Retinoblastoma with micrometastasis to CSF

A 28 mth old male presented with a squint and leukocoria. Clinical examination and computerized tomography (CT) suggested a unilateral retinoblastoma with distal optic nerve involvement. Investigations for distant metastasis including lumbar puncture cytology were negative. The eye was enucleated and 12 mm of optic nerve was excised via a combined neurosurgical/ophthalmological approach. Histopathological examination confirmed the optic nerve to the point of excision was free of tumor. However, cytology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the Sylvian fissure, taken at the time of surgery, revealed malignant retinoblastoma cells. The patient was treated with intrathecal and intravenous chemotherapy, and cranial radiotherapy. He is alive and well 4 yrs later. This case displays the importance of CSF cytology from the Sylvian fissure, as it dramatically changed the management and prognosis for the child. The role of lumbar puncture cytology in excluding CSF micrometastasis can be unreliable. A neurosurgical approach to the optic nerve has the potential to gain access to a long length of optic nerve, should it be involved with tumor, and also allows direct CSF sampling.

Myelomatous pleural effusion

Pleural effusion due to myelomatous involvement is rare. We are describing such a case who also had soft tissue extension from iliac bone with congestive heart failure.

Cystic intracranial mass lesions: possible role of in vivo MR spectroscopy in its differential diagnosis

Thirty-four patients showing cystic intracranial mass lesions on MR imaging were evaluated by in vivo proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) with the aim of detecting lesion-specific spectral patterns that may assist imaging in better tissue characterization. In vivo spectroscopy was performed using stimulated echo acquisition mode with echo times 20 and 270 m in all, and spin echo with echo time 135 m in 11 patients. All primary neoplasms (intra-as well as extra-axial) showed choline (3.22 ppm) resonance along with lipid and/or lactate (1.3 ppm). It was not possible to grade cystic gliomas based on N-acetyl asparate-to-choline ratio. High-grade gliomas (n = 8) showed lipid/lactate and low-grade gliomas (n = 6) showed only lactate. Seven patients with brain abscess showed resonances only from acetate (1.92 ppm), lactate (1.3 ppm) and alanine (1.5 ppm). Two cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma showed only lipid/lactate. In 7 patients with epidermoid cyst, lactate along with an unassigned resonance at 1.8 ppm was observed and could be easily differentiated from arachnoid cysts (n = 2), which showed only minimal lactate. A case of cystic meningioma could be differentiated from cystic schwannoma by the presence of alanine in the former. It is concluded that MR imaging, when combined with in vivo MRS, may help to better characterize intracranial cystic mass lesions.

Adjuvant properties of aluminum and calcium compounds

It is likely that aluminum compounds will continue to be used with human vaccines for many years as a result of their excellent track record of safety and adjuvanticity with a variety of antigens. For infections that can be prevented by induction of serum antibodies, aluminum adjuvants formulated under optimal conditions are the adjuvants of choice. It is important to select carefully the type of aluminum adjuvant and optimize the conditions of adsorption for every antigen since the degree of adsorption of antigens onto aluminum adjuvants markedly affects immunogenicity. The mechanism of adjuvanticity of aluminum compounds includes formation of a depot at the site of injection from which antigen is released slowly; stimulation of immune-competent cells of the body through activation of complement, induction of eosinophilia, and activation of macrophages; and efficient uptake of aluminum-adsorbed antigen particles by antigen-presenting cells because of their particulate nature and optimal size (< 10 microns). Limitations of aluminum adjuvants include local reactions, production of IgE antibodies, ineffectiveness for some antigens, and inability to elicit cell-mediated immune responses especially cytotoxic T-cell responses. Calcium phosphate, which has adjuvant properties similar to aluminum adjuvants, has the potential advantages of being a natural component of the body and of not increasing IgE production. There is a need for alternative adjuvants, particularly for diseases in which cell-mediated immune responses are important for prevention or cure.

