626
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Datta DB, Cai X, Wong PP, Triplett EW. Immunocytochemical Localization of Glutamine Synthetase in Organs of Phaseolus vulgaris L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 96:507-12. [PMID: 16668215 PMCID: PMC1080799 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.2.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase was localized in nodules, roots, stems, and leaves of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by immunocytochemistry. Affinity purified antibodies reactive with glutamine synthetase were prepared using purified nodule-enhanced glutamine synthetase. Immunogold labeling was observed in the cell cytoplasm in each plant organ. In nodules, the labeling was more intense in the infected cells than in the uninfected cells. No labeling was observed in nodule bacteroids, peribacteroid spaces, or in peribacteroid membranes, while previous reports of glutamine synthetase immunolabeling of legume nodules showed labeling in the bacteroid fraction. Significant labeling was observed in nodule proplastids which contained starch granules. Substantial labeling was also observed in leaf chloroplasts. No labeling was observed in other organelles including mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Preimmune IgGs did not bind to any structure in the tissues examined.
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627
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Markus PM, van den Brink M, Cai X, Harnaha J, Palomba L, Hiserodt JC, Cramer DV. Effect of selective depletion of natural killer cells on allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 1991; 23:178-9. [PMID: 1990508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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628
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Balcazar H, Aoyama C, Cai X. Interpretative views on Hispanics' perinatal problems of low birth weight and prenatal care. Public Health Rep 1991; 106:420-6. [PMID: 1908593 PMCID: PMC1580265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
From a public health perspective, there is a need to recognize that Hispanics, and in particular Mexican Americans, are a very heterogeneous group. They represent all shades of acculturation, education, income, and citizenship status. As this minority group continues to increase in numbers, pertinent information about their perinatal health problems in the context of their sociocultural characteristics will be required. This review examines critically the recent literature related to low birth weight and prenatal care and suggests alternative ways to address these perinatal health issues. Low birth weight is examined in the context of the problem of intrauterine growth retardation and the potential mechanisms and consequences of different types of growth limitation in utero which have not been studied in this population. The use of prenatal care by Mexican American women and its association with birth weight is examined as an indication of maternal behavior or as a health care intervention. The implications for public health policy are discussed in relation to the identification, interpretation, and evaluation of these perinatal health issues in this minority population.
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629
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Markus PM, Cai X, Hoffman AL, Kunz HW, Hoffmann S, Fung JJ. The effect of thymus transplantation on allograft rejection in thymectomized bone marrow chimeras. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:2536-8. [PMID: 2148235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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630
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Adamovich MI, Aggarwal MM, Alexandrov YA, Ameeva ZV, Andreeva NP, Anzon ZV, Arora R, Badyal SK, Bhalla KB, Bhasin A, Bhatia VS, Bubnov VI, Burnett TH, Cai X, Chasnikov IY, Chernova LP, Chernyavski MM, Dressel B, Eligbaeva GZ, Eremenko LE, Friedlander EM, Gadzhieva SI, Gaitinov AS, Ganssauge ER, Garpman S, Gerassimov SG, Gill A, Grote JG, Gulamov KG, Gulyamov UG, Gupta VK, Hackel S, Heckman HH, Haung H, Judek B, Kachroo S, Kadyrov FG, Kalyachkina GS, Kanygina EK, Kaul GL, Kaur M, Kharlamov SP, Koss T, Kumar V, Lal P, Larionova VG, Lindstrom PJ, Liu LS, Lokanathan S, Lord JJ, Lukicheva NS, Luo SB, Maslennikova NV, Mangotra LK, Mittra IS, Mookerjee S, Mueller C, Nasyrov SH, Navotny VS, Orlova GI, Otterlund I, Peresadko NG, Persson S, Petrov NV. Scaled-factorial-moment analysis of 200A-GeV sulfur+gold interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:412-415. [PMID: 10042914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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631
