Association between anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies and renal glomerular C4d deposition in lupus nephritis patients with glomerular microthrombosis: a prospective study of 155 cases

Glomerular microthrombosis (GMT) is a common vascular change in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). The mechanism underlying GMT is still unknown. In our previous study, we found that the level of IgG anti-β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) antibodies was higher in the LN-GMT group than in the LN-non-GMT group, which indicated that anti-β2GPI antibodies may play a role in GMT formation. Many studies have demonstrated that the activation of the classical complement pathway may play a critical role in fetal loss and aPL-induced thrombosis formation. To investigate whether complement activation plays a role in GMT formation and to evaluate its relationship with aPL, we prospectively investigated deposition of C4d in 155 renal biopsy specimens of LN patients. The results revealed a strong relationship between the intensity of glomerular C4d staining and the presence of microthrombi (p < 0.001). The detection rate of IgG anti-β2GPI antibodies was higher in the LN-GMT group than in the LN-non-GMT group (p < 0.05). Further, the intensity of glomerular C4d staining was significantly related with IgG anti-β2GPI antibodies (p < 0.05). The results of our study suggest that anti-β2GPI antibodies may play a role in GMT formation, and this process might involve complement activation. Lupus (2010) 19, 1195—1203.

Radiation dose and cancer risk in retrospectively and prospectively ECG-gated coronary angiography using 64-slice multidetector CT

This study aimed to estimate the radiation dose and cancer risk to adults in England, the USA and Hong Kong associated with retrospectively and prospectively electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) using currently practised protocols in Hong Kong. The doses were simulated using the ImPACT spreadsheet. For retrospectively ECG-gated CTA with pitches of 0.2, 0.22 and 0.24, the effective doses were 27.7, 23.6 and 20.7 mSv, respectively, for males and 23.6, 20.0 and 18.8 mSv, respectively, for females. For prospectively ECG-gated CTA, the effective dose was 3.7 mSv for both males and females. A table of lifetime attributable risks (LAR) of cancer incidence was set up for the English population for the purpose of estimating cancer risk induced by low-dose radiation exposure, as previously reported for US and Hong Kong populations. From the tables, the LAR of cancer incidence for a representative 50-year-old subject was calculated for retrospectively ECG-gated CTA to be 0.112% and 0.227% for English males and females, respectively, 0.103% and 0.228% for US males and females, respectively, and was comparatively higher at 0.137% and 0.370% for Hong Kong males and females, respectively; for prospectively ECG-gated CTA, the corresponding values were calculated to be 0.014% and 0.035% for English males and females, respectively, and 0.013% and 0.036% for US males and females, respectively, and again were higher at 0.017% and 0.060% for Hong Kong males and females, respectively. Our study shows that prospectively ECG-gated CTA reduces radiation dose and cancer risks by up to 87% compared with retrospectively ECG-gated CTA.

Evaluation of different speech and touch interfaces to in-vehicle music retrieval systems

In-vehicle music retrieval systems are becoming more and more popular. Previous studies have shown that they pose a real hazard to drivers when the interface is a tactile one which requires multiple entries and a combination of manual control and visual feedback. Voice interfaces exist as an alternative. Such interfaces can require either multiple or single conversational turns. In this study, each of 17 participants between the ages of 18 and 30 years old was asked to use three different music retrieval systems (one with a multiple entry touch interface, the iPod, one with a multiple turn voice interface, interface B, and one with a single turn voice interface, interface C) while driving through a virtual world. Measures of secondary task performance, eye behavior, vehicle control, and workload were recorded. When compared with the touch interface, the voice interfaces reduced the total time drivers spent with their eyes off the forward roadway, especially in prolonged glances, as well as both the total number of glances away from the forward roadway and the perceived workload. Furthermore, when compared with driving without a secondary task, both voice interfaces did not significantly impact hazard anticipation, the frequency of long glances away from the forward roadway, or vehicle control. The multiple turn voice interface (B) significantly increased both the time it took drivers to complete the task and the workload. The implications for interface design and safety are discussed.

Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process

Several previous studies have demonstrated that some helminth infections can inhibit allergic reactions, but the examination on the effect of live Schistosoma japonicum (SJ) infection on allergic inflammation remains limited. The aim of this study was to examine the effect and mechanism of chronic SJ infection on airway allergic inflammation in a murine model. The data showed that chronic SJ infection suppressed airway eosinophilia, mucus production and antigen-specific IgE responses induced by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge. Cytokine production analysis showed that chronic SJ infection reduced allergen-driven interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 production, but had no significant effect on IFN-gamma production. More importantly, we found that the adoptive transfer of dendritic cells (DCs) from SJ-infected mice dramatically decreased airway allergic inflammation in the recipients, which was associated with significant decrease of IL-4/IL-5 production and increase of IL-10 production. The results suggest that SJ infection may inhibit the development of allergy and that DCs may be involved in the process of helminth infection-mediated modulation of allergic inflammation.

Suppression of the critical temperature of superconducting NdFeAs(OF) single crystals by Kondo-like defect sites induced by alpha-particle irradiation

We report the effect of alpha-particle irradiation on the reduction of the critical temperature T{c} of a NdFeAs(OF) single crystal. Our data indicate that irradiation defects cause both nonmagnetic and magnetic scattering, resulting in the Kondo-like excess resistance Delta rho(T) proportional to lnT over 2 decades in temperatures above T{c}. The critical density of magnetic irradiation defects which suppresses T{c} is found to be much higher than those for cuprates and multiband BCS superconductors. We suggest that such anomalously weak pair breaking by irradiation defects indicates that magnetic scattering in pnictides is coupled with pairing interactions mediated by spin fluctuations.

CLN5 mutations are frequent in juvenile and late-onset non-Finnish patients with NCL

OBJECTIVES

To explore a potential expansion of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Finnish variant late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), we screened a collection of 47 patients with clinically diagnosed NCL in whom no molecular diagnosis had been made.

METHODS

We used PCR amplification of genomic DNA, followed by fluorescent-labeled dideoxy-nucleotide chain termination sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, to screen our cohort of patients for mutations in CLN5. We collected ethnic background, clinical, and pathologic information, as available, to clarify the breadth of CLN5 disease expression and to explore possible genotype-phenotype correlations.

RESULTS

We identified 10 patients with pathogenic CLN5 mutations, including 11 mutations not previously described: 4 missense, 5 out-of-frame insertion/deletion mutations, and 2 large intragenic deletions. We also documented 3 previously reported CLN5 mutations. The age at disease onset in this cohort is predominantly juvenile rather than late infantile. Importantly, we have identified 2 adult-onset patients who share a common pathogenic allele. The majority of patients presented with motor and visual impairments and not seizures. In those patients with available longitudinal data, most had progressed to global neurodevelopmental and visual failure with seizures within 1 to 4 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that CLN5 mutations 1) are more common in patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) than previously reported, 2) are found in non-Finnish NCL patients of broad ethnic diversity, and 3) can be identified in NCL patients with disease onset in adult and juvenile epochs. CLN5 genetic testing is warranted in a wider population with clinical and pathologic features suggestive of an NCL disorder.

Identification of a novel HLA class I allele, HLA-Cw*0134 in a Chinese individual

The new human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I allele, HLA-Cw*0134, was identified in a Chinese individual. HLA-Cw*0134 differs from HLA-Cw*0124 by one nonsynonymous nucleotide change at the codon 99 (TGT to TAT) and one synonymous nucleotide change at the codon 127 (AAC to AAT).

Structure of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Palinurus versicolor in a tetragonal crystal form

D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (holo-GAPDH) from Palinurus versicolor was crystallized in a novel crystal form by the method of sitting-drop vapor diffusion. The crystals have space group P42(1)2, cell parameters a=15.49 nm, c=8.03 nm and two subunits per asymmetric unit. The crystal structure at 0.34 nm was determined by the molecular replacement method. The final model has crystallographic R(free) and R factors of 0.274 and 0.262, and r.m.s. deviations of 0.002 nm for bond lengths and 2.33 degrees for bond angles. The two subunits in asymmetric unit are similar to each other not only in the three-dimensional structure, but also in average temperature factors. This result demonstrates that the obvious difference in average temperature factors for the different subunits in C2 crystal form reported previously may be attributed to the different crystallographic environments of the subunits. This further supports that holo-GAPDH has a good 222 molecular symmetry.