Effectiveness of cryosurgery in xanthelasma palpebrarum

100 cases of xanthelasma palpebrarum were subjected to closed probe cryosurgery using nitrous oxide gas as the cryogen. Each freeze thaw cycle was fixed for 15 seconds. The procedure was done in a single session in all the cases. All these cases were followed up for 6 months. At the end of 6 months follow up in 68 cases, treated sites looked absolutely normal, in other 6 cases, treated sites looked almost normal except for pin head sized hypopigmentation in the centre of their treated lesions, while in remaining 26 cases, recurrence was observed in the form of yellowish papules/plaques. No other sequelae in the form of scarring or milia were observed in any case.

Hepatoblastoma in an adult with biliary obstruction and associated portal venous thrombosis

We present a case of adult hepatoblastoma. This young female presented with severe acute cholangitis. Preoperative diagnosis was common bile duct (CBD) obstruction with portal vein thrombosis. On exploration she had a tumor mass in the CBD. The unusual features of this case are discussed in this report.

In vivo localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intracranial tuberculomas

In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was performed in ten patients with intracranial tuberculomas with the aim of finding biochemical finger prints which may help in the noninvasive diagnosis of the disease. Diagnosis of tuberculoma was confirmed in all these cases retrospectively. Ex vivo spectroscopy of formalin fixed samples of four granulomas and a normal brain (cerebellar) tissue, was performed to confirm the in vivo resonances. The in vivo study showed resonance at 1.3 ppm and 0.9 ppm assigned to methylene group (CH2)n and terminal methyl groups (-CH3) of fatty acids respectively which was subsequently confirmed by the ex vivo study. Large resonances of fatty acids in in vivo study appeared to be due to high lipid content of caseous material. It is concluded that in vivo proton spectroscopy may be helpful in differentiating tuberculomas from other intracranial mass lesions which have diagnostic difficulties on MR imaging.

Evaluation of the laboratory mouse model for screening topical mosquito repellents

Eight commercial repellents were tested against Aedes aegypti 0 and 4 h after application in serial dilution to volunteers and laboratory mice. Results were analyzed by multiple regression of percentage of biting (probit scale) on dose (logarithmic scale) and time. Empirical correction terms for conversion of values obtained in tests on mice to values expected in tests on human volunteers were calculated from data obtained on 4 repellents and evaluated with data obtained on 4 others. Corrected values from tests on mice did not differ significantly from values obtained in tests on volunteers. Test materials used in the study were dimethyl phthalate, butopyronoxyl, butoxy polypropylene glycol, MGK Repellent 11, deet, ethyl hexanediol, Citronyl, and dibutyl phthalate.

Epidemiology of coronary heart disease in a rural Punjab population--prevalence and correlation with various risk factors

An epidemiological study to find out the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the influence of risk factors on the prevalence of CHD in a total rural community of Punjab was conducted in Pohir, situated near Ludhiana. A total of 1100 individuals (623 males and 477 females) out of a possible 1617 individuals (> 30 yrs) living in 3 villages were studied. In each case a detailed history, physical examination and a 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded. Samples for blood sugar and serum cholesterol were taken. By Epstein's criteria of ECG (using the Minnesota coding), the prevalence of CHD was 30.8/1000, being higher in women (37.7/1000) than in men (25.6/1000). By a clinical judgement method considering history, ECG and treadmill testing (TMT) collectively, prevalence was 31.8/1000, being still higher in women (33.5/1000) than in men (30.5/1000). The prevalence of various risk factors like hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes was found to be 14.5%, 8.9%, 7.0% and 4.6% respectively. Of the various risk factors tested, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and a positive family history showed an association with CHD. Only 38% of patients with CHD, 37% of the hypertensives and 52% of the diabetics were aware of its presence. The knowledge in the general population about risk factors causing CHD is poor.

SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS (A Report on Two Cases)

We report two cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) which is a rare, late neurological sequel, of measles infection acquired in childhood. The diagnosis was reached by adopting criteria defined by Dyken. Past history of measles was present in both the cases and they showed high titres of measles specific antibody in CSF and serum by quantitative ELISA.

