The distribution of 2,4-dinitrophenyl groups in lymphoid tissue of guinea-pigs following skin painting with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene

Cellular localization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups in the peripheral lymphoid system of guinea-pigs was studied at various times after painting the skin with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the immunofluorescent method using anti-DNP antibody. The cells taking up the stain (DNP cells) were shown to be mainly lymphocytes. At 1-6 h after painting the majority of DNP cells were found in the peripheral blood and the spleen but the maximum number was reached in the lymph node draining the site of DNCB application 12 h after painting. Injecting cyclophosphamide (CY) 3 days before painting with DNCB, heightened the number of DNP cells residing in the draining node. The animals treated with the tolerogen, 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt (DNBSO3Na), and then painted with DNCB, had fewer DNP cells than those animals which had simply been painted once with DNCB. The culture supernatants prepared from the draining nodes of both normal and tolerant animals partially blocked the anti-DNP antibody binding with DNP cells. It is suggested that the cells associated with DNP groups residing in the draining lymph node act as immunogens in the immunizing process of contact sensitivity.

Evaluation method of mental workload under flight conditions

In order to analyze the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and the flight tasks of pilots, HRV of various mental and physical work stresses were investigated. For the physical stress on the treadmill, S.D. of heart rate sequence showed a minimum value at medium stresses and remained there until the maximum stress. However, the centrifuge acceleration test presupposed special physical stresses, and S.D. was almost same as the resting findings. In the tracking tasks, which presupposed maximum interpretative actions, the increase in the mean heart rate (MHR) was small with the S.D. increased a greater amount than for resting results. Consequently, preflight checks and level flight phases presupposed medium interpretative actions and mental stress with reserve capacity. Takeoff and landing phases were considered as both high interpretative action and high emotional stress situations. Acrobatic and gunnery training flight phases were considered physical load, strong interpretative actions, and emotional stress tasks.

The distribution of antigen in flare up reaction in contact sensitivity to DNCB

The distribution of DNP groups in various tissues of guinea-pigs following intravenous injection of DNBSO3Na was investigated by an immunofluorescent method using FITC-labelled anti-DNP antibody. DNP groups were detected either in the cytoplasms of epidermal cells or on/in lymphoid tissue cells. The epidermal distribution of DNP groups was shown in the skin obtained from 5 min to 3 days after injection. There was no fundamental difference in the epidermal localization of DNP groups between at the previously tested site and at virgin site in DNCB sensitized animals. Unreacted DNBSO3Na was demonstrated in the blood plasma of DNBSO3Na injected animals. The injection of either DNP-lysine or 2,4-dinitrophenol was found incapable of inducing flare up reaction and no epidermal localization of DNP groups in the sensitized animals was observed. A possibility that intravenously injected DNBSO3Na forms a complete antigen by conjugation with epidermal proteins and sensitized cells, which have been indicated by Polak, Turk & Frey (1973) to remain at the site of old contact reaction, react with the antigen resulting in flare up reaction, is suggested.

Induction of delayed reaction to dinitrophenylated lymphocytes in guinea pigs with contact sensitivity to DNCB

The incidence of dinitrophenylated cells in guinea pig lymphocytes incubated with 0-30 mM concentrations of DNBSO3Na in phosphate-buffered saline was examined by an immunofluorescence method using fluorescence-labelled anti-DNP antibody. Under our experimental conditions, the incidence was roughly proportional to the concentration used. Using DNP-lymphocytes as an antigen for skin testing, a marked delayed reaction was induced in guinea pigs sensitized by painting with DNCB and intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Studies on the retest reaction in contact sensitivity to DNCB

DNCB-sensitized guinea pigs demonstrated an accelerated reactivity on retest of DNCB at the site of prior contact reaction, though presenting normal contact sensitivity at the virgin site. The retest reaction reached maximal at 9 h and waned at 24 h after antigenic challenge. Massive accumulation of eosinophils in either the epidermis or dermis was its distinguishing histologic feature. The reaction was induced at the site of delayed skin reaction to DNP-GPE in the animals sensitized with DNCB or DNP-GPE. A retest reaction in delayed sensitivity to DNP-GPE was also elicited at the site of contact reaction to DNCB in the animals. The significance of these findings is discussed.

[Studies on the antigenicity of swine arterio graft (author's transl)]

To obtain better arterio grafts, we prepared three samples from adventitia of swine carotid arteries, and their antigenicity was studied with immunological procedures. Sample I was prepared from swine carotid arteries, by eliminating the extraneous fat and connective tissues. Sample II was prepared from Sample I by treatment with chymotrypsin, and Sample III was prepared from Sample II by treatment with 3% glutaraldehyde for 14 days. From the three samples, the water soluble protein fractions were extracted, and abbreviated as E-I, E-II and E-III, respectively. Immunopharmacological tests in guinea pigs and rabbits including active and passive anaphylaxis, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Schultz-Dale test and Arthus's phenomenon among these extracts revealed cross reactions between E-I and E-II. Also, precipitin test and Ouchterlony's method, precipitation was observed between E-I and E-II, and it was suggested that there might be at least a common antigen between E-I and E-II. The rabbits which had been implanted subcutaneously at the back with the minced Sample I evoked severe reactions and died after intravenous injection of E-I at the 3rd or 5th month after implantation. No reaction was observed between Sample III and E-III in the same experiment. From the above results, it was suggested that the antigenicity of swine carotid arteries could be eliminated by the treatment with chymotrypsin and glutaraldehyde.

Effect of citrate and aminotriazole on matrical plates induced in hepatic microbodies

Feeding of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), clofibrate and dimethrin induces formation of matrical plates in heptaic microbodies. Administration of sodium citrate prevents formation of matrical plates in rats fed ASA, but not in rats treated with clofibrate or dimethrin. Propionate has a similar effect on rats fed ASA but not those fed clofibrate. Feeding of aminotriazole prevents formation of matrical plates in rats fed ASA without inhibiting the proliferation of microbodies. Sodium citrate and aminotriazole and feeding decrease also the activity of hepatic catalase in rats fed ASA.

Response of microbodies in Morris hepatoma 9618A to clofibrate

Regulation of the formation of microbodies in Morris hepatoma 9618A was studied by examination of the response of the organelles to clofibrate. The fine structures of microbodies in the hepatoma cells closely resembled those in hepatocytes of normal adult rats. In clofibrate-treated rats, the tumor cells showed a slight increase in the size of microbodies and in catalase activity; however, the tumor microbodies did not increase in number. In contrast, in adult clofibrate-treated rats and rats on the day of birth whose mothers received clofibrate during the gestation period, the hepatocytes showed microbodies that were greater in both number and size, and the catalase activity in the liver was definitely elevated.

Matrical inclusions induced by clofibrate in hepatic microbodies of rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene

Abnormal inclusions in microbodies were induced by clofibrate in hepatocytes of hyperplastic liver nodules in rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene. These were matrical tubules and plates, each with the same ultrastructural features as those reported previously by other investigators. A hyperplastic state of hepatocytes induced by hepatocarcinogens might be related to the formation of these inclusions in response to clofibrate.