Use of the hematocrit for estimating changes in plasma and red cell volumes in the rat

Methods to quantitate changes in plasma volume based on changes in the hematocrit, which have been widely used in human subjects and large animals, were tested in small animals, such as rats. A modified equation was derived for application of the hematocrit method to small animals.

Resolution of glpA and glpT loci into separate operons in Escherichia coli K-12 strains

The independent insertion of bacteriophage Mu into the gene coding for anaerobic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpA) or into the genes coding for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate transport (glpT) suggested that these two closely linked loci are in separate operons.

Effect of exercise and thermal stress on subcutaneous protein transport

Radioiodinated albumin was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh of human subjects and its disappearance rate from the injection site and the blood levels of the tracer were compared between exercise loaded, heat loaded experiments and the control utilizing two-compartment analysis. The time course of radioactivity in the blood was expressed as the equation p(t) = A(e-alpha t - e-beta t). In the exercise experiment, the half-time of beta and the time required to reach the maximum level was significantly shorter than in the heat experiment and in the controls. The decay of radioactivity at the injection site was set to the equation s(t) = Be-gamma t + Ce-delta t by the least square method. The value of gamma, which had a half-time of about 24 hr, was significantly shorter in the exercise than in the control experiments. From these results, it was concluded that the rate of mobilization of subcutaneous protein via lymph flow is faster under an exercise load than the control, and that the rate under heat load does not deviate from control experiments.

[On the surgical treatment of cerebellar infarction (author's transl)]

Recently we have experienced two cases of acute uncomplicated cerebellar infarction which had been surgically treated. Onset of the disease in both cases was an attack of vertigo with nausea and vomiting, followed by the signs of an expanding lesion in the posterior fossa. There were thirty-one surgically treated cases and only six were fatal so far as we have reviewed cases reported in the literature. The clinical pictures of cerebellar vascular accident are typical in most cases and those of cerebellar infarction are similar to those of cerebellar hemorrhage. These two are frequently indistinguishable on the clinical as well as angiographic grounds, however, CT-scan may be of great value in the differential diagnosis. It is important to realize the cerebellar infarction is also a surgical lesion and not to spend valuable time in differentiating cerebellar infarction from cerebellar hemorrhage. Low mortality rate and low morbidity in cerebellar infarction adequately treated surgically confirm importance for early exploration.

Human fetal organ alkaline phosphatases

The properties of human fetal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been compared with those of purified human adult hepatic and intestinal ALPs. The ALPs from different human fetal organs were divided into two groups. One terminated universal type was presented in fetal liver, spleen, adrenal, kidney, lung, heart, pancreas, thymus and bone, and was similar to adult hepatic-type ALP. The other terminated intestinal type was presented in fetal intestine and meconium and was similar to adult intestinal ALP. The activity of human fetal intestinal ALP increased markedly with the advance of intra-uterine life during fetal development, and that of human fetal thymus ALP increased slightly.

Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach

To investigate the relationship of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and gastric carcinoma, isoenzymatic analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the intestinal metaplasia was studied. Purified human intestinal ALP, and anti-human intestinal ALP antibody were used, and mucosa ALP of the other segments of human gastro-intestinal tract was studied simultaneously. Radioimmunoassay technique, and immunofluorescent staining using anti-human intestinal ALP antibody, were applied to the stomach resected for gastric carcinoma or peptic ulcer, ALP extracted from the mucosa of intestinal metaplasia, and from the mucosa of the other segments of human gastro-intestinal tract, was identical with intestinal ALP in its enzymological and immunological properties.

Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma of the stomach

The enzymological and immunological properties of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes in intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma tissues were compared with those of purified human intestinal, placental, and hepatic ALP's to speculate the gene expression of gastric cancer cells. The results were as follows: Intestinal metaplasia was found in 21 of 23 cases (91%) of gastric cancer, whereas normal gastric mucosa had no ALP activity. ALP extracted from the mucosa of intestinal metaplasia was identical with intestinal ALP as to enzymological and immunological properties. ALP obtained from gastric carcinoma tissues of 23 patients was separated into 3 bands (ALPa, ALPb, and ALPc) by polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis. Ten cases showed ALPa only, 4 cases showed ALPa and ALPb, 5 cases showed ALPa and ALPc, and the other 4 cases showed ALPa, ALPb, ALPc, respectively. It was concluded that ALPa was similar in its enzymological and immunological properties to hepatic-type ALP, ALPb was similar to placental-type ALP, and ALPc was similar to intestinal-type ALP, ALPb probably originates from the cancer cell itself. As for the other enzymes, ALPa and ALPc, further investigation should be made to determine whether they come from the cancer cell itself or not.