Prognostic value of a 90kD subunit containing glycoprotein tumor-associated antigen specific immune complexes in lung cancer patients

An ELISA to detect a glycoprotein TAA-specific immune complexe (IC) has been developed utilizing a murine monoclonal antibody, AD1-40F4, that recognizes a 90kD subunit of the antigen. In this study we determined the applicability of the assay to assess the presence of the glycoprotein TAA-IC in lung cancer patients. The incidence of glycoprotein TAA-IC was 63% (33/89), significantly higher (p < 0.05) than normal controls (3.2%; 8/250). Comparative analyses of pre- and post-operative sera of non-small cell lung cancer patients revealed that in 30% (20/66) of patients, the ELISA value for the marker did not become negative, i.e., decrease below the cut-off level (0.410 ODnm) after surgical resection of the tumor. It is postulated that these patients either had extensive disease or microscopic metastases that were not resectable. Evaluation of post-operative glycoprotein TAA-IC results in relation to disease recurrence revealed a significant association between the presence of the antigen in serum and disease recurrence. There did not appear to be any association between the glycoprotein TAA-IC and the other conventional marker, CEA; however, using more than one marker increases the incidence of detection of the disease.

Intracellular ionic consequences of dietary salt loading in essential hypertension. Relation to blood pressure and effects of calcium channel blockade

To study the ionic basis of salt sensitivity in hypertension, 19F-, 13P-, and 23Na-nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to measure cytosolic free calcium (Cai), pH (pHi), free magnesium (Mgi), and sodium (Nai) in erythrocytes of essential hypertensive subjects (n = 19). Individuals were studied for 2 mo each on low- (UNaV < 50 meq/d) and high- (UNaV > 200 meq/d) salt diets, with the concomitant administration of nifedipine (10 mg t.i.d.) or placebo tablets for 1 mo of each diet. Salt loading elevated Cai and Nai while suppressing Mgi and pHi; these changes occurred predominantly in salt-sensitive subjects (n = 9). Nifedipine blunted the pressor response to salt loading > 50% (delta diastolic BP [high-low salt vs placebo] = 5 +/- 2 vs 14 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.05) and reversed salt-induced ionic changes, lowering Cai and elevating Mgi and pHi. Regardless of the definition of salt sensitivity, continuous relationships were observed between the pressure response to salt loading, the levels of Cai (r = 0.726, P < 0.001), Nai (r = 0.747, P < 0.001), and pHi (r = -0.754, P < 0.001), and the salt-induced change in Mgi (r = -0.757, P < 0.001). Altogether, these results emphasize the reciprocal and coordinate nature of intracellular ionic changes in response to dietary salt loading and calcium channel blockade in essential hypertension. They suggest that salt sensitivity is mediated by cellular calcium accumulation from the extracellular space, in association with magnesium depletion and acidification. Lastly, interpretation of intracellular ion measurements in the future will require concurrent assessment of dietary salt intake.

Comparative analysis of tetanus antitoxin titers of sera from immunized mice and guinea pigs determined by toxin neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and toxin neutralization (TN) test were comparatively evaluated for determination of antibodies to tetanus toxin in sera of immunized guinea pigs and mice at different intervals. Tetanus specific IgG antibodies by ELISA were found in sera of guinea pigs at ninth day after inoculation and in mice sera at seventh day after inoculation when there were no TN antibodies. Two weeks after injection of mice with aluminium phosphate adsorbed tetanus toxoid, anti-tetanus toxin IgG levels determined by ELISA were 35 to 40 times higher than the TN titers. At 4 weeks, ELISA IgG antibody levels of mice and guinea pig sera were still statistically significantly higher than TN titers but with a good correlation between ELISA and TN titers (correlation coefficient of mice sera 0.89). Mice sera at 2 weeks after two doses of tetanus toxoid (interval between doses 30 days) and 8 weeks after a single injection showed similar ELISA and TN titers (P > 0.1). Guinea pig sera at 6 weeks after a single injection showed similar TN and ELISA titers (P > 0.4). During the course of immunization in mice and guinea pigs, low avidity and low affinity IgG antibodies start appearing early which are detected by ELISA but not by TN test. Therefore ELISA results on sera before 6 weeks of immunization determined against a hyper-immune reference serum do not give a true picture of TN levels.

