626
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Gupta N, Rajwanshi A, Dhaliwal LK, Khandelwal N, Dey P, Srinivasan R, Nijhawan R. Fine needle aspiration cytology in ovarian lesions: an institutional experience of 584 cases. Cytopathology 2011; 23:300-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2011.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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627
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Kandimalla RJL, Prabhakar S, Binukumar BK, Wani WY, Gupta N, Sharma DR, Sunkaria A, Grover VK, Bhardwaj N, Jain K, Gill KD. Apo-Eε4 allele in conjunction with Aβ42 and tau in CSF: biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011; 8:187-96. [PMID: 21222606 DOI: 10.2174/156720511795256071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate an association between Apo- Eε4 allele and CSF biomarkers Aβ42 and tau for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients. Aβ42 and tau protein concentrations in CSF were measured by using ELISA assays. The levels of Aβ42 were found to be decreased where as tau levels increased in AD patients. Moreover in AD patients Apo-Eε4 allele carriers have shown low Aβ42 levels (328.86 ± 99.0 pg/ml) compared to Apo-Eε4 allele non-carriers (367.52 ± 5 7.37 pg/ml), while tau levels were higher in Apo-Eε4 allele carriers (511 ± 44.67 pg/ml) compared to Apo-Eε4 allele non-carriers (503.75 ± 41.08 pg/ml). Combination of Aβ42 and tau resulted in sensitivity of 75.38% and specificity of 94.82% and diagnostic accuracy of 84.30% for AD compared with the controls. Therefore low Aβ42 and elevated tau concentrations in CSF may prove to be a better diagnostic marker for AD along with the Apo-Eε4 allele.
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628
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Pandey A, Gupta SC, Singh N, Rana JS, Gupta N. Efficiency of SCNT buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos in different culture medium and analysis of mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factors during embryogenesis. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 45:786-95. [PMID: 19392670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors in culture media are known to affect the embryo production rates in in vitro production cultures. To improve the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) derived embryos in Indian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), embryos were cultured in three different culture mediums viz. Group-A; TCM-199 + FBS, Group-B; TCM-199 + Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and Group-C; CR1aa + BSA. Embryo production rate and expression level of insulin-like growth factor genes (IGF-1, IGF-1R, IGF-2 and IGF-2R) were analysed in embryo culture. Cleavage and blastocyst production rates were 62.5% and 22.3% in Group-A, 53.8% and 13.0% in Group-B and 62.0% and 19.2% in Group-C respectively, whereas in in vitro fertilization (IVF) control cultured in TCM-199 plus 10% FBS, rates were 79.1% and 29.4%. Relative gene expression of SCNT embryos was compared with that in IVF control. IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA expression at blastocyst stage was up-regulated (p ≤ 0.05) in all culture groups, while IGF-1R and IGF-2R expression was down regulated (p ≤ 0.05) in Group-B and Group-C. In conclusion, the higher mRNA levels at certain stages in different culture conditions affected in vitro development of SCNT embryos. These results show that the transcript level of the insulin-like growth factor genes was significantly altered by in vitro culture condition. Culture medium TCM-199 with 10% FBS produced higher number of embryos and was able to co-op with gene expression of IVF control. Differences continue to be observed between SCNT cultured and IVF embryos, and until these differences are minimized, aberrations in SCNT embryonic development will continue to arise.
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629
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Soni R, Wander G, Gupta N. P1-407 The emerging epidemic of obesity in Punjab (India): a population based study. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976f.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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630
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Mann SS, Singh J, Kalra D, Parihar J, Gupta N, Kumar P. Medical and Surgical Management of Keratomycosis. Med J Armed Forces India 2011; 64:40-2. [PMID: 27408078 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(08)80144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal keratitis is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the ophthalmologist. If not treated energetically it results in marked ocular morbidity and permanent visual loss. METHODS Twenty five patients of fungal keratitis were studied for their response to management and final visual outcome. RESULT Males outnumbered females. Medical treatment was successful in 72% cases, while 28% required surgical intervention. Keratoplasty was done in five patients out of which graft was clear in four after one year of follow up. Three of these underwent optical keratoplasty since therapeutic grafts became opaque. CONCLUSION Early recognition of the disease and institution of prompt therapy is the key to successful management in fungal keratitis. Occasionally surgical management is required to preserve anatomical integrity of the globe and to salvage useful vision.