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Hoffman AL, Makowka L, Banner B, Cai X, Cramer DV, Pascualone A, Todo S, Starzl TE. The use of FK-506 for small intestine allotransplantation. Inhibition of acute rejection and prevention of fatal graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation 1990; 49:483-90. [PMID: 1690469 PMCID: PMC2987596 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199003000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Small intestine allotransplantation in humans is not yet feasible due to the failure of the current methods of immunosuppression. FK-506, a powerful new immunosuppressive agent that is synergistic with cyclosporine, allows long-term survival of recipients of cardiac, renal, and hepatic allografts. This study compares the effects of FK-506 and cyclosporine on host survival, graft rejection, and graft-versus-host-disease in a rat small intestine transplantation model. Transplants between strongly histoincompatible ACI and Lewis (LEW) strain rats, and their F1 progeny are performed so that graft rejection alone is genetically permitted (F1----LEW) or GVHD alone permitted (LEW----F1) or that both immunologic processes are allowed to occur simultaneously (ACI----LEW). Specific doses of FK-506 result in prolonged graft and host survival in all genetic combinations tested. Furthermore, graft rejection is prevented (ACI----LEW model) or inhibited (rejection only model) and lethal acute GVHD is eliminated. Even at very high doses, cyclosporine did not prevent graft rejection or lethal GVHD, nor did it allow long-term survival of the intestinal graft or the host. Animals receiving low doses of cyclosporine have outcomes similar to the untreated control groups. No toxicity specific to FK-506 is noted, but earlier studies by other investigators suggest otherwise.
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632
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Hoffman AL, Makowka L, Cai X, Banner B, Cramer DV, Pascualone A, Todo S, Starzl TE. The effect of FK 506 on small intestine allotransplantation in the rat. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:76-7. [PMID: 1689907 PMCID: PMC2977910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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633
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Cai X, Wong PP. Subunit Composition of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes from Root Nodules of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 91:1056-62. [PMID: 16667111 PMCID: PMC1062118 DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.3.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase from bean nodules can be separated into two isoforms, GS(n1) and GS(n2). A purification protocol has been developed. It included protamine sulfate precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, anthranilate-affinity chromatography, Dye-Matrex (Orange A) chromatography, and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. GS(n1) and GS(n2) have been purified to homogeneity. Subunit structure analysis using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that GS(n1) was composed of two different types of subunit polypeptides. They differed in isoelectric points (6.0 and 6.3) but had the same molecular weights (46,000 Daltons). GS(n2) was composed of only one type of subunit polypeptide. It had an isoelectric point of 6.0 and a molecular weight of 46,000 Daltons. It was apparently identical to one of the polypeptides found in GS(n1). Glutamine synthetase holoenzyme consisted of eight subunits. In the nodule there are two different types of glutamine synthetase subunit polypeptides. Random combinations of the polypeptides should generate nine different isozymes. Our electrophoretic analysis revealed that GS(n2) was but one of the isozymes, and GS(n1) was a composite of the other eight. Hence, nodule glutamine synthetase isozymes were homo-octameric as well as hetero-octameric.
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634
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Hoffman AL, Makowka L, Cramer DV, Cai X, Banner B, Pascualone A, Hoffmann S, Starzl TE. Induction of stable chimerism and elimination of graft-versus-host disease by depletion of T lymphocytes from bone marrow using immunomagnetic beads. Surgery 1989; 106:354-63. [PMID: 2669198 PMCID: PMC2967215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of transplantation is the induction of immunologic tolerance. At present, nonspecific immunosuppression is used to prevent graft rejection and, commonly, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Nevertheless, nonspecific immunosuppressive therapy is frequently complicated by infection, malignant tumors, and drug toxicity. In order to examine whether hematopoietic chimerism can be used to induce specific allograft tolerance, we have reconstituted lethally irradiated Lewis rats with ACI bone marrow that has been depleted of T cells with use of immunomagnetic beads. This technique consists of binding OX-19, a mouse anti-rat pan-T lymphocyte monoclonal antibody, to magnetic polymer beads. Mixing of bone marrow or splenocytes with the bead/OX-19 complexes, followed by magnetic separation, results in significant depletion of T cells with minimal nonspecific cell loss. Immunomagnetic T-cell depletion of bone marrow, followed by reconstitution of a lethally irradiated host, allows for the development of stable, mixed hematopoietic chimerae without evidence of GVHD. These hosts are immunocompetent by clinical criteria. Recipients of untreated donor bone marrow that did or did not receive nonspecific immunosuppression demonstrated varying degrees of GVHD and reduced survival. The ability to rapidly and simply deplete T lymphocytes from bone marrow and produce stable, immunocompetent hematopoietic chimerae without GVHD may be an important method for tolerance induction to vascularized allografts.