The t(14;18) chromosomal translocation and Bcl-2 protein expression in Hodgkin's disease

A polymerase chain reaction analysis of biopsy specimens from a total of 52 patients with Hodgkin's disease has revealed the presence of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in 14 cases (28%). Twelve involved the major breakpoint region and two included the minor cluster region of the bcl-2 gene. Direct sequencing of the amplified 14q+ junctions from the initial four positive cases (from 21 biopsies) has been previously published and demonstrated the similarity in nature of the break-points to those described in follicular lymphoma and lymphoid hyperplasia. The 52 biopsies have also been studied with a monoclonal antibody to immunolocalize the Bcl-2 protein. In all cases Bcl-2 positivity was observed in the majority of surrounding lymphocytes. However, in 11 cases, positive immunostaining in the Sternberg-Reed cells was also observed. Three of these cases contained the t(14;18) translocation, but 11 cases which were positive for the t(14;18) by PCR did not show Bcl-2 protein staining in the Sternberg-Reed cells. This data confirms the presence of t(14;18) in 28% of biopsies from Hodgkin's disease and demonstrates Bcl-2 protein staining in a variable proportion of Sternberg-Reed cells of some cases.

The displacement of calcium from osteocalcin at submicromolar concentrations of free lead

Lead, an environmental toxin, is known to impair some of the functional properties of osteocalcin, a small protein (MW, 5700) active in bone mineralization and resorption. To investigate a possible mechanism of lead toxicity at the molecular level, we have studied the interaction of lead with osteocalcin using 43Ca and 1H NMR. The measured 43Ca NMR linewidth as well as longitudinal relaxation rate (1/T1) of 43CaCl2 progressively increased with increasing amounts of added osteocalcin. A titration measuring 43Ca linewidth as a function of [Ca2+]/[Osteocalcin] ratio could be fitted to a single metal binding site with a dissociation constant of 7 microM. The 43Ca 1/T1 of Ca-osteocalcin decreased in the presence of Pb2+ due to competitive displacement of Ca2+ by Pb2+. The magnitude of decrease in the effect of osteocalcin on 43Ca 1/T1 in the presence of Pb2+ was consistent with the existence of only one tight divalent cation binding site. An analysis of the NMR T1 data in osteocalcin solutions containing both Pb2+ and Ca2+ yielded a Pb-osteocalcin dissociation constant of about 2 nM. The 1H NMR spectra showed Pb-induced changes in the same aliphatic and aromatic resonances of osteocalcin that are also affected by Ca(2+)-binding, supporting interaction of Pb2+ at the Ca2+ site. However, the existence of significant differences between the Pb-osteocalcin and Ca-osteocalcin NMR spectra indicates some differences in the structures of the two complexes. Since Pb2+ inhibits the binding of osteocalcin to hydroxyapatite, the high affinity of Pb2+ for osteocalcin would indicate significant inactivation of osteocalcin even at submicromolar free lead levels. Pb(2+)-induced inactivation of osteocalcin could affect bone mineral dynamics and may be related to the observed inverse correlation between blood Pb(2+)-levels and stature and chest circumference observed in growing children.

Nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of intracellular sodium in the perfused normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rat heart

We have used 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine the relationship between intracellular sodium and cardiac muscle alterations in genetic hypertension. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) compared with the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) (aged 15 to 19 weeks), mean systolic blood pressures (measured using the tail-cuff method) were significantly (P < .05) different (WKY: 118 +/- 8 mm Hg, n = 5; SHR: 185 +/- 9 mm Hg, n = 5). Heart weights were also increased significantly (P < .05) in SHR (grams dry heart to kilograms body weight ratio was 0.73 +/- 0.04, n = 5, for SHR and 0.55 +/- 0.02, n = 5, for WKY). Intracellular sodium levels, measured using shift-reagent-aided and triple quantum filtered (TQF) nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, were significantly increased (P < .05) in the isolated Langendorff perfused hypertensive rat hearts (17.3 +/- 3.6 mmol/L, n = 5) compared with normotensive rat hearts (8.4 +/- 2.3 mmol/L, n = 5). These data demonstrate increased sodium in cardiac muscle in essential hypertension. We also investigated the effect of pacing on cardiac TQF 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance and found an increase in TQF Na+ content in both WKY and SHR hearts on stepped up pacing. These results support the existence of sodium pump lag in the rat heart perfused at physiologic Ca2+ concentration and suggest that the hypertensive rat heart has adapted to compensate for increased basal intracellular Na+ and maintain a normal response to increased heart rate. Our data appear to suggest an ionic contribution to the cardiac hypertrophy of genetic hypertension in the rat.