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631
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Gupta N, Wright JG, Bowman CA. An unusual cause of acute obstructive jaundice in an HIV-infected patient. Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22:110-1. [PMID: 21427435 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe the case of an HIV-1-infected patient presenting with acute obstructive jaundice as the initial manifestation of primary small bowel Burkitt's lymphoma. The biliary obstruction resolved rapidly following chemotherapy without the need for surgical intervention. The prognosis is favourable with appropriate timely treatment.
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632
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Chander J, Gupta N, Lal P, Lal P, Ramteke VK. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy versus extra corporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for management of renal stones. J Minim Access Surg 2011; 6:106-10. [PMID: 21120067 PMCID: PMC2992658 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9941.72596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy (RPPL) and its comparison with extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the management of renal calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out in the Department of surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. The study included 86 cases of solitary renal calculi in the retroperitoneoscopic (RPPL) group and 82 cases in the shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) group. The parameters compared were stone clearance, hospital stay, number of postoperative visits, mean time to resume normal activities, number of man days lost, and analgesic requirement. RESULTS: The RPPL group showed better stone clearance, fewer hospital visits, low analgesic requirement, fewer number of man days lost, and early resumption of normal activities, as compared to the SWL group. CONCLUSIONS: Shock wave lithotripsy, being a noninvasive modality, is an established procedure all over the world. However RPPL achieves comparable or better results in high volume centers.
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633
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Gupta N, Tak J. Needlesticks injuries in dentistry. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2011; 9:208-212. [PMID: 22609509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Needlestick injuries and other sharps-related injuries which expose health care professionals to bloodborne pathogens continue to be an important public health concern. Dentists are at increased risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. This article presents comprehensive information on Needlestick injuries (NSI), post exposure prophylaxis, precautions and suggestions for prevention of NSI in dentistry. Dentists should remember and apply many precautions to prevent the broad spectrum of sharps and splash injuries that could occur during the delivery of dental care.
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634
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Nag S, Devaraj A, Srinivasan R, Williams REA, Gupta N, Viswanathan GB, Tiley JS, Banerjee S, Srinivasan SG, Fraser HL, Banerjee R. Novel mixed-mode phase transition involving a composition-dependent displacive component. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:245701. [PMID: 21770581 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.245701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Solid-solid displacive, structural phase transformations typically undergo a discrete structural change from a parent to a product phase. Coupling electron microscopy, three-dimensional atom probe, and first-principles computations, we present the first direct evidence of a novel mechanism for a coupled diffusional-displacive transformation in titanium-molybdenum alloys wherein the displacive component in the product phase changes continuously with changing composition. These results have implications for other transformations and cannot be explained by conventional theories.
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635
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Gupta N, Barwad A, Katamuthu K, Rajwanshi A, Radotra BD, Nijhawan R, Dey P. Solitary fibrous tumour: a diagnostic challenge for the cytopathologist. Cytopathology 2011; 23:250-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2011.00880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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636
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Adler F, Gupta N, Hess CP, Dowd CF, Dillon WP. Intraosseous CSF fistula in a patient with Gorham disease resulting in intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:E198-200. [PMID: 21659480 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old girl with a history of headaches and Gorham disease was surgically treated in infancy for Chiari I malformation. Subsequent investigation revealed that her cerebellar tonsillar ectopia was due to a long-standing spinal CSF-lymphatic fistula causing intracranial hypotension. Percutaneous fistula closure was performed several times, resulting in transient symptomatic improvement.
