[Clinical evaluation of clindamycin-2-phosphate in infectious diseases (author's transl)]

Clindamycin-2-phosphate (7(S)-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin-2-phosphate) is a new semi-synthetic antibiotic. It is recognized that the drug itself is inactive against bacteria in vitro but it is hydrolyzed rapidly to active clindamycin, drug intramuscular or intravenous administration. Clindamycin-2-phosphate was administrated intravenously to seven patients with infections, except one intramuscularly, 300 approximately 600 mg, every 8 or 12 hours a day, for 2 approximately 12 days. Three patients (1 bacterial pneumonia, 1 chronic bronchitis and 1 urinary tract infection due to E. coli) recovered from their infection; one patient (bacterial infection in bronchiectasis) partially responded; and three patients (1 urinary tract infection due to E. coli, 1 pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 1 patient with mycoplasmal pneumonia and acute biliary tract infection) failed to respond to the drug. No remarkable side effect was noted except pain at intramuscular injection site in one patient.

[Distribution of catecholamine containing nerve endings in the hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey]

Using the Falck-Hillarp method, the distribution of catecholamine nerve terminals in the rhesus monkey hypothalamus was studied. The distribution pattern was fundamentally similar to that in the rat, cat and human fetus; abundunt catecholamine varicosities (presumed noradrenaline nerve terminals) were observed in the dorsomedial nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, medial forebrain bundle, periventricular layer and internal layer of the infundibulum, while little were in the mamillary nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and anterior hypothalamic area. A band of diffuse green fluorescence (dopamine nerve terminals) was observed around the capillary loops in the external layer of the infundibulum. the discrepancy with the rat was noted in the abundunt noradrenaline nerve terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and denser innervation of them in the arcuate nucleus and internal layer of the infundibulum. In addition to the noradrenaline nerve fibers from the peripheral sympathetic NA nerve, the noradrenaline nerve terminals of central origin closely approximated to the small intracerebral vessels.

Histochemical mapping of dopamine neurons and fiber pathways in dog mesencephalon

A topographic mapping of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons and fibers was done mainly in the mesencephalon of the dog using the fluorescent histochemical technique of Falck and Hillarp. The extensive DA neuron system was found to be located in the ventral and medial regions of the mesencephalon; the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the area almost corresponding to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (which consists of three groups, a caudal, the nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus, a ventral, the nucleus paranigralis and a rostral, the caudal part of the nucleus tegmentalis ventralis of Tsai), the nucleus linearis of the raphe, and the mesencephalic reticular formation. The nigro-neostriatal projection can be traced in the non-treated or nialamide plus L-dopa treated puppies without the lesion-degeneration technique. Most fibers arising from these DA cell groups assemble at the prerubral area and ascend just dorsal to the medial forebrain bundle. Most fibers turn laterally at the lateral hypothalamus and enter the neostriatum via the dorsal part of the subthalamic nucleus, the zona incerta and the capsula interna. These findings show that the distribution of DA neurons and the nigro-neostriatal pathway are fundamentally similar to those in other mammals. In this study, the processes of the nigral and paranigral DA neurons have been demonstrated to project into the pars reticulata in the dog.

Histochemical mapping of catecholamine neurons and fiber pathways in the pontine tegmentum of the dog

The distribution of catecholamine-containing neurons and fiber pathways were studied in the dog's pontine tegmentum by the Falck-Hillarp method. There are fundamental similarities between the dog and other mammals. Most catecholamine fluorescent cell bodies in the dog are located within the nucleus locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the pontine tegmentum. They are more diffuse and extensive than in the rat, monkey and human, and rather similar to those of the cat. In this study, catecholamine fiber pathways were clearly traced without using the lesion-degeneration technique. The dorsal pathway from the locus coeruleus consists of more compact bundles of non-varicose fibers than the rat, cat and monkey. It runs parallel to the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve in pons and midbrain. The ventral pathway courses as loosely arranged varicose fibers in the midreticular formation of the pons and sends axon collaterals to the caudal midbrain to form a dense network of varicose fibers. There are fluorescent plexi of fine varicose fibers at the ventromedial and dorsolateral aspect of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Cells of the medial and lateral parabrachial nucleus, in addition to those of locus coeruleus, send fluorescent fibers to this peduncle. No fluorescent fibers are found in other peduncles.