Aspiration cytodiagnosis of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma in an elderly woman. A case report

The cytohistologic features of a clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma are described. The case occurred in an elderly woman. An aspirate was obtained from a solitary mass in the right lobe of the liver. The liver carcinoma was found to be the clear cell type, with infrequent bile and hyaline (Mallory body-like) bodies in the cytoplasm. The fact that clear cell type hepatocellular carcinoma possesses specific cellular characteristics and immunocytochemical features renders this case report useful in establishing a correct cytohistologic diagnosis, especially since this tumor variant shows a striking resemblance to "clear cell" tumors that originate in other organs and that may cause a diagnostic dilemma.

Multinuclear NMR studies of intracellular cations in the prehypertensive rat kidney

We previously reported a significant derangement of intracellular free calcium ion concentration in the isolated perfused kidney of adult spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) (J. Biol. Chem. 267, 3637-3643, 1992). In order to investigate whether an abnormality in intracellular free calcium or another ion precedes the development of elevated blood pressure in SHR, we have now compared intracellular free Ca2+, Na+ and pH, using 31P, 19F, and triple quantum-filtered (TQ) 23Na NMR, in perfused kidneys from prehypertensive young SHR and normotensive young Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (5-6 weeks old) which showed no significant difference in blood pressure (B.P. = 120 +/- 5 mmHg and 115 +/- 3 mmHg, for SHR and WKY rats, respectively). Like the adult kidney, no significant differences in intracellular ATP concentration or intracellular pH were found between young prehypertensive SHR and normotensive WKY rat kidneys. The TQ 23Na NMR signal was 47% higher in the SHR kidney, but, due to biological variability and measurement errors, this difference could not be shown to be statistically significant. However, a significant (40%; P < 0.05) increase was found in O2 consumption rate, a measure of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity, of the young prehypertensive SHR kidney in comparison to the age-matched WKY rat kidney (7.25 +/- 0.75 for SHR vs. 5.17 +/- 0.18 mumol O2/min g for WKY rat, n = 6). Furthermore, a highly significant (92%; P < 0.02) increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration was observed in kidneys from young SHR that had not yet developed high blood pressure in comparison to the kidneys from young normotensive WKY rats (648 +/- 76 nM vs. 339 +/- 39 nM, n = 4), despite the fact that there was no significant difference in blood pressure. Increased intracellular free Ca2+ thus appears to be part of a primary defect, in the prehypertensive young SHR kidney, which may, by way of increased release of arachidonic acid, and subsequent increased production of vasoconstricting arachidonic acid metabolites via the cytochrome P450 pathway, induce elevated blood pressure in the adult SHR.

Needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of pancreas. A study of five cases with an emphasis on utility and differential diagnosis

In this study, our experience with five cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas is described, which was seen over a 13-yr period. The diagnosis in four of the cases was made from aspirated material that was obtained under computed tomography (CT) guidance and, in one case, following an intraoperative aspirate. In four cases, the tumor was found to be in the head of pancreas, whereas in one case, the neoplasm was located in the tail. All the cases were elderly male patients. As a result of our study, it is believed that aspiration cytodiagnosis of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (a rare subtype of pancreatic carcinoma) can be made with confidence when performed intraoperatively or with imaging assistance. Also, aspiration cytology is a sensitive, specific, and relatively simple procedure that provides adequate material on which a confident diagnostic interpretation can be made of this uncommon neoplasm.