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637
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Durgin J, Zhang D, Weldon M, Gupta N. SU-E-T-559: Quality Assurance Utilizing 3D Dose Reconstruction for Stereotactic Lung Body Radiotherapy. Med Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3612521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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638
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BonCoeur DV, Pelloski C, Gupta N, Weldon M, Woollard J, Martin D, McGee M, Boyle D, Glass P, Werner P, Kuhn K, Lu L. SU-E-T-813: Using Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Total Body Irradiation - a Phantom Study. Med Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3612777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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639
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Sahay SC, Gupta N, Singh P. Comparison of pelvic plexus blockade to other conventional techniques of analgesia in transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12301-011-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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640
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Karandikar SM, Bokil K, Deshmukh SP, Basu S, Shinde B, Patil H, Gupta N. Retrospective analysis of head and neck cancer patients successfully treated with chemoradiation plus nimotuzumab. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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641
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Gupta N, Goswami B, Chowdhury V, Ravishankar L, Kakar A. Evaluation of the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis of follicular malignancies of thyroid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 146:179-82. [PMID: 21339429 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.2010.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in differentiating benign from malignant follicular nodules. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Department of Surgery in collaboration with Department of Radio Diagnosis, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, India. PATIENTS Twenty-five patients with a solitary thyroid nodule with follicular etiology. INTERVENTIONS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was carried out in all the cases, and its findings were compared with the final diagnosis based on histopathological examination of sample obtained at surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Choline peak detected on MRS. RESULTS There were 17 benign cases, 16 follicular adenomas, and 1 colloid goiter. Of the 17 benign cases, only 1 showed choline peak; however, all 8 follicular carcinoma cases showed prominent choline peak. Hence, the sensitivity is 100% while the specificity is 94.11%. CONCLUSION Magnetic resonance spectroscopy may prove to be a sensitive diagnostic tool in differentiating follicular adenomas from carcinomas.
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642
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Gupta N, Crockett DC, Anthony M, Webster DP. Late onset bloodstream infections in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2011; 96:F234-7. [PMID: 21398327 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2010.206714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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643
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Gupta N, Corbett H, Ismail R, Sathanantharajah R, Sivakumar S, McCarthy L. Allantoic cyst - an unusual umbilical cord swelling. J Surg Case Rep 2011; 2011:5. [PMID: 24950576 PMCID: PMC3649232 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/2011.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a baby with an unusual umbilical cord swelling. On the antenatal scans, a cystic area within the umbilical cord near its insertion onto the abdominal wall was detected. Postnatally an unusually thick umbilical cord with a yellow fluid filled cyst at the base was noted. The fluid from the cyst was confirmed as urine and ultrasound confirmed patent urachus. The baby underwent a cystoscopy and excision of patent urachus with associated allantoic cyst. Allantoic cyst is a rare swelling formed at the base of umbilicus associated with a patent urachus which results from an allantoic remnant. Paediatricians need to be aware about this condition as investigation is required to differentiate allantois cysts from umbilical pseudocysts. A patent urachus with allantoic cyst requires surgical excision.
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644
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Gupta S, Khanal TR, Gupta N, Thakur A, Khatri R, Suwal A, Seomangal K. Knowledge, behavior and attitude towards sexually transmitted infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome of adolescent students. JOURNAL OF NEPAL HEALTH RESEARCH COUNCIL 2011; 9:44-47. [PMID: 22929712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a period of great physical, mental and emotional turmoil within teenagers. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of, attitude to and behaviour towards STI and AIDS among adolescence. METHODS Four randomly selected higher secondary school from students of class XI and XII were included after taking their verbal consent. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was given to all the participants of the school. In order to get correct answers, specific questions were explained to the students with the help of their class teachers. RESULTS The results were encouraging with the majority (94.16%) have heard about STIs and HIV/AIDS. Teachers (100%), Newspaper/magazine (90%) and Television (78.33%) were the main informational source about disease. Respondents correctly identified that unsafe sexual contact (86.66%) as major mode of transmission of AIDS and more than 90% of students regarded the use of condoms as the true preventive method for the disease. Among those respondents 6% were sexually active and their partners were either sex worker (71%) or friends (29%). CONCLUSIONS The student's attitude towards disease was positive and most of the adolescent wished inclusion of sex education in their text book from secondary level school's curriculum.
