from patients with HT hypothyroidism. Thyroid tissues were obtained from surgical specimens. Thyrocytes were cultured in the presence or absence of IFN-gamma (50 ng/ml) with or without statins (simvastatin 10 microM or atorvastatin 10 microM) for 72 hours. HLA-DR expression was detected by flow cytometry. Normal thyrocytes were used for controls. HLA-DR expression of HT thyrocytes was much higher than that of normal thyrocytes (41.2+/-4.5% vs. 2.7+/-2.1%, p<0.01), which could be further increased by IFN-gamma stimulation in both groups (p<0.01). However, simvastatin and atorvastatin could significantly inhibit the "aberrant" HLA-DR expression on HT thyrocytes and decrease IFN-gamma- induced HLA-DR expression in both HT and normal thyroid cells (p<0.01). Statins can repress HLA-DR expression of HT thyrocytes, which might inhibit the subsequent lymphocyte activation and ameliorate the immune disturbance of HT.
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590
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Eshpeter A, Jiang J, Au M, Rajotte RV, Lu K, Lebkowski JS, Majumdar AS, Korbutt GS. In vivo characterization of transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived pancreatic endocrine islet cells. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:843-858. [PMID: 19040565 PMCID: PMC6495805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Islet-like clusters (ILCs), differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), were characterized both before and after transplantation under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic immuno-incompetent mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple independent ILC preparations (n = 8) were characterized by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and cell insulin content, with six preparations transplanted into diabetic mice (n = 42), compared to controls, which were transplanted with either a human fibroblast cell line or undifferentiated hESCs (n = 28). RESULTS Prior to transplantation, ILCs were immunoreactive for the islet hormones insulin, C-peptide and glucagon, and for the ductal epithelial marker cytokeratin-19. ILCs also had cellular insulin contents similar to or higher than human foetal islets. Expression of islet and pancreas-specific cell markers was maintained for 70 days post-transplantation. The mean survival of recipients was increased by transplanted ILCs as compared to transplanted human fibroblast cells (P < 0.0001), or undifferentiated hESCs (P < 0.042). Graft function was confirmed by secretion of human C-peptide in response to an oral bolus of glucose. CONCLUSIONS hESC-derived ILC grafts continued to contain cells that were positive for islet endocrine hormones and were shown to be functional by their ability to secrete human C-peptide. Further enrichment and maturation of ILCs could lead to generation of a sufficient source of insulin-producing cells for transplantation into patients with type 1 diabetes.
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591
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Li J, Zeng Q, Chen M, Jiang J, Zheng S. Comparison analysis of 1D/2D/3D neutronics modeling for a fusion reactor. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2008.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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592
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Dajee M, Aujay M, Demo S, Jiang J, Kirk C, Lee S, Parlati F, Sheilds J, Sun M, Suzuki E. 238 POSTER The selective proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib in combination with chemotherapeutic agents improves anti-tumor response in solid tumor xenograft models. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)72170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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593
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Wu J, Zhou H, Jiang J, Xie Y. Quantitative investigation on nucleation of flocculent sludge under different hydraulic conditions in anaerobic reactors. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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594
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Lin Y, Wang L, Yang S, Lin J, Lin T, Chen W, Wang H, Jiang J, Chao Y, Yen S. Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy with Oral Tegafur-Uracil and Leucovorin in Elderly Patients with Rectal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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595
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Madsen EL, Frank GR, Hobson MA, Lin-Gibson S, Hall TJ, Jiang J, Stiles TA. Instrument for determining the complex shear modulus of soft-tissue-like materials from 10 to 300 Hz. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:5313-42. [PMID: 18758002 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/19/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the complex shear modulus of soft tissues and soft-tissue-like materials in the 10-300 Hz frequency range is very important to researchers in MR elastography and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging. A variety of instruments for making such measurements has been reported, but none of them is easily reproduced, and none have been tested to conform to causality via the Kramers-Kronig (K-K) relations. A promising linear oscillation instrument described in a previous brief report operates between 20 and 160 Hz, but results were not tested for conformity to the K-K relations. We have produced a similar instrument with our own version of the electronic components and have also accounted for instrumental effects on the data reduction, which is not addressed in the previous report. The improved instrument has been shown to conform to an accurate approximation of the K-K relations over the 10-300 Hz range. The K-K approximation is based on the Weichert mechanical circuit model. We also found that the sample thickness must be small enough to obtain agreement with a calibrated commercial rheometer. A complete description of the improved instrument is given, facilitating replication in other labs.
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596
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Jiang J, Snyder G, Xiao T. Crystal structure of hMyD88 at 1.8 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308089666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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597
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Zhang W, Li S, Visocchi M, Jiang J, Wang X. Natriuretic Peptides, Antidiuretic Hormone and Hyponatraemia after Acute Craniocerebral Injury. J Int Med Res 2008; 36:648-55. [PMID: 18652759 DOI: 10.1177/147323000803600405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the physiological mechanisms involved in central hyponatraemia in patients with acute craniocerebral injury (ACI). We measured blood concentrations of natriuretic peptides, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and endogenous digitalis-like substance (EDLS), blood and urine sodium concentrations, and the plasma and urine osmolality in 68 patients with ACI and 24 healthy control subjects. A total of 27 ACI patients were hyponatraemic and the majority of these had grievous or severely grievous craniocerebral injuries. Blood concentrations of EDLS and ADH in hyponatraemic ACI patients were significantly higher compared with normonatraemic ACI patients and control subjects. Blood EDLS and sodium concentrations were negatively correlated with each other, whereas EDLS was positively correlated with urine sodium concentration and with urine osmotic pressure. Hyponatraemic ACI patients require different treatment based on the cause of their central hyponatraemia, so it is important to undertake a comprehensive analysis of each patient's physiological status.
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598
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Liu W, Lacouture M, Jiang J, Kraus M, Soltani K, Shea C. HSHV/HHV8-Associated Primary Cutaneous Plasmablastic Lymphoma in a Patient with Castleman Disease and Kaposi Sarcoma. J Cutan Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.0511g.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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599
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Zhang F, Li Z, Wen B, Jiang J, Shao M, Zhao Y, He Y, Song X, Qian J, Lu D, Jin L. A Frequent Partial AZFc Deletion does not Render an Increased Risk of Spermatogenic Impairment in East Asians. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 70:304-13. [PMID: 16674553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gene families in the AZFc region of the Y chromosome have been shown to be functionally important in human spermatogenesis. The gr/gr deletion, a partial AZFc deletion that reduces the copy numbers of all the AZFc gene families, was identified as a significant risk factor for spermatogenic impairment in Dutch, Spanish and Italians. However, the presence of this deletion in healthy French and Germans questioned its importance in male infertility. In this study, we have shown that the gr/gr deletion does not render an increased risk in Han Chinese. In fact, the gr/gr deletion is frequent (about 8%) in our survey of 886 East Asians from 8 ethnic groups. Furthermore, the DAZ1/DAZ2 deletion has been detected as the primary subtype of the gr/gr deletion in East Asians, though this doublet has been considered as crucial for normal spermatogenesis in Europeans. The different spermatogenic effects of various types of the partial AZFc deletion suggest that the functional difference between AZFc gene copies is a likely cause of inconsistent associations of the gr/gr deletion with spermatogenic impairment across populations.
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600
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Jiang J, Petronic-Rosic V, Hoag J, Shea CR. Eccrine Mucinous Metaplasia Associated with An Apocrine Cystadenoma. J Cutan Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.320dh.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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