Effect of curcumin on the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells

This study was designed to investigate the effect of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) on the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). The cell line HSC-T6 (1.25 x 10(5) cells/mL) was incubated with curcumin and HSC proliferation was detected by a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium colorimetric assay. HSC apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, transmission electron microscope and agarose gel electrophoresis. HSC proliferation was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner (10.6 to 63.5%) after incubation with 20-100 microM curcumin, compared with a control group. At 20, 40, and 60 microM, after 24 h of incubation, curcumin was associated with a significant increase in the number of HSC in the G2/M phase, and a significant decrease in cell numbers in the S phase (P < 0.05). At these concentrations, curcumin was also associated with an increase in the apoptosis index of 15.3 +/- 1.9, 26.7 +/- 2.8, and 37.6 +/- 4.4%, respectively, compared to control (1.9 +/- 0.6%, P < 0.01). At 40 microM, the curcumin-induced apoptosis index at 12, 24, 36, and 48 h of incubation was 12.0 +/- 2.4, 26.7 +/- 3.5, 33.8 +/- 1.8, and 49.3 +/- 1.6%, respectively (P < 0.01). In conclusion, curcumin inhibits the in vitro proliferation of HSCs in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and also induces apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The in vivo effect of curcumin on HSCs requires further investigation.

Hypermethylation of HLA class I gene is associated with HLA class I down-regulation in human gastric cancer

Down-regulated expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules in many human cancers facilitate tumor cells to escape from immune attack. Promoter hypermethylation, one of the major epigenetic changes responsible for gene inactivation, plays an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. This study evaluated the expression and alteration of HLA class I molecules in a panel of 47 pairs of gastric cancer specimens with their noncancerous parts from Chinese patients by using immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis. The expression of HLA-A, HLA-B/C and HLA class I complex was lost or down-regulated in human gastric cancer. The percentage of promoter methylation was 59.57% for HLA-A gene, 55.32% for HLA-B gene and 48.94% for HLA-C gene in gastric cancer, while it was decreased to 19.15%, 12.77% and 6.38% in the adjacent nontumor tissues, respectively. Seven of 10 (70%), 4 of 6 (66.7%) and 3 of 4 (75%) gastric cancer specimens with promoter hypermethylation at HLA-A, -B and -C loci showed transcriptional inactivation of HLA-A,-B and -C genes, suggesting an association between promoter hypermethylation and down-regulated expression of HLA class I molecules. Human gastric cancer cell line BGC-823 showed HLA-A down-regulation with promoter methylation of HLA-A locus. Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor restored the expression of HLA-A mRNA and surface HLA-A complex. Thus, our results showed that promoter hypermethylation might be one of the mechanisms that lead to HLA class I antigen down-regulation in gastric cancer.

Efficiency and spectrum enhancement in a tapered free-electron laser amplifier

We report the first experimental characterization of efficiency and spectrum enhancement in a laser-seeded free-electron laser using a tapered undulator. Output and spectra in the fundamental and third harmonic were measured versus distance for uniform and tapered undulators. With a 4% field taper over 3 m, a 300% (50%) increase in the fundamental (third harmonic) output was observed. A significant improvement in the spectra with the elimination of sidebands was observed using a tapered undulator. The experiment is in good agreement with predictions using the MEDUSA simulation code.

Regulation of miRNA expression by Src and contact normalization: effects on nonanchored cell growth and migration

Transformation by the Src tyrosine kinase (Src) promotes nonanchored cell growth and migration. However, nontransformed cells can force Src-transformed cells to assume a normal morphology and phenotype by a process called 'contact normalization'. It has become clear that microRNA (miRNA) can affect tumorigenesis by targeting gene products that direct cell growth and migration. However, the roles of miRNA in Src transformation or contact normalization have not yet been reported. We examined the expression of 95 miRNAs and found 9 of them significantly affected by Src. In this study, we report that miR-218 and miR-224 were most significantly induced by Src, but not affected by contact normalization. In contrast, miR-126 was most significantly suppressed by Src and was induced by contact normalization in transformed cells. Mir-126 targets Crk, a component of the focal adhesion network that participates in events required for tumor cell migration. Accordingly, we show that miR-126 expression correlates inversely with Crk levels, motility and the invasive potential of human mammary carcinoma cells. Moreover, we show that miR-224 expression promotes nonanchored growth of nontransformed cells. These data reveal novel insights into how Src regulates miRNA expression to promote hallmarks of tumor cell growth and invasion, and how nontransformed cells can affect miRNA expression in adjacent tumor cells to inhibit this process.