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645
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So AD, Gupta N, Brahmachari SK, Chopra I, Munos B, Nathan C, Outterson K, Paccaud JP, Payne DJ, Peeling RW, Spigelman M, Weigelt J. Towards new business models for R&D for novel antibiotics. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14:88-94. [PMID: 21439891 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the face of a growing global burden of resistance to existing antibiotics, a combination of scientific and economic challenges has posed significant barriers to the development of novel antibacterials over the past few decades. Yet the bottlenecks at each stage of the pharmaceutical value chain-from discovery to post-marketing-present opportunities to reengineer an innovation pipeline that has fallen short. The upstream hurdles to lead identification and optimization may be eased with greater multi-sectoral collaboration, a growing array of alternatives to high-throughput screening, and the application of open source approaches. Product development partnerships and South-South innovation platforms have shown promise in bolstering the R&D efforts to tackle neglected diseases. Strategies that delink product sales from the firms' return on investment can help ensure that the twin goals of innovation and access are met. To effect these changes, both public and private sector stakeholders must show greater commitment to an R&D agenda that will address this problem, not only for industrialized countries but also globally.
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646
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Grover S, Mattoo SK, Gupta N. Usefulness of atypical antipsychotics and choline esterase inhibitors in delirium: a review. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2011; 44:43-54. [PMID: 21394715 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Delirium is characterized by disturbances of consciousness, attention, cognition, perception, emotions, sleep, and psychomotor activity. Management of delirium involves ensuring safety, improving functioning, identifying and treating the illness underlying the delirium, and use of antipsychotics or benzodiazepines to control behavioural symptoms and prevent mortality. Haloperidol continues to be the most commonly used antipsychotic in delirium. However, in recent times data have emerged which suggest that atypical antipsychotics may be as efficacious as haloperidol in the treatment of delirium. This review intends to review the data with respect to usefulness of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Besides atypical antipsychotics, data with respect to another group of medications - cholinesterase inhibitors are also reviewed. Electronic and manual searches were conducted to identify all the relevant studies and case reports/case series. Evidence suggests that risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine are as efficacious as haloperidol in the treatment of delirium but have lesser side effects. Data for other atypical antipsychotics are scarce. The data on cholinesterase inhibitors for treatment and prevention of delirium are beginning to accumulate, but do not seem to be convincing. Our review suggests that risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine are good alternatives to haloperidol in the treatment of delirium.
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647
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Kumar S K, Gupta N, Rajwanshi A, Joshi K, Singh G. Immunochemistry for oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 on cell blocks in primary breast carcinoma. Cytopathology 2011; 23:181-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2011.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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648
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Zhernakova A, Stahl EA, Trynka G, Raychaudhuri S, Festen E, Franke L, Fehrmann RSN, Kurreeman FAS, Thomson B, Gupta N, Romanos J, McManus R, Ryan AW, Turner G, Remmers EF, Greco L, Toes R, Grandone E, Mazzilli MC, Rybak A, Cukrowska B, Li Y, de Bakker PIW, Gregersen PK, Worthington J, Siminovitch KA, Klareskog L, Huizinga TWJ, Wijmenga C, Plenge RM. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis identifies fourteen non-HLA shared loci. Ann Rheum Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.148965.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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649
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Gupta SK, Gupta N, Suman P, Choudhury S, Prakash K, Gupta T, Sriraman R, Nagendrakumar S, Srinivasan V. Zona pellucida-based contraceptive vaccines for human and animal utility. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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650
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Gupta N, Anthony MY. Maternal homocystinuria and Moebius syndrome? Vascular aetiology. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:2011/feb12_1/bcr0920103331. [PMID: 22707369 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.09.2010.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of Moebius syndrome is reported in an infant of a mother known to have pyridoxine-unresponsive homocystinuria. The authors suggest that Moebius syndrome could result from early vascular insufficiency or disruption occurring early in development related to maternal homocystinuria. Moebius syndrome consists of congenital complete or partial facial nerve palsy with or without paralysis of other cranial nerves and often in association with other malformations of the limbs and orofacial structures, but usually without gross structural brain abnormalities.
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