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635
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Adamovich MI, Aggarwal MM, Arora R, Alexandrov YA, Azimov SA, Basova E, Bhalla KB, Bhasin A, Bhatia VS, Bondarenko RA, Burnett TH, Cai X, Chernova LP, Chernyavski MM, Dressel B, Friedlander EM, Gadzhieva SI, Ganssauge ER, Garpman S, Gerassimov SG, Gill A, Grote J, Gulamov KG, Gulyamov UG, Hackel S, Heckman HH, Jakobsson B, Judek B, Kachroo S, Kadyrov FG, Kallies H, Karlsson L, Kaul GL, Kaur M, Kharlamov SP, Kumar V, Lal P, Larionova VG, Lindstrom PJ, Liu LS, Lokanathan S, Lord J, Lukicheva NS, Mangotra LK, Maslennikova NV, Mittra IS, Monnand E, Mookerjee S, Mueller C, Nasyrov SH, Navotny VS, Orlova GI, Otterlund I, Peresadko NG, Persson S, Petrov NV, Qian WY, Raniwala R, Raniwala S, Rao NK, Rhee JT, Saidkhanov N, Salmanova NA, Schultz W. Limiting fragmentation in oxygen-induced emulsion interactions at 14.6, 60, and 200 GeV/nucleon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 62:2801-2804. [PMID: 10040095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.62.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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636
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Cai X, Liu D. Identification of a 1B/1R wheat-rye chromosome translocation. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1989; 77:81-3. [PMID: 24232478 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/1988] [Accepted: 08/03/1988] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The common wheat selection '79-4045' was identified as a wheat-rye 1B/1R chromosome translocation line, by means of C-banding patterns and test cross with 'Chinese Spring' double-ditelosomic line. The translocation chromosome consisted of the long arm of wheat chromosome 1B, including its centromere, and the short arm of rye chromosome 1R or tis portion.
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637
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Hoffman AL, Makowka L, Cramer DV, Cai X, Pascualone A, Banner BF, Sheahan DG, Rettinger P, Starzl TE. Immunomagnetic T-lymphocyte depletion (ITLD) of rat bone marrow using OX-19 monoclonal antibody. J INVEST SURG 1989; 2:241-51. [PMID: 2487253 PMCID: PMC2975399 DOI: 10.3109/08941938909057430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) may be abrogated and host survival prolonged by in vitro depletion of T lymphocytes from bone marrow (BM) prior to allotransplantation. Using a mouse anti-rat pan T-lymphocyte monoclonal antibody (OX19) bound to monosized, magnetic, polymer beads, T lymphocytes were removed in vitro from normal bone marrow. The removal of the T lymphocytes was confirmed by flow cytometry. Injection of the T-lymphocyte-depleted bone marrow into fully allogeneic rats prevents the induction of GVHD and prolongs host survival.
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638
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Cai X. An analysis of urban senior citizens in Guangdong Province. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POPULATION SCIENCE 1989; 1:107-14. [PMID: 12316555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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639
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Cai X, Joynt R, Larbalestier DC. Experimental evidence for granular superconductivity in Y-Ba-Cu-O at 100 to 160 K. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1987; 58:2798-2801. [PMID: 10034852 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.58.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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