Lifespan influences on mid- to late-life cognitive function in a Chinese birth cohort

OBJECTIVE

To explore factors throughout the lifespan that influence cognition in midlife to late life.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective birth cohort study of 2,062 individuals born during 1921-1954 in Beijing, China. In 2003-2005, birth records were abstracted, and participants then 50-82 years old received standardized examinations for health, cognition, and socio-environmental measures. Using cumulative logit models, we assessed adjusted relative effects of prenatal, early life, and adult factors on mid- to late-life cognition.

RESULTS

Most prenatal factors were associated with mid- to late-life cognition in the unadjusted models. However, when childhood and adult factors were sequentially added to the models, the impact of prenatal factors showed successive attenuation in effect size, and became insignificant. In contrast, early life factors remained significantly associated with mid- to late-life cognition even after full life-course adjustments. Specifically, those whose fathers had laborer vs professional occupations (odds ratio [OR](Laborer) 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25-2.42) had poorer cognitive outcomes, while individuals who drank milk daily in childhood (OR 0.65; 95% CI: 0.54-0.80), had more years of education (OR(10-12 years) 0.60; 95% CI: 0.45-0.81; OR(13+ yrs) 0.29; 95% CI: 0.23-0.38), and were taller adults (OR(height > or = SD) 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49-0.86) had better cognition. The high prenatal risk infants had similar patterns with a trend toward a stronger association between cognition and socioenvironmental factors.

CONCLUSION

Mid- to late-life cognition is influenced by factors over the entire lifespan with the greatest impact coming from early life exposures. Nutrition, education, social, and family environment in early life may have a long-term impact on cognition in developing countries.

Multidrug resistant gram-negative bacilli as predominant bacteremic pathogens in liver transplant recipients

BACKGROUND

Bacteremias, which are often caused by gram-negative bacteria, are the most frequently occurring infectious complications after liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to investigate bacteremic incidence, pathogenic spectrum, risk factors for bacteremia due to multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacilli, and its impact on mortality after LT.

METHODS

A cohort analysis of prospectively recorded data was done in 475 LT recipients, who were divided into 3 categories: cases with gram-negative bacteremia, cases with MDR gram-negative bacteremia, and cases without bacteremia as controls.

RESULTS

In 475 LT recipients, there were 152 (32.0%) patients with gram-negative bacillus bacteremia in the first 6 months after LT. Out of 152 patients, there were 225 bacteremic episodes, which accounted for 69.7% in a total 323 bacteremic episodes. A total of 190 bacteremic episodes were caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacteriaceae, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter baumanii, all of which were the most frequent gram-negative isolates in this study, and MDR bacilli constituted 56.3%. The most frequent source was intravascular catheters. There were 70 patients with MDR gram-negative bacillus bacteremia. Independent risk factors for bacteremia due to MDR gram-negative bacillus were as follows: post-LT abdominal infection (P<0.0001, odds ratio [OR] 0.066, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.019-0.226), post-LT reoperative episodes (P<0.0001, OR 10.505, 95% CI 3.055-36.121), or one or more episodes of acute rejection (P=0.042, OR 4.457, 95% CI 0.988-20.103). In the first 6 months after LT, MDR gram-negative bacillus bacteremia-related mortality was significantly higher than that due to antibiotic-susceptible bacillus (38.6% vs. 14.6%, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Post-LT bacteremias caused by MDR gram-negative bacilli are common, and associated with allograft acute rejection, post-LT reoperation, and abdominal infection. The increasing isolates of MDR gram-negative bacilli pose a great challenge for clinical treatment.